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1.
Circulation ; 148(1): 74-94, 2023 07 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37154053

ABSTRACT

Asian American individuals make up the fastest growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. Despite the substantial variability that exists in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk among the different subgroups of Asian Americans, the current literature, when available, often fails to examine these subgroups individually. The purpose of this scientific statement is to summarize the latest disaggregated data, when possible, on Asian American demographics, prevalence, biological mechanisms, genetics, health behaviors, acculturation and lifestyle interventions, pharmacological therapy, complementary alternative interventions, and their impact on type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. On the basis of available evidence to date, we noted that the prevalences of type 2 diabetes and stroke mortality are higher in all Asian American subgroups compared with non-Hispanic White adults. Data also showed that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk is highest among South Asian and Filipino adults but lowest among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean adults. This scientific statement discusses the biological pathway of type 2 diabetes and the possible role of genetics in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among Asian American adults. Challenges to provide evidence-based recommendations included the limited data on Asian American adults in risk prediction models, national surveillance surveys, and clinical trials, leading to significant research disparities in this population. The large disparity within this population is a call for action to the public health and clinical health care community, for whom opportunities for the inclusion of the Asian American subgroups should be a priority. Future studies of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in Asian American adults need to be adequately powered, to incorporate multiple Asian ancestries, and to include multigenerational cohorts. With advances in epidemiology and data analysis and the availability of larger, representative cohorts, furthering refining the Pooled Cohort Equations, in addition to enhancers, would allow better risk estimation in segments of the population. Last, this scientific statement provides individual- and community-level intervention suggestions for health care professionals who interact with the Asian American population.


Subject(s)
Asian , Atherosclerosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Adult , Humans , American Heart Association , Asian/ethnology , Asian/statistics & numerical data , Atherosclerosis/epidemiology , Atherosclerosis/ethnology , Atherosclerosis/etiology , Atherosclerosis/therapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/ethnology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , United States/epidemiology
2.
Circulation ; 141(19): e779-e806, 2020 05 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32279539

ABSTRACT

Although cardiologists have long treated patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), T2DM has traditionally been considered just a comorbidity that affected the development and progression of the disease. Over the past decade, a number of factors have shifted that have forced the cardiology community to reconsider the role of T2DM in CAD. First, in addition to being associated with increased cardiovascular risk, T2DM has the potential to affect a number of treatment choices for CAD. In this document, we discuss the role that T2DM has in the selection of testing for CAD, in medical management (both secondary prevention strategies and treatment of stable angina), and in the selection of revascularization strategy. Second, although glycemic control has been recommended as a part of comprehensive risk factor management in patients with CAD, there is mounting evidence that the mechanism by which glucose is managed can have a substantial impact on cardiovascular outcomes. In this document, we discuss the role of glycemic management (both in intensity of control and choice of medications) in cardiovascular outcomes. It is becoming clear that the cardiologist needs both to consider T2DM in cardiovascular treatment decisions and potentially to help guide the selection of glucose-lowering medications. Our statement provides a comprehensive summary of effective, patient-centered management of CAD in patients with T2DM, with emphasis on the emerging evidence. Given the increasing prevalence of T2DM and the accumulating evidence of the need to consider T2DM in treatment decisions, this knowledge will become ever more important to optimize our patients' cardiovascular outcomes.


Subject(s)
Coronary Artery Disease/therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Myocardial Revascularization/standards , Patient-Centered Care/standards , Risk Reduction Behavior , Secondary Prevention/standards , American Heart Association , Clinical Decision-Making , Comorbidity , Consensus , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Humans , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Treatment Outcome , United States
3.
Circ J ; 85(11): 2063-2070, 2021 10 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33980763

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There are concerns that Asian patients respond differently to some medications. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of evolocumab among Asian vs. other subjects in the FOURIER trial, which randomized stable atherosclerosis patients to receive either evolocumab or placebo.Methods and Results:Effects of adding evolocumab vs. placebo to background statin therapy on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reductions, cardiovascular outcomes, and adverse events were compared among 27,564 participants with atherosclerotic disease, according to self-reported Asian (n=2,723) vs. other (n=24,841) races followed for a median of 2.2 years in the FOURIER trial. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, or coronary revascularization. At randomization, Asians had slightly lower LDL-C (median 89 [IQR 78-104] mg/dL vs. 92 [80-109] mg/dL; P<0.001) and were much less likely to be on a high-intensity statin (33.3% vs. 73.3%; P<0.001). Evolocumab lowered LDL-C more in Asians than in others (66% vs. 58%; P<0.001). The effect of evolocumab on the primary endpoint was similar in Asians (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.61-1.03) and others (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.93; P interaction=0.55). There was no excess of serious adverse events with evolocumab among Asians over others. CONCLUSIONS: Use of evolocumab robustly lowers LDL-C and is equally efficacious in lowering the risk of cardiovascular events and safe in Asians as it is in others.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized , Asian People , Atherosclerosis , PCSK9 Inhibitors , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects , Atherosclerosis/drug therapy , Atherosclerosis/ethnology , Cholesterol, LDL , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Humans , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , PCSK9 Inhibitors/adverse effects , Proprotein Convertase 9 , Treatment Outcome
4.
Rev Cardiovasc Med ; 16(2): 105-13, 2015.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26198557

ABSTRACT

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a well-established risk factor for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with CAD and comorbid T2D also have a higher risk of cardiovascular complications, such as silent ischemia and stable angina. In treating the symptoms of stable angina in patients with CAD and comorbid T2D, it is vital to utilize therapies that reduce symptoms and improve outcomes. At the same time, there is significant concern about the preservation of glycometabolic parameters, such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), particularly because some antianginal therapies, such as ß-blockers and calcium channel blockers-although effective at improving the symptoms of stable angina and reducing ischemia-may also worsen glycemic control by increasing HbA1c levels. Available trial data on the efficacy of antianginal agents in patients with stable angina and comorbid T2D are limited. Therefore, in patients with stable angina and T2D, a tailored approach to treatment of stable angina by selecting therapies with a neutral or positive glycometabolic profile may improve outcomes and increase treatment compliance. Additionally, patients with a dual diagnosis may benefit from therapies that have beneficial effects on both stable angina and T2D, thereby reducing polypharmacy. Prospective studies in patients with stable angina and T2D are needed to guide therapy decisions.


Subject(s)
Angina, Stable/drug therapy , Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Angina, Stable/diagnosis , Angina, Stable/epidemiology , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Cardiovascular Agents/adverse effects , Comorbidity , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Drug Interactions , Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/adverse effects , Polypharmacy , Risk Factors , Treatment Outcome
5.
J Am Assoc Nurse Pract ; 34(2): 418-440, 2022 Feb 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35120085

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death and disability among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), presenting a significant impact on longevity, patient quality of life, and health care costs. In the United States, attainment of recommended glycemic targets is low and T2D-related cardiovascular complications remain a significant burden. Many glucose-lowering treatment options are available, but glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are recommended in recent guidelines as the preferred add-on therapy to metformin to improve glycemic control. This is particularly the case for patients with T2D and established atherosclerotic CVD, at high risk of atherosclerotic CVD, and/or with chronic kidney disease. Recommendations were based on GLP-1RA and SGLT-2 inhibitor cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs), which consistently showed that these agents pose no additional cardiovascular risk compared with placebo. Three GLP-1RAs (liraglutide, dulaglutide, and subcutaneous semaglutide) demonstrated significantly lower major adverse cardiovascular events versus placebo and are now approved for this indication. However, to realize improvement in outcomes in the clinical setting, organized, systematic, and coordinated approaches to patient management are also needed. For example, nurse-led diabetes self-management education and support programs have been shown to be effective. This article explores T2D management with emphasis on cardiovascular risk and CVOTs performed to date and reviews the clinical experience with GLP-1RAs for managing hyperglycemia and their impact on cardiovascular risk. In addition, practical guidance is given for key health care providers involved in the care of patients with T2D with cardiovascular risk outside of diabetes clinics/endocrinology centers.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Liraglutide , Quality of Life
6.
Am Heart J ; 161(2): 418-424.e1-3, 2011 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21404720

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to analyze the use of intensive lipid-lowering therapy (I-LLT) at discharge in a broad population of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). BACKGROUND: Early and intensive statin therapy in ACS has been shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Utilization and predictors of I-LLT among hospitalized ACS patients are not known. METHODS: The GWTG database was analyzed for ACS-related hospitalizations from 2005 to 2009. The use of I-LLT (defined as dose of statin or combination therapy likely to produce > 50% reductions in low-density lipoprotein [LDL]) and less intensive lipid-lowering therapy (LI-LLT) at discharge was assessed. Baseline characteristics and temporal trends in LLT were compared in these 2 treatment groups. RESULTS: Of 65,396 patients receiving LLT, only 25,036 (38.3%) were treated with an I-LLT regimen. Mean total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides were significantly higher in the I-LLT group. Even among those with LDL > 130 mg/dL, 50% or less received I-LLT. Predictors of I-LLT at discharge included LLT before admission, hyperlipidemia, prior coronary artery disease, increasing body mass index, and in-hospital percutaneous coronary intervention. Although there was some temporal improvement in the rate of I-LLT from 2005 to 2007, a decline in use of I-LLT was noted in 2008 and 2009. This was attributed to a sharp reduction in use of ezetimibe in combination with statin, without corresponding increases in intensive statin monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of patients admitted with ACS, most of the eligible patients were not discharged on I-LLT. These data suggest the need for better implementation of guideline-recommended intensive statin therapy in patients with ACS.


Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/drug therapy , Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Hospitalization , Hypolipidemic Agents/administration & dosage , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged
7.
Curr Atheroscler Rep ; 13(1): 43-50, 2011 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21107759

ABSTRACT

Angina pectoris resulting from myocardial ischemia afflicts half of all patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Chronic angina remains a major public health burden despite state-of-the-art therapies, and improvement in survival from myocardial infarction and CHD has only increased its prevalence. There is growing experimental and clinical evidence pointing to the anti-ischemic and anti-anginal properties of statins. Some data suggest that the degree of anti-ischemic efficacy of statins may be comparable to the current standard pharmacologic and mechanical strategies. The pleiotropic effects of statins are postulated to be primarily responsible for their anti-ischemic and anti-anginal properties. These include improvement of endothelial function, enhancement of the ischemic vasodilatory response, modulation of inflammation, and protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. The anti-ischemic effects of statins further strengthen their role as a crucial component of the optimal medical therapy for CHD.


Subject(s)
Angina Pectoris/drug therapy , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Inflammation/drug therapy , Myocardial Ischemia/drug therapy , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Angina Pectoris/etiology , Angina Pectoris/metabolism , Angina Pectoris/physiopathology , Animals , Clinical Trials as Topic , Coronary Vessels/drug effects , Coronary Vessels/pathology , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Humans , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Inflammation/metabolism , Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism , Myocardial Ischemia/complications , Myocardial Ischemia/metabolism , Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/physiopathology , Reperfusion Injury/etiology , Reperfusion Injury/metabolism , Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology , Treatment Outcome , Vasodilation/drug effects
8.
Am Heart J ; 160(6): 1130-6, 1136.e1-3, 2010 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21146668

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to analyze the use of intensive lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) at discharge in a broad population of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). BACKGROUND: Early and intensive statin therapy in ACS was shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Utilization and predictors of LLT among hospitalized ACS patients are not known. METHODS: The GWTG database was analyzed for ACS-related hospitalizations from 2005 to 2009. The use of LLT (defined as dose of statin or combination therapy likely to produce>50% reductions in low-density lipoprotein [LDL]) and less intensive LLT at discharge was assessed. Baseline characteristics and temporal trends in LLT were compared in these 2 treatment groups. RESULTS: Of 65,396 patients receiving LLT, only 25,036 (38.3%) were treated with an LLT regimen. Mean total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides were significantly higher in the LLT group. Even among those with LDL>130 mg/dL, 50% or less received LLT. Predictors of LLT at discharge included LLT before admission, hyperlipidemia, prior coronary artery disease, increasing body mass index, and in-hospital percutaneous coronary intervention. Although there was some temporal improvement in the rate of LLT from 2005 to 2007, a decline in use of LLT was noted in 2008 and 2009. This was attributed to a sharp reduction in use of ezetimibe in combination with statin, without corresponding increases in intensive statin monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of patients admitted with ACS, most of the eligible patients were not discharged on LLT. These data suggest the need for better implementation of guideline-recommended intensive statin therapy in patients with ACS.


Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/drug therapy , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use , Patient Discharge , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Acute Coronary Syndrome/blood , Aged , Cholesterol, LDL/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypolipidemic Agents/administration & dosage , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Treatment Outcome
9.
Curr Cardiol Rep ; 12(6): 464-71, 2010 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20809236

ABSTRACT

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality worldwide. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers have been indispensable in diminishing the macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. In addition, cumulative evidence from retrospective studies pointed toward a beneficial effect of RAS agents in preventing the development and progression of T2DM. This disease-modifying potential of RAS blockers has been substantiated by recent prospective trials. Contemporary concepts regarding the natural history of T2DM and the pathophysiologic processes involved have increased our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of these agents in diabetes management. In addition to their established roles in the primary prevention of CVD in patients with diabetes, RAS blockers might be considered a suitable therapeutic choice for preventing the development of frank diabetes in high-risk patients.


Subject(s)
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Diabetic Angiopathies/prevention & control , Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects , Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Disease Progression , Humans , Insulin Resistance , Microvessels , Risk Factors , Signal Transduction
10.
Indian Heart J ; 62(2): 111-7, 2010.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21180299

ABSTRACT

Beta adrenergic blockers have had a long history as frontline agents in hypertension therapy. They are the mainstay of treatment in ischemic heart disease, heart failure, high risk coronary artery disease and arrhythmias, as their importance in these compelling indications are well-established. However, the efficacy and relevance of beta blockers in the treatment of uncomplicated hypertension have been questioned because the traditional agents were deemed not atpar with drugs from other classes in terms of cardiovascular outcomes. Although atenolol and other traditional agent s have lost favor, the other cardioselective agents have been shown to be at least as efficacious in hypertension as the other classes of drugs. Their use in hypertension therapy should continue, especially in young and diabetic individuals where high sympathetic tone and high renin levels are the primary features. The newer-generation vasodilating beta blockers have favorable hemodynamic and metabolic properties, better side effect profile and improved efficacy in treating uncomplicated hypertension. With the advent of these new agents, the beta blocker class should remain as a viable first-line option in antihypertensive therapy.


Subject(s)
Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Hypertension/drug therapy , Myocardial Ischemia/drug therapy , Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage , Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology , Adult , Age Factors , Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Coronary Disease/drug therapy , Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control , Diabetes Complications , Female , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Humans , Hypertension/metabolism , Male , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Risk Factors
11.
Am J Cardiovasc Drugs ; 20(6): 517-524, 2020 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32157567

ABSTRACT

The health benefit of fish oil, i.e. omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA) has a long history of debate. While there are a number of medications to reduce serum triglyceride levels, none have shown unanimous cardiovascular (CV) benefits. The most recent Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) assessing the CV outcome of one highly purified prescription ω-3 FA has certainly rejuvenated the debate. While this trial has been regarded as one of the most important landmark trials in preventive cardiology, the tolerability issue in a very high dose (4 g/day, as administered in the trial) is still a matter of concern. This article summarizes the current status and future perspective of icosapent ethyl in clinical practice in light of REDUCE-IT.


Subject(s)
Eicosapentaenoic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Hypertriglyceridemia/drug therapy , Drug Dosage Calculations , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/administration & dosage , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/adverse effects , Eicosapentaenoic Acid/therapeutic use , Humans , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Risk Factors
12.
Prog Cardiovasc Dis ; 63(5): 585-590, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32224112

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Depression is a recognized predictor of adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF) and is associated with poor quality of life, functional limitation, increased morbidity and mortality, decreased adherence to treatment, and increased rehospitalization. To understand the impact of depression on HF readmission, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) 2010-2014. METHODS: We identified all patients with the primary discharge diagnosis of HF by ICD-9-CM codes. The primary outcome of the study was to identify 30-day all-cause readmission and causes of readmission in patients with and without depression. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio for the primary and secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Among, 3,500,570 patients admitted with HF, 9.7% had concomitant depression. Patients with depression were more likely to be readmitted within 30 days (19.7% vs. 18.5%; P < 0.001). Concomitant depression was associated with higher risk of all-cause readmissions within 30 days and 90 days [P < 0.001] but was not associated with increased readmissions due to cardiovascular (CV) cause at 30 days and 90 days. The hazard of psychiatric causes of readmission was higher in patients with depression, both at 30 days [P < 0.001], and 90 days [P < 0.001]. Most of the readmissions were due to CV causes, with HF being the most common cause. CONCLUSION: Among patients hospitalized with HF, the presence of depression is associated with increased all-cause readmission driven mainly by psychiatric causes but not CV-related readmission. Standard interventions targeted toward HF are unlikely to modify this portion of all-cause readmission.


Subject(s)
Depression/epidemiology , Heart Failure/epidemiology , Patient Readmission , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Comorbidity , Databases, Factual , Depression/diagnosis , Depression/psychology , Depression/therapy , Female , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Heart Failure/therapy , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Time Factors , United States/epidemiology
13.
Am Heart J ; 157(1): 111-117.e2, 2009 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19081406

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Lipid levels among contemporary patients hospitalized with coronary artery disease (CAD) have not been well studied. This study aimed to analyze admission lipid levels in a broad contemporary population of patients hospitalized with CAD. METHODS: The Get With The Guidelines database was analyzed for CAD hospitalizations from 2000 to 2006 with documented lipid levels in the first 24 hours of admission. Patients were divided into low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglyceride categories. Factors associated with LDL and HDL levels were assessed along with temporal trends. RESULTS: Of 231,986 hospitalizations from 541 hospitals, admission lipid levels were documented in 136,905 (59.0%). Mean lipid levels were LDL 104.9 +/- 39.8, HDL 39.7 +/- 13.2, and triglyceride 161 +/- 128 mg/dL. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <70 mg/dL was observed in 17.6% and ideal levels (LDL <70 with HDL > or =60 mg/dL) in only 1.4%. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was <40 mg/dL in 54.6% of patients. Before admission, only 28,944 (21.1%) patients were receiving lipid-lowering medications. Predictors for higher LDL included female gender, no diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, no prior lipid-lowering medications, and presenting with acute coronary syndrome. Both LDL and HDL levels declined over time (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of patients hospitalized with CAD, almost half have admission LDL levels <100 mg/dL. More than half the patients have admission HDL levels <40 mg/dL, whereas <10% have HDL > or =60 mg/dL. These findings may provide further support for recent guideline revisions with even lower LDL goals and for developing effective treatments to raise HDL.


Subject(s)
Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Coronary Artery Disease/blood , Hospitalization , Triglycerides/blood , Aged , Female , Humans , Male
14.
Rev Cardiovasc Med ; 10 Suppl 1: S11-20, 2009.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19898283

ABSTRACT

The primary objective of treatment in patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and stable angina is relief of symptoms and improvement of clinical outcome. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines have emphasized the role of evidence-based therapies. There have been regular updates of the guidelines, with an effort to include the latest data in the recommendations. Since the 2002 guidelines were published, there have been several pivotal studies that have provided strong support for the role of aggressive and optimal medical therapy in improving clinical outcomes in patients with chronic CAD. Recent data from 2 landmark studies have emphasized that optimal medical therapy is as effective as myocardial revascularization with percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting in reducing risk of adverse clinical outcomes. The 2009-2010 guidelines will likely incorporate the findings of these studies and accordingly modify the recommendations for treatment of patients with chronic CAD and stable angina.


Subject(s)
Angina Pectoris/therapy , Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use , Coronary Artery Disease/therapy , Myocardial Revascularization , American Heart Association , Angina Pectoris/diagnosis , Angina Pectoris/etiology , Chronic Disease , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis , Drug Therapy, Combination , Evidence-Based Medicine , Humans , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Treatment Outcome , United States
15.
Circulation ; 115(5): 576-83, 2007 Feb 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17261662

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Statins reduce the rate of major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients, but their potential benefit as treatment for heart failure (HF) is less clear. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients (n=10,001) with stable coronary disease were randomized to treatment with atorvastatin 80 or 10 mg/d and followed up for a median of 4.9 years. A history of HF was present in 7.8% of patients. A known ejection fraction <30% and advanced HF were exclusion criteria for the study. A predefined secondary end point of the study was hospitalization for HF. The incidence of hospitalization for HF was 2.4% in the 80-mg arm and 3.3% in the 10-mg arm (hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.94; P=0.0116). The treatment effect of the higher dose was more marked in patients with a history of HF: 17.3% versus 10.6% in the 10- and 80-mg arms, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 0.88; P=0.009). Among patients without a history of HF, the rates of hospitalization for HF were much lower: 1.8% in the 80-mg group and 2.0% in the 10-mg group (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 1.16; P=0.34). Only one third of patients hospitalized for HF had evidence of preceding angina or myocardial infarction during the study period. Blood pressure was almost identical during follow-up in the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with a lower dose, intensive treatment with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease significantly reduces hospitalizations for HF. In a post hoc analysis, this benefit was observed only in patients with a history of HF. The mechanism accounting for this benefit is unlikely to be due primarily to a reduction in interim coronary events or differences in blood pressure.


Subject(s)
Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Heart Failure/epidemiology , Heptanoic Acids/administration & dosage , Hospitalization , Pyrroles/administration & dosage , Aged , Atorvastatin , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Middle Aged
16.
J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) ; 10(5): 367-76, 2008 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18453796

ABSTRACT

This post-hoc analysis of the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study evaluated the joint effects of managing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) on cardiovascular outcomes. Patients (N=9739) with clinically evident, stable coronary heart disease (CHD) were randomized to atorvastatin 10 or 80 mg/d. The primary end point was occurrence of a first major cardiovascular event. At 3 months' follow-up, patients were stratified according to SBP (< 140 mm Hg vs > or = 140 mm Hg) and tertiles of LDL-C. At 4.9 years' median follow-up, the rate of major cardiovascular events was reduced most in patients with lower LDL-C (P < .001) and in patients with SBP < 140 mm Hg (P = .014). A 42% relative risk reduction was observed for patients in the lowest LDL-C tertile with an SBP < 140 mm Hg, compared with patients in the highest LDL-C tertile with an SBP > or = 140 mm Hg. The effect of lower SBP on stroke was most pronounced in the lowest LDL-C tertile.


Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Blood Pressure/physiology , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Coronary Disease/drug therapy , Heptanoic Acids/therapeutic use , Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy , Hypertension/complications , Pyrroles/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Atorvastatin , Coronary Disease/blood , Coronary Disease/etiology , Double-Blind Method , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Hypercholesterolemia/blood , Hypercholesterolemia/complications , Hypertension/drug therapy , Hypertension/physiopathology , Male , Middle Aged , Systole , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome
17.
J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) ; 10(12): 894-903, 2008 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19120715

ABSTRACT

Hypertensive patients with the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The authors examined effects of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combined and alone on insulin sensitivity (using homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), and inflammatory/metabolic biomarkers in prediabetic hypertensive persons with CMS. Eligible patients entered 16-week therapy with valsartan 320 mg/d (n=189), HCTZ 25 mg/d (n=190), or valsartan/HCTZ 320/25 mg/d (n=187). At the end point, there were no statistically significant differences in HOMA-IR among the 3 groups. HCTZ significantly increased hemoglobin A(1c) and triglyceride concentrations and lowered serum potassium levels vs valsartan. HCTZ also increased plasma aldosterone and C-reactive protein levels. Blood pressure reduction and blood pressure control rates were highest with valsartan/HCTZ. There were no differences between combination valsartan/HCTZ or monotherapies on a measure of insulin sensitivity; however, the negative metabolic effects of HCTZ (increase in triglyceride and hemoglobin A(1c) values) were absent with valsartan/HCTZ, indicating an ameliorating effect of valsartan on these measures.


Subject(s)
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Diuretics/therapeutic use , Hypertension/drug therapy , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Prediabetic State/metabolism , Prediabetic State/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Double-Blind Method , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Humans , Hydrochlorothiazide/therapeutic use , Hypertension/physiopathology , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism , Metabolic Syndrome/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Tetrazoles/therapeutic use , Valine/analogs & derivatives , Valine/therapeutic use , Valsartan , Young Adult
18.
Indian Heart J ; 60(1): 26-33, 2008.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19212018

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The impact of rising population-wide obesity on cardiovascular risk factors has not been well studied in low-income countries. To correlate the prevalence of obesity with risk factors we performed epidemiological studies in India. METHODS: Multiple cross-sectional epidemiological studies, Jaipur Heart Watch (JHW), were performed in India in rural and urban locations. From these cohorts, subjects aged 20-59 years (men 4102, women 2872) were included. Prevalence of various risk factors: smoking/tobacco use, overweight/obesity (body mass index > or = 25 kg/m2) truncal obesity (waist:hip > or = 0.95 men, > or = 0.85 women), hypertension, dyslipidemias, metabolic syndrome and diabetes was determined. Trends were examined using least squares regression. RESULTS: Smoking/tobacco use was more in rural men (50.0% vs 40.6%) and urban women (8.9% vs 4.5%, p < 0.01). Obesity, truncal obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome were more in urban cohorts (p < 0.001). Age-adjusted prevalence (%) of obesity in various cohorts, rural JHW, and urban JHW-1, JHW-2, JHW-3, and JHW-4 respectively, in men was 9.4, 21.1, 35.6, 54.0, and 50.9 (r2 = 0.92, p = 0.009) and in women 8.9, 15.7, 45.1, 61.5, and 57.7 (r2 = 0.88, p = 0.018). Prevalence of truncal obesity in men was 3.2, 19.6, 39.6, 41.4, and 31.1 (r2 = 0.60, p = 0.124) and in women 10.1, 49.5, 42.1, 51.7, and 50.5 (r2 = 0.56, p = 0.1467). In successive cohorts increasing trends were observed in the prevalence of hypertension (r2 = 0.93, p = 0.008) and metabolic syndrome (r2 = 0.99, p = 0.005) with weaker trends for hypercholesterolemia (r2 = 0.41, p = 0.241) and diabetes (r2 = 0.79, p = 0.299) in men. In women, significant trends were observed for hypertension (r2 = 0.98, p = 0.001) and weaker trends for others. Increase in generalized obesity correlated significantly with hypertension (two-line regression r2, men 0.91, women 0.88), hypercholesterolemia (0.53, 0.44), metabolic syndrome (0.87, 0.94) and diabetes (0.84, 0.93). Truncal obesity correlated less strongly with the risk factors like hypertension (0.50, 0.57), hypercholesterolemia (0.88, 0.61), metabolic syndrome (0.76, 0.33), and diabetes (0.75, 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: In Asian Indian subjects, escalating population-wide generalized obesity correlates strongly with increasing cardiovascular risk factors.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Obesity/complications , Adult , Body Mass Index , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , India , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Young Adult
19.
Indian Heart J ; 70(6): 802-807, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30580848

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in an Indian urban population over 25 years. Trends were projected to year 2030 to determine attainment of World Health Organization (WHO) Global Monitoring Framework targets. METHODS: Adult participants (n=7440, men 4237, women 3203) enrolled in successive population based studies in Jaipur, India from years 1991 to 2015 were evaluated for hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control. The studies were performed in years 1991-93 (n=2212), 1999-01 (n=1123), 2003-04 (n=458), 2006-07 (n=1127), 2009-10 (n=739) and 2012-15 (n=1781). Descriptive statistics are reported. We used logarithmic forecasting to year 2030 and compared outcomes to WHO target of 25% lower prevalence and >50% control. RESULTS: The age-adjusted hypertension prevalence (%) among adults in successive studies increased from 29.5, 30.2, 36.5, 42.1, 34.4 to 36.1 (R2=0.41). Increasing trends were observed for hypertension awareness (13, 44, 49, 44, 49, 56; R2=0.63); treatment in all (9, 22, 38, 34, 41, 36; R2=0.68) and aware hypertensives (61, 66, 77, 79, 70, 64; R2=0.46); and control in all (2, 14, 13, 18, 21, 21; R2=0.82), aware (12, 33, 27, 46, 37, 37; R2=0.54) and treated (9, 20, 21, 48, 36, 49; R2=0.80) hypertensive participants. Projections to year 2030 show increases in prevalence to 44% (95% CI 43-45), awareness to 82% (81-83), treatment to 62% (61-63), and control to 36% (35-37). CONCLUSION: Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates are increasing among urban populations in India. Better awareness is associated with greater control. The rates of increase are off-target for WHO Global Monitoring Framework and UN Sustainable Development Goals.


Subject(s)
Awareness , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Forecasting , Risk Assessment , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors
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