ABSTRACT
Disease course in melanoma often cannot be accurately predicted by means of the prognostic factors usually considered in patients with melanoma; therefore, new factors are clearly needed. Increasingly robust scientific evidence shows that tumor lymph vessels play a key role in melanoma that metastasizes by lymphatic and hematogenous pathways. We review current knowledge and examine the implications of lymphangiogenesis in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with melanoma.
Subject(s)
Lymphangiogenesis , Melanoma/diagnosis , Melanoma/therapy , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/therapy , Humans , Lymphatic Metastasis , Melanoma/pathology , Melanoma/secondary , Prognosis , Sentinel Lymph Node , Skin Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
Malignant melanoma represents < 10% of all skin cancers but is responsible for the majority of skin-cancer-related deaths. Metastatic melanoma has historically been considered as one of the most therapeutically challenging malignancies. Fortunately, for the first time after decades of basic research and clinical investigation, new drugs have produced major clinical responses. Angiogenesis has been considered an important target for cancer treatment. Initial efforts have focused primarily on targeting endothelial and tumour-related vascular endothelial growth factor signalling. Here, we review different mechanisms of tumour vascularization described in melanoma and discuss the potential clinical implications.
Subject(s)
Melanoma/blood supply , Skin Neoplasms/blood supply , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Angiogenic Proteins/physiology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Humans , Lymphangiogenesis/physiology , Melanoma/drug therapy , Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy , Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology , Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology , Oncogenes/physiology , Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy , Melanoma, Cutaneous MalignantABSTRACT
In malignant melanoma (MM) there is an urgent need to identify new markers with predictive value superior to the traditional clinical and histological parameters. Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis have been recognized as critical processes in tumour growth and metastasis development, and numerous studies have evaluated the significance of these parameters in predicting the prognosis in solid tumours, including MM. We set out to determine whether angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic invasion (LI) are valuable prognostic markers in MM. We systematically reviewed the available literature and subsequently performed a meta-analysis on the compiled data. To be eligible for the systematic review, a study had to provide the microvessel density (MVD), the lymphatic vessel density (LVD) or information about LI, assessed by immunohistochemistry on the primary site in patients with MM. To be evaluable for the meta-analysis, a study also had to provide information on clinical outcome. We approached selected studies with the Reporting recommendations for tumour marker (REMARK) criteria, verifying whether they had followed the recommendations. In total, nine angiogenesis, seven lymphangiogenesis and 10 LI studies were included in our meta-analysis, representing 419, 474 and 802 patients, respectively. Using meta-analysis, we showed that peritumoral LVD and the presence of LI have prognostic value for patients with MM. In contrast, MVD and intratumoral LVD did not have prognostic value in these patients. LVD and LI seem to have prognostic value for patients with MM.
Subject(s)
Lymphatic Vessels/pathology , Melanoma/pathology , Microvessels/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Humans , Lymphangiogenesis/physiology , Lymphatic Metastasis , Melanoma/blood supply , Middle Aged , Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology , Prognosis , Skin Neoplasms/blood supplyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Solar elastosis, or basophilic degeneration of collagen, may be a histologic sign of chronic sun damage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 222 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) to identify the presence of solar elastosis and its possible invasion of the upper, middle, or deep reticular dermis. We also analyzed clinical variables such as SCC location, location in exposed areas of the skin, age, sex, and immunosuppression. Patients included had undergone surgical excision of an SCC. RESULTS: Severe solar elastosis was found in most cases (182 patients, 82%): 87 extended to the middle reticular dermis and 95 had reached the deep reticular dermis. Only 6 (2.7%) patients had no solar elastosis. In some cases elastosis was so severe that it had affected the subcutaneous cellular tissue or venous or arteriolar walls. Deeper solar elastosis was significantly associated with older age and female sex. CONCLUSIONS: Solar elastosis was found in most patients with SCC and seems to indicate chronic severe solar damage. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation would be the main cause of SCC, although other factors might also be implicated, particularly in patients who did not have severe solar elastosis. Systemic or localized immunosuppression was associated with nearly all the SCC cases studied, consistent with the marked immunosuppressant effects of sun exposure, the aging process, or both.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Collagen , Female , Humans , Male , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Cases of lesions that simulate Bowen's disease have been previously described in the literature. CASE REPORT: Nine exophytic verruca-like lesions with histological findings of Bowen's disease (BD) are described. All cases had a rapid growth, and were located on the face and neck of elderly patients with chronic solar skin damage. We carried out p16 immunohistochemical staining using the immunoperoxidase technique, which was negative in all cases. DISCUSSION: We think that these 9 lesions are only histologically mimicking BD, and could be a subtype of verruca ('bowenoid wart'). These lesions could be provoked by nononcogenic human papillomavirus (HPV), as in other cases previously described. The p16 staining was negative in all cases, in contrast with most BD cases. It would be interesting to study whether positive p16 staining is related to oncogenic HPV, whereas negative p16 staining could be associated with low or nononcogenic HPV; thus, more studies are needed.
Subject(s)
Bowen's Disease/pathology , Facial Neoplasms/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Warts/pathology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Bowen's Disease/surgery , Bowen's Disease/virology , Face/pathology , Facial Neoplasms/surgery , Facial Neoplasms/virology , Female , Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology , Humans , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Male , Middle Aged , Neck/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/surgery , Skin Neoplasms/virology , Treatment Outcome , Warts/surgery , Warts/virologySubject(s)
Cicatrix/pathology , Ear Neoplasms/etiology , Ear Neoplasms/surgery , Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous/etiology , Neoplasms, Second Primary/etiology , Nevus, Pigmented/surgery , Postoperative Complications/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/etiology , Skin Neoplasms/surgery , Aged , Cicatrix/etiology , Disease Susceptibility , Ear Neoplasms/diagnosis , Ear Neoplasms/pathology , Emergencies , Female , Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous/diagnosis , Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous/pathology , Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous/surgery , Humans , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Postoperative Complications/surgery , Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis , Skin Neoplasms/pathologyABSTRACT
The pattern of distribution of T and B lymphocytes was investigated in a group of patients with contact, atopic, and mixed dermatitis by means of immunofluorescence and T-cell rosette tests. A significant increase (P less than .001) in B lymphocytes with surface IgD but without changes in the lymphocytes bearing other immunoglobulins or C3 and T cells was noted in patients with contact dermatitis when compared with a control group. A significant increase (P less than .001) in B lymphocytes carrying IgE and a significant decrease (P less than .001) in the total numbers of T cells were noted in patients with atopic dermatitis, and a significant increase in B lymphocytes positive for IgD (P less than .001) and IgE (P less than .003) with a decrease in the number of lymphocytes bearing IgG were the most important changes observed in patients with mixed contact and atopic dermatitis.
Subject(s)
B-Lymphocytes/immunology , Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology , Dermatitis, Contact/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Humans , Immune Adherence Reaction , Immunoglobulin D/analysis , Immunoglobulin E/analysis , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
A case of chronic urticaria with macroglobulinemia (Schnitzler's syndrome) is described. To our knowledge, this is only the second case reported in the literature with osteolysis and the presence of cryoglobulins in sera. The characteristics of the previous 21 cases of this syndrome are reviewed. The pathogenesis of this peculiar entity is discussed.
Subject(s)
Osteolysis/complications , Urticaria/complications , Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/complications , Aged , Cryoglobulinemia/complications , Cryoglobulinemia/immunology , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Osteolysis/diagnostic imaging , Radiography , Syndrome , Urticaria/pathology , Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/immunologyABSTRACT
A case of Multiple Trichoepithelioma with extensive skin involvement without familial history is reported. Some of the lesions showed spontaneous remission over the years, and in two, the microscopcal examination, demonstrated malignant changes (Basal cell Epithelioma).
Subject(s)
Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/pathology , Skin Neoplasms/pathology , Aged , Female , Humans , Neoplasm Regression, SpontaneousABSTRACT
A male patient is presented is clinical and histopathological characteristics are typical of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (cutaneous and articular hyperelasticity and cutaneous fragility with the presence of atrophic scars). Looking into the family history we think that other relatives had the same disease and they had died during their childhood due to internal hemorrhages. The patient we present did not have significant hemorrhages in any moment. The elastic fibers in the dermal papilla are reduced giving rise to the appearance of being increased in the middle and deep dermis.
Subject(s)
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome , Adult , Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome/genetics , Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome/pathology , Humans , Male , Pedigree , Radiography , Skin/pathologyABSTRACT
A case of Lichen Nitidus exclusively localized on the arms and palms of an 8 year old girl with ten years of evolution and a good response to treatment, is described.
Subject(s)
Skin Diseases/pathology , Child , Female , Hand Dermatoses/pathology , Humans , Pigmentation Disorders/pathology , Skin/pathology , SyndromeABSTRACT
The clinical and histopathological picture of a case of Juvenile Xanthogranuloma present in a new-born, in which all the investigations and analytic results were normal, is commented upon. The patient presents a case of exclusive skin affectation.
Subject(s)
Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile/diagnosis , Child , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Palpation , Skin/pathology , Xanthogranuloma, Juvenile/pathologyABSTRACT
We comment on the case of a 75-year-old woman whose dermatologic process had started 15 years before with the onset of xanthelasma on the lower eyelids which were surgically removed, recurring on the scar areas two months later. At the same time new lesions involved the forehead as well as the periorbital and malar regions. Some months later new yellow papular lesions appeared involving the neck, thorax, pelvis and extremities which grew eccentrically covering large areas. Five years later the lesions localized on the face and showed a progressive tendency to atrophy in their centers while those localized on the trunk showed an evolution to sclerosis of their central area. There was no mucosal involvement or ulceration in any of the xanthomatous lesions. The microscopic study revealed the existence of a dermal infiltrate formed by histiocyte foamy frothy cells and Touton cells, among which there were some lymphocytes, which occasionally adopted a perianexial, perineural and perivascular pattern but there were no signs of thrombosis or degenerative changes in the perilesional connective tissue. The study by chromatography of the lipid composition of the pathologic skin revealed an increase in cholesterol esters. The laboratory exams as well as the general physical examination performed every six months for a period of 15 years' time were always normal except for a moderate elevation of ESR which persisted throughout the process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Subject(s)
Lipids/blood , Xanthomatosis/pathology , Aged , Female , Humans , Xanthomatosis/bloodABSTRACT
A case of generalized urticaria after ingesta of raw cod in a patient who had any previous episodes of atopy or other findings of interest is presented. One month after the manipulation of this same food she presented another episode of generalized urticaria, this time more severe and persistent. Skin patches to cod provoked a contact urticaria probably produced by an immunologic mechanism. A sensitization via the digestive tract is presumed on the basis of the clinical course and the symptoms of the patient.
Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Contact/etiology , Fishes , Food Hypersensitivity/complications , Urticaria/etiology , Animals , Female , Food Hypersensitivity/immunology , Humans , Middle Aged , Patch TestsABSTRACT
We are commenting on a case of cutaneous mycobacteriosis (M. chelonei) in an asthmatic 60-year-old patient under continuous steroid treatment, who months after an accidental trauma on his hand, developed painful papular lesions, located over the trauma scar, and on the dorsal lateral side of the forearm. The lesions on the forearm were accompanied by epitrochlear adenopathies and a general reaction in the form of fever. Histologically the lesions showed a subacute inflammatory reaction with lymphocytes, histiocytes, polynuclear neutrophils and areas of necrosis. The staining of the exudate with Ziehl-Neelsen and the histological samples were negative, but the culture was identified as M. chelonei, of the abscessus variety. The process was cured with continuous therapy with cefotaxime and procodazol.
Subject(s)
Benzimidazoles/therapeutic use , Cefotaxime/therapeutic use , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/drug therapy , Mycobacterium Infections/drug therapy , Skin Diseases, Infectious/microbiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/pathology , Skin Diseases, Infectious/drug therapy , Skin Diseases, Infectious/pathologyABSTRACT
A case of fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis in an urban patient in whom the contagious trauma could not be proved is commented on. Remarkable is the location of the lesions involving the face, which is extremely rare, as well as the morphology of the lesions, adopting the pattern of congestive erythema on which there were crusty-erythematous papules causing an intense itching which also preceded their onset.
Subject(s)
Dermatomycoses/pathology , Facial Dermatoses/microbiology , Sporotrichosis/pathology , Facial Dermatoses/pathology , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The clinical and histological features of a dermomycosis caused by a new dematiaceum fungus are described. The mycological characteristics of this fungus individualize and differentiate it from other demiataceum hyphomycetes, proposing the name of Botryomyces caespitosus for it. The submicroscopic features are commented, as well.
Subject(s)
Dermatomycoses/microbiology , Mitosporic Fungi/isolation & purification , Accidents, Occupational , Agricultural Workers' Diseases/microbiology , Dermatomycoses/etiology , Dermatomycoses/pathology , Forearm Injuries/microbiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mitosporic Fungi/classificationABSTRACT
A case of Lyell Syndrome provoked by ingestion of an antirheumatic drug (Piroxicam) is commented. The evolution under treatment with steroids and broad spectrum antibiotics was excellent but once recovered from this, the patient died subsequently to a systemic infectious process caused by an Aspergillosis with pulmonary involvement and secondary affectation of the kidneys, brain liver, and heart. The hepatic involvement during the acute stage is discussed and evaluated (increase of transaminases), amylasemia, amylasuria, anemia and thrombopenia which persisted throughout the process and presumably conditioned the evolution of the disease.