A method for counting monosodium urate crystals in synovial fluid.

This study was aimed to standardize the technique for counting monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with gout. A total of 52 SF specimens were examined under a polarized light microscope. The amount of SF ranged between 0.1 and 45 mL (median 3 mL). MSU crystals were counted in four areas with the same size at 400x magnification. Cytological examination of the same specimens was also performed. Median leukocyte count was 400 cells/mm3 (range 50-14,000 cells/mm3), with a median percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 9% (range 0%-98%). Median crystal count was 179.5 (range 3-1600). Inter- reader and intra-reader agreement in crystal counting were good with a weighed k of 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85-0.94] and 0.89 (95% CI 0.84-0.93), respectively. Our data indicate that the SF MSU crystal count is a feasible and highly reliable technique.

Endothelin receptor antagonists: effects on extracellular matrix synthesis in primary cultures of skin fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis patients.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) seems to enhance the pro-fibrotic protein synthesis by skin fibroblasts and its effects are mediated by endothelin-A and B (ETA and ETB) receptors. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ETA and ETB receptor antagonists (ETARA-sitaxsentan and ETA/BRA-bosentan) on type I collagen (COL-1), fibronectin (FN) and fibrillin-1 (FBL-1) synthesis in primary cultures of skin fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis patients. Primary cultures of fibroblasts were obtained from skin biopsies of 6 female systemic sclerosis patients and were treated with ET-1 (100 nM) for 24 and 48 hrs with or without pre-treatment (1 hr) with ETARA (2 µM) or ETA/BRA (10 µM). Primary culture of human scleroderma skin fibroblasts not treated with ET-1 or ET receptor antagonists (ETARA and ETA/BRA) were used as controls. COL-1, FN and FBL-1 synthesis was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that ET-1 significantly increased COL-1 and FN synthesis at 24 and 48 hrs and FBL-1 synthesis at 48 hrs vs untreated cells. ETARA significantly contrasted the ET-1-mediated increase in COL-1 and FN at 24 hrs as well as COL-1 and FBL-1 at 48 hrs, but not FN synthesis vs ET-1-treated fibroblasts. Conversely, ETA/BRA significantly antagonized the ET-1-mediated overproduction of COL-1 and FN both at 24 and 48 hrs and the FBL-1 synthesis at 48 hrs vs ET-1-treated cells. The single ETARA treatment seems to contrast significantly the increase in COL-1 synthesis, whereas the dual ETA/BRA treatment seems active in significantly antagonizing both COL-1 and FN overproduction induced by ET-1. In conclusion, ET-1 antagonism might have positive effects in contrasting the profibrotic activity of systemic sclerosis skin fibroblasts.

[CTLA4-Ig interferes and downregulates the proinflammatory activities of rheumatoid synovial macrophages in monoculture]. / CTLA4-Ig influenza e inibisce le attività proinfiammatorie di macrofagi sinoviali reumatoidi in monocoltura.

OBJECTIVE: CTLA4-Ig, a biologic agent employed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment, downregulates the immune response and exerts anti-inflammatory effects acting on different cells including dendritic/T cells interaction and directly on osteoclasts. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of CTLA4-Ig in primary monocultures of RA synovial macrophages (SM). METHODS: SM were obtained, from 8 RA patients (7 F, 1 M; DAS28>5.2) who underwent therapeutic arthroscopic synoviectomy and were cultured in the absence and in the presence of CTLA4-Ig at the concentration of [500 microg/ml], the most reliable dose related to the previous pharmacological clinical and experimental experiences. Inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, TNFalpha, IL-1beta) expression was evaluated by immunocytochemistry (ICC with relative image analysis), western blot (WB), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: ICC analysis revealed that CTLA4-Ig treatment significantly downregulated cytokine expression (p<0.001 for IL-6, TNFalpha and IL-1beta) when compared to untreated RA SM. WB and qRT-PCR confirmed partially the data. CONCLUSIONS: CTLA4-Ig was found to exert a direct and significant anti-inflammatory effect on primary monocultures of RA SM, suggesting a therapeutic power in different phases of the disease activity.

Prevalence of post-partum thyroiditis in Liguria (Italy): an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Post-partum thyroiditis (PPT) is an autoimmune disorder occurring within the first year following delivery. A variable prevalence has been reported in different surveys. We prospectively evaluated PPT prevalence and outcome in a cohort of pregnant women living in a well-defined geographic area. AIM: A subset from a group of healthy women consecutively evaluated for thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy, referring to the same obstetric unit, were followed up at 4-6 months and 1 yr after delivery. MATERIALS/SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Follow-up for PPT was performed in 258 pregnant women. Control data were obtained in a comparable group of healthy non-pregnant women. Free T3 (fT3), free T4 (fT4), TSH thyroglobulin/thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TgAb/TPOAb), and urinary iodine excretion were measured. RESULTS: Autoantibody positivity was observed in 9.3% of pregnant, similar to control women. Forty-three out of 59 autoantibody-positive women were followed up; 23 showed PPT at the first control, 18 had hypothyroidism at 1 yr (5 had not shown PPT at the first control). Among 215 out of 584 autoantibody-negative women followed up, 27 developed PPT (15 of them without thyroid autoantibodies); 16 developed thyroid autoantibodies without PPT. After 1 yr, 9 women had hypothyroidism: only 1 of them was autoantibody-negative at the former control. Urinary iodine was increased in several pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: An overall PPT prevalence of about 18% may be estimated. PPT was also observed in autoantibody- negative women. Differences with other surveys may be related to both study protocol and characteristics of the population studied.

Occurrence of overt celiac disease in the elderly following total thyroidectomy.

We report the case of a female patient in whom gluten-induced entheropathy was revealed at the age of 71 yr by resistance to treatment with levothyroxine (L-T4), calcium carbonate and alfacalcidol. Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism were the consequence of a total thyroidectomy performed at the age of 65 yr for a large multinodular goiter. Six months after thyroid ablation the patient started to complain of abdominal pain, diarrhea and weight loss. Following, anemia and osteopenia were documented. A progressive increase of replacement therapy for hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism was necessary. The clinical presentation suggested a malabsorption syndrome: celiac disease (CD) was diagnosed by serological markers and duodenal biopsy. Following gluten-free diet a normalization of clinical and serological findings was observed, bone mass density improved and a reduction of L-T4, calcium and vitamin D requirements was observed.

Regulation of apoptosis in endocrine autoimmunity: insights from Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease.

Dysregulation of apoptosis is associated with the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases, through altered target organ susceptibility. Apoptosis signaling pathways can be initiated through activation of death receptors such as Fas. A comparative analysis of the expression of Fas and FasL, the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-2, and apoptosis in both thyrocytes and thyroid-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from patients with either Graves' disease (GD) or Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) was performed. GD thyrocytes expressed less Fas than HT thyrocytes, whereas GD TILs had higher levels of Fas and FasL than HT TILs. GD thyrocytes expressed higher levels of Bcl-2 compared with HT thyrocytes. The opposite pattern was observed in GD (low Bcl-2) and HT (high Bcl-2) TILs. Consistently, thyrocyte apoptosis was marked in HT and poor in GD thyroids, and TIL apoptosis was marked in GD and poor in HT. Our findings suggest that in GD thyroid the regulation of Fas/FasL/Bcl-2 favors apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes. Moreover, the reduced levels of Fas/FasL and increased levels of Bcl-2 should favor thyrocyte survival and hypertrophy associated with stimulatory thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies. In contrast, the regulation of Fas/FasL/Bcl-2 expression in HT can promote thyrocyte apoptosis via homophylic Fas-FasL interactions, and a gradual reduction in thyrocyte numbers leading to hypothyroidism. Fas-mediated apoptosis may be a general mechanism of cell damage in destructive organ-specific autoimmunity.

Patterning multiple antibodies on polystyrene.

A method for patterning different antibodies on polystyrene is described. The polystyrene surface is coated with a material resistant to antibody adsorption and the coating material is selectively removed from the region where antibody adsorption is desired, exposing clean polystyrene. Upon immersion of the substrate in antibody solution, antibodies adsorb to the clean polystyrene, but not to the coated areas of the surface. Two methods have been used to remove the coating: ion beam sputtering and mechanical etching. The pattern was verified using gold-labeled antigen in conjunction with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and with FITC-labeled antigen and fluorescence microscopy. Substrates patterned in this way could be used in conjunction with a charge-coupled detector for a multi-analyte biosensor. This patterning technique is suitable for applications in which a fast, inexpensive fabrication process is necessary, for example, in single-use sensors.

HCV-RNA levels play an important role independently of genotype in predicting response to interferon therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA levels and genotypes in order to establish their potentially predictive role in interferon (IFN) response. DESIGN: To detect HCV genotype at baseline and HCV viraemia levels before and during IFN treatment in three groups of patients with different IFN response. METHODS: Our study included 85 patients with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis C who underwent IFN therapy at standard schedule (3 MU thrice weekly for 6 months). On the basis of IFN response they were subdivided into three groups as follows: non responders (NR: 27 cases) when alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values (normal value: 0-40 IU) at the end of treatment were abnormal (101.7 +/- 10.4); responders relapsing (RR: 29 cases) when normal ALT values at the end of therapy (28.14 +/- 1.7) increased during follow-up; sustained (long-term) responders (LTR: 29 cases) when ALT values remained normal for at least 12 months of follow-up (ALT values at the end of therapy: 21.8 +/- 1.4). ALT activity was monitored monthly during therapy and each month during 12 months of follow-up. HCV genotype was evaluated before starting treatment whereas HCV-RNA viraemia was checked at baseline and at the 1st and 6th months of therapy. RESULTS: The baseline viral load was higher in the NR group than in the RR and LTR groups independently of genotype; HCV-RNA levels progressively decreased during therapy independently of response but the levels remained significantly higher in the NR group. Genotype 1b was prevalent in the NR group. However, levels of viraemia in genotype 1b LTR patients are significantly lower than in genotype 1b NR patients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that among viral-related parameters viraemia alone seems to play an important role in predicting response to IFN independently of genotype.

Interferon retreatment in chronic hepatitis C: which patients to choose, and what schedule to use.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE; To evaluate the results of a large cohort of non-responder or relapsing responder patients with chronic hepatitis C retreated with various schedules of interferon (IFN). METHODS: Our study included 276 patients (158 non-responders and 118 relapsing responders) who underwent IFN retreatments. Among the non-responder group, 158 patients underwent further courses of IFN. In particular, 108 patients underwent one course of IFN retreatment, 40 patients underwent two courses, eight patients underwent three courses, and two patients underwent four courses. Regarding the relapsing responder group, the 118 patients were retreated with the same dosage for varying periods. In particular, 50 patients were treated for 6 months, 43 patients for 12 months, and 25 for 24 months. Patients in the subgroups of IFN retreatment were homogeneous as far as age and gender distribution, as well as virological and histological characteristics, are concerned. Qualitative and quantitative HCV-RNA was evaluated at baseline, at the end of treatment and at the last check-up of follow-up. HCV genotype was determined on baseline serum samples. Alanine transaminase (ALT) levels were tested monthly. RESULTS: Long-term biochemical (normal ALT levels) and virological (HCV-RNA negative) response was obtained in 2.6% of non-responder retreated patients, and in 33.9% of relapsing responder retreated patients. Evaluation of response on the basis of the duration of treatment showed that 48%, 19% and 16% of relapsing responder patients retreated for 24, 12 and 6 months, respectively, obtained long-term biochemical and virological response. CONCLUSION: Non-responder patient retreatment is inefficient especially in cirrhotic and/or genotype 1 b patients. IFN retreatment is warranted in relapsing responder patients. In particular, 24-month therapy induces significant long-term biochemical and virological response.

A method for patterning purple membrane using self-assembled monolayers.

A method for patterning purple membrane on a substrate is described. This method involves the use of patterned self-assembled monolayers. The quantity of purple membrane adsorbed to glass terminated by various self-assembled monolayers was measured using angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was determined that purple membrane adsorbs to unmodified glass and amine-terminated glass surfaces. Hydrocarbon- and fluorocarbon-terminated glass inhibit the adsorption of purple membrane. To demonstrate a potential patterning methodology, an amine-terminated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was photochemically substituted for a hydrocarbon-terminated SAM using UV radiation. Future work will involve the use of UV radiation in conjunction with a lithographic mask so that specific PM adsorption sites can be defined on a substrate.

Hepatitis G virus infection in intravenous drug users with or without human immunodeficiency virus infection.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To evaluate the HGV infection prevalence in a group of intravenous drug users with or without human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. METHODOLOGY: We studied 57 patients (48 males and 9 females) who were either previous or still ongoing intravenous drug users. Thirty-seven patients were HIV+ve, 55 patients were anti-HCV+ve and 3 patients were HBsAg chronic carriers. Patient sera were tested for HGV-RNA, anti-E2, qualitative and quantitative HCV-RNA as well as for HCV genotypes. Moreover, the ALT level was checked in the serum sample of each patient. RESULTS: We found a high prevalence (35/57; 61.4%) of HGV infection in our patients. HGV-RNA was detected in 16 out of the 57 intravenous drug users (28%). In particular HGV-RNA was positive in 12 out of the 37 HIV+ve patients (32.4%) and in 4 out of the 20 HIV-ve patients (20%). Anti-E2 were detected in 19 out of the 57 patients (33.3%) with greater prevalence among HIV-ve subjects (12/20; 60%) compared to HIV+ve group (7/37; 18.9%). This resulting difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). All HGV-RNA+ve/anti-E2+ve patients were anti-HCV/HCV-RNA+ve and none of our patients were anti-E2+ve/HGV-RNA+ve at the same time. Significant differences were not found between HGV-RNA+ve and HGV-RNA-ve patients as far as clinical and virological data are concerned. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HGV infection in intravenous drug users proved to be high especially in the HIV+ve group. Moreover HGV was associated with HCV in all our cases. The actual clinical impact of HGV infection remains unclear since HGV does not seems to influence the biochemical, virological or histological alterations caused by HCV infection.

Is hepatitis G virus a real risk for haemodialysis patients?

Haemodialysis patients are at high risk of developing liver disease due to blood-borne viral agents. At present hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common cause of infection in these patients. A new RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, hepatitis G virus (HGV) has recently been cloned. HGV prevalence in haemodialysis patients ranges from 3.1% to 57.5%. The aim of this study has been to detect HGV-RNA in our haemodialysis patients in order to evaluate the prevalence of HGV and to correlate the viral presence to liver disease. A total of 79 patients, on haemodialysis for a mean of 52 months, were tested. 3 patients (3.8%) were HBsAG positive and 19 patients (24%) were HCV positive. 24 of the 79 (30%) patients had been transfused. Only 2 of the 79 patients (2.5%) were HGV positive. These patients were HBsAG and anti HCV negative, both had been previously transfused and showed no signs of liver disease.

Chronic hepatitis C. New therapeutic strategies.

BACKGROUND: Aim of this work was to evaluate the early viral decay induced by a daily therapy with alfa-interferon (IFN) and the presence of any synergistic effects of amantadine and ribavirin. METHODS: Twenty patients with a diagnosis of chronic hepatitis C were randomly assigned to receive a course of treatment with: IFN 3MU daily (6 pts); or IFN 3MU daily plus amantadine 200 mg (7 pts): or IFN 3MU daily plus ribavirin 1-1.2 g (7 pts) for 6 months. Blood samples were drown at baseline, at 6, 12, 24, 30 and 48 hrs after the first dose of IFN; at 3, 7, 15 days and at every month. Serum was separated within two hours from the collection and stored at -80 degrees C until use. Viraemia was evaluated qualitatively by the Cobas Amplicor (cut-off 1.00E+02 copies/ml) (Roche Diagnostics, Monza, Milan, Italy) and quantitatively by the Cobas Amplicor Monitor (cut-off 1.00E+03 copies/ml). The HCV genotype was determined for each patient by Inno-LiPA HCV II (Innogenetics, Ghent, Belgium). Liver function tests were evaluated at baseline, at 7 and 15 days and at every month. RESULTS: The analysis of the decay curves showed the presence of a three phase decline in the viraemia. At the end of therapy 7 out of the 20 patients (35%) had normal ALT and undetectable HCV-RNA (2 out of 6 in the IFN group: 33.3%, 3 out of 7: 42.8%; 2 out of 7: 28.6%, in the IFN plus amantadine and IFN plus ribavirin groups respectively). CONCLUSIONS: IFN is the major antiviral effector in the early stage of therapy. The observation of the kinetic curves shows a tendency for the ribavirin to induce a slightly steeper slope of decay in the first 48 hrs, while amantadine seems to induce a slightly deeper abatement of circulating viraemia after 48 hrs.

Pharmacokinetics of radiolabelled Par j 1 administered intranasally to allergic and healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Local nasal immunotherapy is accepted as an alternative to the injection route for allergic rhinitis. Despite this, little is known about the kinetics of the allergen after nasal delivery in allergic subjects. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at assessing the biodistribution of 123I-radiolabelled Par j 1 in Parietaria-allergic subjects, in comparison with healthy volunteers. METHODS: Purified Par j 1 was radiolabelled with 123I and sprayed into the nostrils of three control subjects and three Parietaria-allergic volunteers. Dynamic and static scintigraphic images of the head were recorded at serial times and blood samples were obtained to measure the plasma radioactivity, and to assess the presence of circulating radiolabelled species by gel chromatography. RESULTS: In Parietaria-sensitized subjects, the radiolabelled allergen was rapidly cleared from the nasal cavity and transported to pharynx, and little local persistence was seen. This differed from healthy subjects where nasal clearance of the tracer was slower and nasal radioactivity persisted up to 24 h. The increase in plasma radioactivity paralleled swallowing of the allergen in both groups, and plasma chromatographic profile did not differ between allergic and healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: Sensitization to the allergen affects its local biodistribution. Gastrointestinal absorption is relevant also for the intranasal route.

TT virus infection in haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: The recent discovery of a new parenterally transmitted DNA virus called TT virus (TTV) led us to investigate its prevalence in haemodialysis patients, a high-risk group for blood-borne infection, and to evaluate its role in liver disease. Moreover, we compared the TTV prevalence with the prevalence of other hepatitis virus coinfections. METHODS: Serum samples of 78 patients on maintenance haemodialysis were tested for TTV-DNA, hepatitis G virus (HGV)-RNA, anti-E2, anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV-RNA. TTV-DNA was detected by semi-nested PCR using the primers from open reading frame 1 (ORF). HGV-RNA was detected by PCR using specific primers for the NS3 and the 5'-UTR genome regions while anti-E2 were checked by an enzyme immunological test. Anti-HCV was tested by the second generation Chiron RIBA HCV test system. HCV-RNA was evaluated by nested PCR with primers directed to the highly conserved 5' non-coding region of the HCV genome. RESULTS: TTV prevalence in our patients was 19% (15/78) while the prevalence of HCV and HGV infection proved to be 20 and 15.4%, respectively. Among TTV positive patients HGV co-infection was present in five cases (33%), HCV in six cases (39.9%), while HBV co-infection was not present in any of the patients. Only three patients proved positive for all three viruses. ALT levels were normal in most cases (13/15; 86%). In particular, patients with TTV infection alone showed normal ALT levels and HCV coinfection was found in the two patients with moderate ALT increases. CONCLUSIONS: TTV prevalence in haemodialysed patients is significant though the real clinical impact is still unclear. However, we must keep in mind that the epidemiological relevance of TTV infection is probably underestimated due to the impossibility in detecting the corresponding antibody.

Hepatitis G virus infection in haemodialysis and in peritoneal dialysis patients.

The aim of this study was to detect hepatitis G virus RNA (HGV RNA) and antibodies against the virus envelope protein E2 (anti-E2) in 107 patients either on maintenance haemodialysis (n = 78) or peritoneal dialysis (n = 29) to evaluate the prevalence of HGV infection and to establish its role in liver disease. The total prevalence of HGV infection was of 15.4% among haemodialysis patients, whereas it was 10.3% among peritoneal dialysis patients. HGV RNA was detected in 2 haemodialysis patients (2.6%) and in 3 peritoneal dialysis patients (10.3%). Anti-E2 was found in 10 haemodialysis patients (7.8%), whilst all peritoneal dialysis patients resulted negative. In only 1 patient the alanine aminotransferase level was elevated. This patient underwent liver biopsy that did not reveal evidence of chronic hepatitis. The lower HGV prevalence in haemodialysis patients, when compared with data reported by other European authors, should be related to the lower rate of polytransfused patients in our series (29.5%). Multiple blood transfusions should be considered as the main factor to explain the different prevalence of HGV infection among various European dialysis centres. Detection of both antibody and viraemia is important to establish the real rate of the infection.

Clearance kinetics of hepatitis C virus under different antiviral therapies.

Interferon alpha (IFN) has been the standard treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Using the kinetic curves of viral clearance, this study compared three treatment regimes based on IFN alone or in combination with Amantadine or Ribavirin to determine the mechanisms of action and the most suitable way to use these drugs. The early clearance kinetics of HCV were studied in 22 patients with chronic hepatitis C under different antiviral treatments: IFN 3 MU daily (7 pts); IFN 3 MU daily plus Amantadine 200 mg (7 pts); and IFN 3 MU daily plus Ribavirin 1-1.2 gr (8 pts), for 6 months. HCV-RNA was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively on serial samples. The HCV-RNA decay curves suggested a different behaviour of viral clearance induced by the three treatments. While no significant differences were present in the first 6 hours, between 6 to 12 hours Ribavirin induced a rapid decline in the viral load. Amantadine seemed to accelerate it in the third phase (12 to 30 hours) and to provoke a more pronounced viral decline when compared to IFN alone (P < 0.05) or to IFN plus Ribavirin (P < 0.025) (baseline to 30 hours). Thus, while IFN remains the principal antiviral drug, Amantadine upholds the viral decline. Ribavirin, although synergistic with IFN, does not seem to improve the IFN effect during the earliest phase of treatment but probably supports the effects of IFN later on. A new dynamic approach to HCV treatment can therefore be developed.

Chronic hepatitis induced by Jin Bu Huan.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Jin Bu Huan and other Chinese herbal products are widely taken remedies. They have been developed as a natural alternative to traditional drugs in the treatment of various ailments. Their ability to induce several side effects such as acute hepatitis has already been described. We report a case of chronic hepatic damage following administration of Jin Bu Huan Anodyne tablets. METHODS: The patient, a 49-year-old man, developed biochemical signs of liver damage 2 months after beginning Jin Bu Huan intake (3 tablets/daily) including biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis with moderate fibrosis. Virological, autoimmune, metabolic or other hepatotoxic causes were excluded. Liver function impairment was resolved by discontinuing Jin Bu Huan intake. CONCLUSIONS: This case reinforces the already known hepatotoxicity of this product and should make us think more about the uncontrolled use of alternative products.

Soluble beta2-mu-associated and beta2-mu-free HLA class I heavy chain serum levels in interferon-alpha nonresponder chronic hepatitis C patients. Markers of immune activation, and response to antiviral retreatment.

The serum levels of soluble beta2-mu-associated and beta2-mu-free HLA class I heavy chains were determined in 28 interferon-alpha nonresponder chronic hepatitis C patients retreated with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin and in 70 healthy subjects. The baseline levels of beta2-mu-associated and beta2-mu-free HLA class I heavy chains were significantly higher in patients than in healthy controls (P = 0.001). The levels of beta2-mu-associated HLA class I heavy chains significantly increased in responder patients with respect to nonresponders at the third month of treatment (P = 0.03). At the sixth month of treatment and after 6 months of follow up the levels of beta2-mu-associated HLA class I heavy chains decreased in responder patients and increased in nonresponders. The levels of beta2-mu-free HLA class I heavy chains showed only minor changes during and after treatment. We suggest that the determination of hepatitis C virus RNA levels combined with soluble beta2-mu-associated HLA class I heavy chains, as a marker of immune activation, could identify interferon-alpha non responder chronic hepatitis C patients most likely to respond to a retreatment with interferon-alpha plus ribavirin.