Anti-vascular permeability of the cleaved reactive center loop within the carboxyl-terminal domain of C1 inhibitor.

C1 inhibitor (C1INH), a member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family, functions as an inhibitor of the complement and contact systems. Cleavage of the reactive center loop (RCL) within the carboxyl-terminal domain of C1INH (iC1INH), lacking of serpin function, induces a conformational change in the molecule. Our previous data demonstrated that active, intact C1INH prevents vascular permeability induced by gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, we investigate the role of RCL-cleaved, inactive C1INH (iC1INH) in vascular endothelial activation. In the cultured primary human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayer, iC1INH blocked LPS-induced cell injury by evaluated as transendothelial flux, cell detachment, and cytoskeletal disorganization. LPS-induced upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) could be suppressed by treatment with iC1INH. Studies exploring the underlying mechanism of iC1INH-mediated suppression in VCAM-1 expression were related to reduction of NF-kappaB activation and nuclear translocation in an I kappa B alpha-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was associated with stabilization of the NF-kappaB inhibitor I kappa B and reduction of inhibitor I kappa B kinase activity. In the model of endotoxin-induced mice, increased plasma leakage in local abdominal skin in response to LPS was reversed by treatment with iC1INH. Furthermore, systemic administration of LPS to mice resulted in increased microvascular permeability in multiple organs, which was reduced by iC1INH. These data provide evidence that iC1INH has an anti-vascular permeability independent on the serpin function.

Enhancement of Ag85B DNA vaccine immunogenicity against tuberculosis by dissolving microneedles in mice.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health problem. New immunization methods against TB are urgently needed. Plasmid DNA with a microneedle patch is a potentially attractive strategy to improve the immune effect. A DNA vaccine encoding the secreted protein Ag85B of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was immunized in the skin using microneedles, which can improve protective immunity compared to conventional intramuscular (IM) injection. There is no significant difference between microneedle patch (MNP) and IM immunization when the immunizing dose is low (4.2 µg). However, the results for detecting humoral immunity showed MNP immunization could better provoke an antibody response than IM when the dose is high (12.6 µg). A similar result was observed in cellular immune responses by measuring the cytokines in splenocytes. The effective protection of MNP can also be demonstrated by counting bacteria and analyzing the survival rate. This study indicated that DNA vaccination in the skin using dissolving microneedles may provide a new strategy against TB.

Emodin-mediated protection from acute myocardial infarction via inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis in local ischemic myocardium.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with inflammation and apoptosis. Emodin plays an anti-inflammatory role in several inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that emodin protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, its mechanism underlying its effects remains unknown. In a murine model of AMI, based on ligation of the left coronary artery, administration of emodin reduced myocardial infarct size (MIS) in a dose-dependent manner. Emodin significantly suppressed TNF-alpha expression and NF-kappaB activation in the local myocardial infarction area. Treatment with emodin inhibited myocardial cell apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3 activation. Therefore, these studies demonstrate that emodin protects against myocardial cell injury via suppression of local inflammation and apoptosis.

Immunotherapeutic effect of BCG-polysaccharide nucleic acid powder on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice using microneedle patches.

Polysaccharide nucleic acid fractions of bacillus Calmette-Guérin, termed BCG-PSN, have traditionally been used as immunomodulators in the treatment of dermatitis and allergic diseases. While the sales of injectable BCG-PSN have shown steady growth in recent years, no reports of using BCG-PSN powder or its immunotherapeutic effects exist. Here, BCG-PSN powder was applied directly to the skin to evaluate the immunotherapeutic effects on mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In total, 34 µg of BCG-PSN powder could be loaded into a microneedle patch (MNP). Mice receiving BCG-PSN powder delivered via MNP exhibited significantly increased IFN-γ and TNF-α production in peripheral blood CD4 + T cells and improved pathological changes in their lungs and spleens compared to control group mice. The immunotherapeutic effect of BCG-PSN powder delivered via MNP was better than that delivered via intramuscular injection to some extent. Furthermore, MNPs eliminate the side effects of syringes, and this study demonstrated that BCG-PSN can be clinically administrated in powder form.

Silencing of C5a receptor gene with siRNA for protection from Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular permeability.

Endothelial barrier dysfunction leading to increased permeability and vascular leakage is an underlying cause of several pathological conditions. Whereas these changes have been shown to be associated with activation of the complement system, leading to the release of C5a and interaction of C5a-C5a receptor (C5aR), the role of C5aR in endothelial cells remain(s) ill-defined. Here, we report an essential role of C5aR in endothelial cell injury and vascular permeability through silencing of the C5aR gene using siRNA. In the cultured mouse dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MEMECs) monolayer transfected with C5aR-siRNA, endotoxin-induced cell injury by evaluated as transendothelial flux, cell detachment, and cytoskeletal disorganization was inhibited. Upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was also suppressed. Studies exploring the underlying mechanism of siRNA-mediated suppression in VCAM-1 expression were related to reduction of NF-kappaB activation and nuclear localization of both p50 and p65. The effect was associated with inhibition in activation of protein kinase Cdelta(PKC-delta) and induction of PKC-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases-1 (MKP-1) leading to the increased activity of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade. In the model of mice administrated with C5aR-siRNA, endotoxin-induced plasma leakage was inhibited in local abdominal skin. Systemic administration of endotoxin to mice resulted in increased microvascular permeability in multiple organs was reduced. These studies demonstrate that the C5aR responsible for vascular endothelial cell injury and plasma permeability is an important factor, and that blockade of C5aR may be useful therapeutic targets for the prevention of vascular permeability in pathogenic condition.

Small interfering RNA-directed targeting of Toll-like receptor 4 inhibits human prostate cancer cell invasion, survival, and tumorigenicity.

A major cause of tumor treatment failure is cancer cell metastasis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling has been implicated in tumor cell invasion, survival, and metastasis in a variety of cancers. In this study, we investigated the biological roles of TLR4 in prostate metastatic cell invasion and survival, and the potential of gene silencing of TLR4 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) for treatment of cancer. In cultured human prostate cancer cell lines, TLR4 were higher PC3 and DU145 as compared with the poorly metastatic LNCaP indicating that up-regulation of TLR4 was positively correlated with metastasis of tumor cell. In the highly metastatic cancer cell PC3, gene silencing of TLR4 using siRNA significantly inhibited TLR4 mRNA expression and protein level. Knockdown of TLR4 in PC3 cells resulted in a dramatic reduction of tumor cell migration and invasion as indicated by a Matrigel invasion assay. Furthermore, TLR4 siRNA suppressed cell viability and ultimately caused the induction of apoptotic cell death. The effects were associated with abrogating TLR4-mediated signaling to downstream target molecules such as myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), adaptor-inducing IFN-beta (TRIF), and interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1). In a mouse prostate cancer model, administration with the plasmid construct expressing siRNA for TLR4 obviously inhibited established tumor growth and survival. These studies revealed evidence of a multifaceted signaling network operating downstream of TLR4-mediated tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and survival. Thus, RNA interference-directed targeting of TLR4 may raise the potential of its application for cancer therapy.