Be careful with lentils! About a forensic observation.

The discovery of exogenous particles in the broncho-pulmonary tree is frequently described in forensic literature, especially in lung samples, in the context of aspirated gastric content during the death agony period or during resuscitation. We report an original observation of a multi-visceral dispersion of exogenous particles detected, in an 8-year-old boy, who allegedly fell from a 2-m high brick-wall. The autopsy found major liver fracture and diaphragm rupture with massive internal hemorrhage without gastric wall rupture. The histological analyses have identified round to oval bodies in the lung bronchi, alveoli, and, rarely, in vascular sections, and also on the surface of several samples. These particles stained strongly pink by the periodic acid Schiff method, evoking dried vegetables. Two hypotheses were invoked: aspirated vegetable particles into the bronchial tree or parasitic infection, like pinworm larva. In order to characterize the nature of these particles, different legumes were cooked, embedded in paraffin wax, and examined under light microscope. Simultaneously, morphological comparison between the gastric content and pinworm larva and lentils was made and a PCR analysis was performed on gastric fluid sample. The DNA sequencing showed a Fabaceae plant family, Lens culinaris. The possibility of a hematogenous dissemination of the starch grains during a perimortem aspiration of gastric content seems unlikely, and a contamination from the gastric content of the organs samples during the autopsy or the pathologic macroscopic and microscopic processes seems to be the principal hypothesis. The formal identification of such particles is important to avoid the misdiagnosis of a potential parasitic infection. The risk of confusion can be detrimental in some circumstances.

Characterization of bone diagenesis by histology in forensic contexts: a human taphonomic study.

The diagenesis of a bone in the postmortem period causes an identifiable deterioration in histology. This degradation is characterized by a collagenous alteration, which can be observed very early. In order to develop a method for determining a postmortem interval for medico-legal use, two ribs collected from six human bodies were studied prospectively over 2 years. Each bone was studied after staining with Sirius red to demonstrate the degradation of collagen as a function of time. This study demonstrated a time-based bone alteration characterized by the architectural degradation of the lamellar bone, without any microbial influence in this postmortem period. The staining was carried out by using Sirius red and correlated this alteration with a collagenic degradation by chemical hydrolysis owing to the affinity of this dye to the amino acids lysine, hydroxylysine, and arginine. Our work asserts that human bone samples that were studied in a controlled environment and analyzed for 24 months underwent a diagenetic trajectory whose main element was collagen hydrolysis.

Bone and soft tissue histology: a new approach to determine characteristics of offending instrument in sharp force injuries.

This paper describes a new approach to determine characteristics of the implement used to inflict trauma which involves the histological analysis of exogenous particles. Based on Locard's principle "every contact leaves a trace," we decided to assess whether histological examination of bone and soft tissue around a penetrating injury (sharp force trauma) could provide evidence of the offending implement. Case reports and experimental studies have demonstrated the potential of cut mark features in bone to identify the causative implement and potentially assist in identifying the perpetrator. Scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) have previously been reported to identify exogenous particles from various implements. In medical research, histological techniques are used to study the impact of foreign particles in tissues originating from implants. However, the routine use of histology in forensic medicine focuses on understanding type and timing of injuries. Based on three forensic cases, the results presented in this paper demonstrate that histology offers a cost-efficient and reliable means to detect foreign particles related to offending implement and/or to the environment where the victim was located. The interpretation of histological results was performed in conjunction with the macroscopic autopsy findings and anthropological analysis of bone samples.

Long-term distribution of biodegradable microparticles in rat muscle quantified noninvasively by MRI.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of MRI to monitor longitudinally the fate of PLGA microparticles in muscle tissue after intramuscular injection in rats using standard equipment. METHODS: MRI was performed at different time points and until day 28 after intramuscular administration of microparticles. Image segmentation was used to quantify the MRI signals. Histology was performed at selected time points to validate the in vivo observations. The SOM230-long acting release formulation was used as test compound. RESULTS: Microparticles were detected in vivo until 28 days following their administration. Imaging and histology data indicated that the MRI signals followed three phases: in an early phase (≤ 48 h after injection), vehicle, edema and hydration of microparticles contributed to the signals. In the second (days 3-17) and third phases (day 17 onward), microparticle hydration was the main contributor. SOM230 in blood displayed peaks at days 2 and 17. CONCLUSION: MRI was suitable to follow longitudinally the presence of PLGA microparticles in the rat muscle without labeling them. This is advantageous, because labeling could potentially alter the properties and pharmacokinetics of the microparticles. Data were consistent with an initial compound release followed by diffusion and microparticle erosion as main mechanisms of SOM230 release.

Hyaluronidase modulates bleomycin-induced lung injury detected noninvasively in small rodents by radial proton MRI.

PURPOSE: To assess whether hyaluronic acid, a building block of proteoglycans and extracellular matrix with hydrophilic characteristics, might contribute to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected proton signals elicited by bleomycin in the lung. To this end, hyaluronidase, which degrades hyaluronic acid, was administered to bleomycin-challenged animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fibrosis was induced by oropharyngeal aspiration (OA) of bleomycin. Mice received bleomycin once daily (0.1 mg/kg) on 6 consecutive days, while rats were given a single dose (2 or 4 mg/kg). Hyaluronidase, budesonide, and the respective vehicles were also administered via OA. Animals were examined using a radial ultrashort echo time sequence. Histology of picrosirius reflecting collagen and tissue gene analysis were performed postmortem. RESULTS: In mice, hyaluronidase induced an increase of high intensity signals by 34 ± 12 µL (means ± SD, P = 0.007), consistent with the ability of the degradation products of hyaluronic acid to provoke acute inflammation. Budesonide was able to resolve hyaluronidase-induced signals or to prevent their formation. Combined administration of budesonide and hyaluronidase to bleomycin-treated rats resulted in an overall decrease (-17.1 ± 7%, P = 0.02) of the MRI-detected bleomycin-induced signals. Moreover, the relative gene expression of hyaluronidase was reduced (-61.8 ± 10.2%, P < 0.001) in fibrotic lungs. CONCLUSION: The present data indicate that hyaluronic acid contributes to the bleomycin-induced responses detected by MRI in the lung.

Adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats: functional and cellular effects characterized by MRI.

PURPOSE: To assess with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) adriamycin-induced nephropathy in living rats, an established model for proteinuric renal disease was used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Functional information of contrast agent clearance was obtained with dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging following intravenous Gd-DOTA administration. Perfusion data were obtained with a bolus tracking technique comprising intravenous injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. Cellular information was derived from anatomical images acquired 24 hours after SPIO. Treatment with the transforming growth factor-ß123 (TGF-ß1,2,3 ) antibody, 1D11, started 1 week after adriamycin. Histology was performed at week 6 post-adriamycin. RESULTS: Tracer washout rates derived by DCE-MRI decreased by 65.5% with respect to baseline at week 6 post-adriamycin. The impaired kidney function agreed with glomerulopathy, nephropathy and fibrosis revealed histologically (picrosirius collagen staining in adriamycin-treated rats increased by 125.8% [P = 0.005] with respect to controls). Perfusion was reduced by 16.1%. Images acquired 24 hours after SPIO presented contrast changes that correlated inversely with the histologically determined iron content (R = -0.74, P = 2.6 × 10(-4) ). In adriamycin-challenged animals, iron was found in macrophages and in sclerotic tubuli, only in areas where macrophages were present. Treatment with 1D11 did not improve the adriamycin-induced renal injury. CONCLUSION: MRI provides longitudinal functional and cellular (macrophage infiltration) information that correlates with nephropathy development in adriamycin-challenged rats.

Lung volume quantified by MRI reflects extracellular-matrix deposition and altered pulmonary function in bleomycin models of fibrosis: effects of SOM230.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and lethal disease, characterized by loss of lung elasticity and alveolar surface area, secondary to alveolar epithelial cell injury, reactive inflammation, proliferation of fibroblasts, and deposition of extracellular matrix. The effects of oropharyngeal aspiration of bleomycin in Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice, as well as of intratracheal administration of ovalbumin to actively sensitized Brown Norway rats on total lung volume as assessed noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were investigated here. Lung injury and volume were quantified by using nongated or respiratory-gated MRI acquisitions [ultrashort echo time (UTE) or gradient-echo techniques]. Lung function of bleomycin-challenged rats was examined additionally using a flexiVent system. Postmortem analyses included histology of collagen and hydroxyproline assays. Bleomycin induced an increase of MRI-assessed total lung volume, lung dry and wet weights, and hydroxyproline content as well as collagen amount. In bleomycin-treated rats, gated MRI showed an increased volume of the lung in the inspiratory and expiratory phases of the respiratory cycle and a temporary decrease of tidal volume. Decreased dynamic lung compliance was found in bleomycin-challenged rats. Bleomycin-induced increase of MRI-detected lung volume was consistent with tissue deposition during fibrotic processes resulting in decreased lung elasticity, whereas influences by edema or emphysema could be excluded. In ovalbumin-challenged rats, total lung volume quantified by MRI remained unchanged. The somatostatin analog, SOM230, was shown to have therapeutic effects on established bleomycin-induced fibrosis in rats. This work suggests MRI-detected total lung volume as readout for tissue-deposition in small rodent bleomycin models of pulmonary fibrosis.

Evaluation of whole-genome enrichment and sequencing of T. pallidum from FFPE samples after 75 years.

The recent developments in genomic sequencing have permitted the publication of many new complete genome sequences of Treponema pallidum pallidum, the bacterium responsible for syphilis, which has led to a new understanding of its phylogeny and diversity. However, few archived samples are available, because of the degradability of the bacterium and the difficulties in preservation. We present a complete genome obtained from a Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) organ sample from 1947, kept at the Strasbourg Faculty of Medicine. This is the preliminary, proof-of concept study of this collection/biobank of more than 1.5 million FFPE samples and the evaluation of the feasibility of genomic analyses. We demonstrate here that even degraded DNA from fragile bacteria can be recovered from 75-year-old FFPE samples and therefore propose that such collections as this one can function as sources of biological material for genetic studies of pathogens, cancer, or even the historical human population itself.

Noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging detection of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related microvascular alterations using superparamagnetic iron oxide particles in APP transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: application to passive Abeta immunotherapy.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a common feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). More advanced stages are accompanied by microhemorrhages and vasculitis. Peripheral blood-borne macrophages are intimately linked to cerebrovascular pathology coincident with AD. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to noninvasively study microvascular lesions in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse AD models. Foci of signal attenuation were detected in cortical and thalamic brain regions of aged APP23 mice. Their strength and number was considerably enhanced by intravenous administration of iron oxide nanoparticles, which are taken up by macrophages through absorptive endocytosis, 24 h before image acquisition. The number of cortical sites displaying signal attenuation increased with age. Histology at these sites demonstrated the presence of iron-containing macrophages in the vicinity of CAA-affected blood vessels. A fraction of the sites additionally showed thickened vessel walls and vasculitis. Consistent with the visualization of CAA-associated lesions, MRI detected a much smaller number of attenuated signal sites in APP23xPS45 mice, for which a strong presenilin mutation caused a shift toward amyloid ß(42), thus reducing vascular amyloid. Similar results were obtained with APP24 and APP51 mice, which develop significantly less CAA and microvascular pathology than APP23. In a longitudinal study, we noninvasively demonstrated the reinforced formation of microvascular pathology during passive amyloid ß immunotherapy of APP23 mice. Histology confirmed that foci of signal attenuation reflected an increase in CAA-related lesions. Our data demonstrate that MRI has the sensitivity to noninvasively monitor the development of vascular pathology and its possible enhancement by amyloid ß immunotherapy in transgenic mice modeling AD.

Bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice investigated by MRI: model assessment for target analysis.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to follow the course of bleomycin-induced lung injury in mice and to investigate two knockout mouse lines with the aim of providing potential therapeutic targets. Bleomycin (0.25 mg/kg) was administered intranasally six times, once a day. MRI was carried out on spontaneously breathing animals up to day 70 after bleomycin. Neither cardiac nor respiratory gating was applied during image acquisition. A long lasting response following bleomycin has been detected by MRI in the lungs of male C57BL/6 mice. Histology showed that, from day 14-70 after bleomycin, fibrosis was the predominant component of the injury. Female C57BL/6 mice displayed a smaller response than males. Bleomycin-induced injury was significantly more pronounced in C57BL/6 than in Balb/C mice. MRI and histology demonstrated a protection against bleomycin insult in female heterozygous and male homozygous cancer Osaka thyroid kinase knockout animals. In contrast, no protection was seen in cadherin-11 knockout animals. In summary, MRI can quantify, in spontaneously breathing mice, bleomycin-induced lung injury. With the ability for repetitive measurements in the same animal, the technique is attractive for in vivo target analysis and compound profiling in this murine model.

Pathological and immunological evaluation of different regimens of praziquantel treatment in a mouse model of Schistosoma mansoni infection.

BACKGROUND: One of the considerable challenges of schistosomiasis chemotherapy is the inefficacy of praziquantel (PZQ) at the initial phase of the infection. Immature schistosomes are not susceptible to PZQ at the curative dose. Here, we investigated the efficacy of different PZQ regimens administered during the initial stage of Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Two months-old mice were individually infected with 80 S. mansoni cercariae and divided into one infected-untreated control group (IC) and four PZQ-treated groups: PZQ at 100 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days (group PZQ1), PZQ at 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days (group PZQ2), PZQ at 18 mg/kg/day for 28 days (group PZQ3) and a single dose of PZQ at 500 mg/kg (group PZQ4). The treatment started on day one post-infection (p.i), and each group of mice was divided into two subgroups euthanized on day 36 or 56 p.i, respectively. We determined the mortality rate, the parasitological burden, the hepatic and intestinal granulomas, the serum levels of Th-1, Th-2, and Th-17 cytokines, and gene expression. The treatment led to a significant (p < 0.001) reduction of worm burden and egg counts in the intestine and liver in groups PZQ2 and PZQ3. On 56th day p.i, there was a significant reduction (p < 0.001) of the number and volume of the hepatic granulomas in groups PZQ2 and PZQ3 compared to group PZQ1 or PZQ4. Moreover, in group PZQ3, the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-13, and IL-17 and their liver mRNA expressions were significantly reduced while IL-10 and TGF-ß gene expression significantly increased. The highest mortality rate (81.25%) was recorded in group PZQ2. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study revealed that the administration of PZQ at 18 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days was the optimal effective posology for treating S. mansoni infection at the initial stage in a murine model.

Protein undernutrition reduces the efficacy of praziquantel in a murine model of Schistosoma mansoni infection.

BACKGROUND: Undernutrition and schistosomiasis are public health problems and often occur in low and middle-income countries. Protein undernutrition can alter the host-parasite environment system and aggravate the course of schistosomiasis. This study aimed to assess the impact of a low-protein diet on the efficacy of praziquantel. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Thirty-day-old mice were fed with a low-protein diet, and 40 days later, they were individually infected with fifty Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. A 28-day-treatment with praziquantel at 100 mg/kg for five consecutive days followed by distilled water begins on the 36th day post-infection. Mice were sacrificed on the 64th day post-infection. We determined the parasitological burden, liver and intestine histomorphometry, liver injury, and immunomodulation parameters. Praziquantel treatment of infected mice fed with a standard diet (IN-PZQ) resulted in a significant reduction of worm and egg burdens and a normalization of iron and calcium levels. The therapy also improved schistosomiasis-induced hepatopathy and oxidative stress. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of praziquantel were also significant in these mice. When infected mice receiving the low-protein diet were treated with praziquantel (ILP-PZQ), the body weight loss and hepatomegaly were not alleviated, and the worm and liver egg burdens were significantly higher than those of IN-PZQ mice (P < 0.001). The treatment did not reduce the increased activities of ALT and γ-GGT, the high malondialdehyde concentration, and the liver granuloma volume. The iron and calcium levels were not ameliorated and differed from those of IN-PZQ mice (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Moreover, in these mice, praziquantel treatment did not reverse the high level of IL-5 and the low mRNA expression of CCL3/MIP-1α and CXCL-10/IP-10 induced by S. mansoni infection. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These results demonstrated that a low-protein diet reduced the schistosomicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities of praziquantel.

Noninvasive assessment of bleomycin-induced lung injury and the effects of short-term glucocorticosteroid treatment in rats using MRI.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of proton MRI to noninvasively quantify bleomycin-induced injury and the effects of glucocorticosteroids in a rat model of lung fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats received bleomycin intra-tracheally and underwent MRI up to day 70 following injury onset. A subgroup of animals was treated with budesonide. RESULTS: The response in the first 2 weeks post-bleomycin, characterized by diffuse MRI signals, was related primarily to inflammation as confirmed by histology. Later, increased signals reflected principally tissue remodeling involved in fibrosis development, as suggested by histological analysis revealing collagen deposition in the same areas where MRI signals had been detected. Budesonide administration at days 6 and 13 after bleomycin resulted in decreased MRI signals 24 h after each corticosteroid application. However, no complete signal resolution was observed. Histology showed that budesonide affected inflammation but not fibrosis. CONCLUSION: The ability of MRI to noninvasively quantify lung injury in bleomycin-treated rats will facilitate in vivo pharmacological studies in this model of pulmonary fibrosis. Repetitive measurements open new avenues in testing compounds as the responses at several time points during the course of treatment can be easily compared. Specifically, studies at the chronic phase, when fibrosis is already established, become amenable.

Histomorphometric estimation of age in paraffin-embedded ribs: a feasibility study.

Estimation of age at death from human bones in legal medicine or in anthropology and archaeology is hampered by controversial results from the various macroscopic and histological techniques. This study attempted an estimation of age at death by histomorphometric analysis, from the fourth left rib adjacent to the costochondral joint in 80 forensic cases. Use of the picrosirius dye provided a reliable staining of the decalcified paraffin-embedded ribs. The total bone cortical area, the major and minor diameter as well as the area of the Haversian canals, the osteon areas of intact and remodelled secondary osteons, the area of non-Haversian canals were evaluated by means of image analysis, and derived parameters were calculated on both the internal and external sides of the rib. Most of the variables exhibited consistency between three different observers. Noteworthy, morphometric measurements in the internal cortex of the rib showed less variability than in the external cortex. Finally, discriminant statistical analysis from the 80 cases in this study indicated that the osteon population density was virtually sufficient to significantly discriminate between three groups of age: 20-39 (adulthood), 40-59 (middle age) and a group superior to 60. A subsequent blind evaluation of ten new subjects satisfactorily classified seven subjects out of ten within the three age groups. These results make feasible a larger study aimed at characterization of the practical relationships between bone tissue histomorphometry in ribs and chronological age in forensic cases.

At the Origins of Tobacco-Smoking and Tea Consumption in a Virgin Population (Yakutia, 1650-1900 A.D.): Comparison of Pharmacological, Histological, Economic and Cultural Data.

(1) Background: The way tobacco and tea spread among virgin populations is of major interest our understanding of how ancient economic and cultural practices could have influenced current habits. (2) Methods: hair concentrations of theobromine, theophylline, caffeine, nicotine, and cotinine were measured in hair samples from 47 frozen bodies of people from eastern Siberia, dated from the contact with Europeans to the assimilation of people into Russian society. (3) Results: hair concentration of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine vary with the type of beverage consumed: green, black, or local herbal teas. Shortly after the first contacts, a few heavy consumers of tobacco were found among light or passive consumers. Tobacco-related co-morbidities began to be recorded one century after and heavy tea users were only found from the 19th century (4) Conclusions: Economic factors and social and family contacts seem to have played a decisive role in tobacco consumption very early on. Behavioral evolution governed the process of substance integration into Siberian culture and was a determinant for the continuity of its use across long periods of time. Analyzing the respective contributions of social and economic processes in the use of these substances opens avenues of investigation for today's public health.

The petrous bone: Ideal substrate in legal medicine?

Over the last few years, palaeogenomic studies of the petrous bone (the densest part of the temporal bone) have shown that it is a source of DNA in both larger quantities and of better quality than other bones. This dense bone around the otic capsule has therefore been called the choice substrate in palaeogenomics. Because the practice of forensic genetics responds to different imperatives, we implemented a study aimed at (i) understanding how and why the petrous bone is an advantageous substrate in ancient DNA studies and (ii) establishing whether it is advantageous in forensic STR typing. We selected 50 individual skeletal remains and extracted DNA from one tooth and one petrous bone from each. We then amplified 24 STR markers commonly used in forensic identification and compared the quality of that amplification using the RFU intensities of the signal as read on the STR profiles. We also performed histological analyses to compare (i) the microscopic structure of a petrous bone and of a tooth and (ii) the microscopic structure of fresh petrous bone and of an archaeological or forensic sample. We show that the RFU intensities read on STR profiles are systematically higher in experiments using DNA extracted from petrous bones rather than teeth. For this reason, we were more likely to obtain a complete STR profile from petrous bone material, increasing the chance of identification in a forensic setting. Histological analyses revealed peculiar microstructural characteristics (tissue organization), unique to the petrous bone, that might explain the good preservation of DNA in that substrate. Therefore, it appears that despite the necessity of analysing longer fragments in forensic STR typing compared to NGS palaeogenomics, the use of petrous bones in forensic genetics could prove valuable, especially in cases involving infants, toothless individuals or very degraded skeletal remains.

In vivo assessments of mucus dynamics in the rat lung using a Gd-Cy5.5-bilabeled contrast agent for magnetic resonance and optical imaging.

Dysfunctions in mucociliary clearance are associated with the accelerated loss of lung function in several respiratory diseases. Approaches enabling the in vivo visualization of mucus dynamics in rodents at high resolution and sensitivity would be beneficial for experimental lung research. We describe the synthesis and characterization of two bilabeled amino dextran-based probes binding specifically to mucin. Labeling of secreted mucus and of mucin in goblet cells in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide-challenged rats has been demonstrated in vivo with near-infrared fluorescence and MRI and confirmed by histology. The effects of uridine triphosphate were then studied in lipopolysaccharide-challenged rats by simultaneously administering the imaging probe and the compound. The data suggest that uridine triphosphate increased the mucociliary clearance, but at the same time induced a release of mucin from goblet cells, thus not contributing to the overall reduction of mucus in the lung. The approach outlined here enables one to derive information on mucus clearance, as well as secretion. Such a global view on mucus dynamics may prove invaluable when testing new pharmacological agents aimed at improving mucociliary clearance.

Allergen-induced lung inflammation in actively sensitized mice assessed with MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of using proton magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to noninvasively detect extravascular and luminal fluid in a murine model of allergen-induced airway inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Basel Veterinary Authority approved this experiment. Actively sensitized female Balb/c mice received ovalbumin or saline and underwent MR imaging (a) once 24 hours after the fourth administration of ovalbumin or saline (n = 25) or (b) several times between and after ovalbumin or saline administrations (n = 22) to determine the volume of fluid signal induced by an allergen. Images were acquired in spontaneously breathing animals, without cardiac or respiratory gating. Signal detected with a gradient-echo sequence was compared with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid parameters and with perivascular and peribronchial edema and mucus observed at histologic analysis. RESULTS: Up to 24 hours after the fourth administration of ovalbumin, intense and continuous fluid signals (volume, 40-50 microL) were detected in proximal lung regions. At 72 hours after the fourth administration of ovalbumin, remaining signals (21.1 microL +/- 3.8) had a discontinuous texture. The number of eosinophils in the BAL fluid at 24 and 72 hours and their activation were higher in mice that received ovalbumin than in those that received saline. Histologic analysis revealed edema and secreted mucus in the early phase, whereas only mucus was encountered in the late phase. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the main component of the early response was plasma leakage (edema), while the main component of the late response was secreted mucus. With the technique validated, the basis for pharmacologic studies in this murine model of lung inflammation with use of MR imaging as a noninvasive readout was provided.

Investigating pharmacology in vivo using magnetic resonance and optical imaging.

The better and earlier a disease can be diagnosed and characterized, the greater the chance of being able to intervene in this process with a chemical entity. This is the rationale for the use of in vivo imaging techniques in the drug discovery and development process. In this article we address the value of two imaging modalities in this area, i.e. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging. The multiparametric nature of MRI enables anatomical, functional, metabolic and, to a certain extent, also cellular and target-related information to be obtained noninvasively at high spatial resolution. This favours characterization of a disease state and the corresponding drug intervention. The noninvasiveness of MRI strengthens the link between preclinical and clinical pharmaceutical research. The high sensitivity of optical techniques enables molecular information to be obtained in vivo. Within pharmacological research, the main applications of optical techniques relate to the early drug discovery process and acquisition of target-related information. However, potential clinical applications of optical imaging are also emerging. The complementary character of both imaging modalities renders them useful in various portions of the drug discovery process, from early target selection and validation to clinical studies.