ABSTRACT
Neoangiogenesis, a hallmark feature of all malignancies, is robust in glioblastoma (GBM). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has long been regarded as the primary pro-angiogenic molecule in GBM. However, anti-VEGF therapies have had little clinical efficacy, highlighting the need to explore VEGF-independent mechanisms of neoangiogenesis. Olfactomedin-like 3 (OLFML3), a secreted glycoprotein, is an established proangiogenic factor in many cancers, but its role in GBM neoangiogenesis is unknown. To gain insight into the role of OLFML3 in microglia-mediated angiogenesis, we assessed endothelial cell (EC) viability, migration and differentiation following (1) siRNA knockdown targeting endogenous EC Olfml3 and (2) EC exposure to human recombinant OLFML3 (rhOLFML3; 10 ng/mL, 48 h), and conditioned medium (CM) from isogenic control and Olfml3−/− microglia (48 h). Despite a 70% reduction in Olfml3 mRNA levels, EC angiogenic parameters were not affected. However, exposure to both rhOLFML3 and isogenic control microglial CM increased EC viability (p < 0.01), migration (p < 0.05) and differentiation (p < 0.05). Strikingly, these increases were abolished, or markedly attenuated, following exposure to Olfml3−/− microglial CM despite corresponding increased microglial secretion of VEGF-A (p < 0.0001). Consistent with reports in non-CNS malignancies, we have demonstrated that OLFML3, specifically microglia-derived OLFML3, promotes VEGF-independent angiogenesis in primary brain microvascular ECs and may provide a complementary target to mitigate neovascularization in GBM.
Subject(s)
Brain Neoplasms , Glioblastoma , Animals , Mice , Humans , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Angiogenesis Inducing Agents/metabolism , Glioblastoma/metabolism , Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism , Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology , Culture Media, Conditioned/metabolism , Brain/metabolism , Brain Neoplasms/metabolism , Glycoproteins/metabolism , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Under the influence of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFß), glioma-associated microglia produce molecules that promote glioma growth and invasion. Olfactomedin-like 3 (Olfml3), a novel, secreted glycoprotein, is known to promote several non-CNS cancers. While it is a direct TGFß1 target gene in microglia, the role of microglia-derived OLFML3 in glioma progression is unknown. Here, we tested the hypotheses that microglial Olfml3 is integral to the pro-tumorigenic glioma-associated microglia phenotype and promotes glioma cell malignancy. Using an Olfml3 knockout microglial cell line (N9), we demonstrated that Olfml3 is a direct target gene of all TGFß isoforms in murine microglia. Moreover, loss of Olfml3 attenuated TGFß-induced restraint on microglial immune function and production of cytokines that are critical in promoting glioma cell malignancy. Importantly, microglia-derived OLFML3 directly contributes to glioma cell malignancy through increased migration and invasion. While exposure to conditioned medium (CM) from isogenic control microglia pre-treated with TGFß increased mouse glioma cell (GL261) migration and invasion, this effect was abolished with exposure to CM from TGFß-treated Olfml3-/- microglia. Taken together, our data suggest that Olfml3 may serve as a gatekeeper for TGFß-induced microglial gene expression, thereby promoting the pro-tumorigenic microglia phenotype and glioma cell malignancy.