ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Dog bites are a frequent injury, but the incidence and type of lesions vary across countries. Although only few patients develop complications, the treatment of advanced injuries has a considerable medical, social and economic impact. A frequently isolated pathogen in dog bite wounds is Capnocytophaga canimorsus, a bacterium that can cause sepsis or meningitis. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy has been shown to be useful in treating anaerobic infections, most likely because it creates an inhospitable environment for the bacterium and enhances the patient's immune response. AIM: We present a case series of C. canimorsus infections treated with HBO2 in adjunction to antibiotic therapy. Furthermore, we tested the in vitro activity of ceftaroline against C. canimorsus, alone and in association with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. METHODS: We included nine (9) patients admitted to the surgery department of "A. Cardarelli" Hospital (Naples) after dog bite, from 2010 to 2016. All were initially treated with antibiotics and required transfer to the intensive care unit due to worsening conditions. C. canimorsus was isolated from wounds, and HBO2 therapy was administered in adjunction to antibiotics, until clinical improvement and microbiological test negativity. We tested the activity of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in adjunction to ceftaroline on cultured plates with C. canimorsus versus ceftaroline alone. Minimal inhibitory concentration was evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the utility of HBO2 therapy after biting injuries. Indeed, increased oxygen supply to the wound (as well as in vitro) may be toxic for bacteria, can improve healing and may improve the effectiveness of antibiotics.
Subject(s)
Bites and Stings/microbiology , Capnocytophaga , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/therapy , Hyperbaric Oxygenation , Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bites and Stings/complications , Capnocytophaga/isolation & purification , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Combined Modality Therapy/methods , Dogs , Female , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Treatment Outcome , CeftarolineABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sugammadex is a relatively new molecule that reverses neuromuscular block induced by rocuronium. The particular structure of sugammadex traps the cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring of rocuronium in its hydrophobic cavity. Dexamethasone shares the same steroidal structure with rocuronium. Studies in vitro have demonstrated that dexamethasone interacts with sugammadex, reducing its efficacy. In this study, we investigated the clinical relevance of this interaction and its influence on neuromuscular reversal. METHODS: In this retrospective case-control study, we analyzed data from 45 patients divided into 3 groups: dexamethasone after induction group (15 patients) treated with 8 mg dexamethasone as an antiemetic drug shortly after induction of anesthesia; dexamethasone before reversal group (15 patients) treated with dexamethasone just before sugammadex injection; and control group (15 patients) treated with 8 mg ondansetron. All groups received 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium at induction, 0.15 mg/kg rocuronium at train-of-four ratio (TOF) 2 for neuromuscular relaxation, and 2 mg/kg sugammadex for reversal at the end of the procedure at TOF2. Neuromuscular relaxation was monitored with a TOF-Watch® system. RESULTS: The control group had a recovery time of 154 ± 54 seconds (mean ± SD), the dexamethasone after induction group 134 ± 55 seconds, and the dexamethasone before reversal group 131 ± 68 seconds. The differences among groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.5141). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the use of dexamethasone as an antiemetic drug for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting does not interfere with reversal of neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex in patients undergoing elective surgery with general anesthesia in contrast to in vitro studies that support this hypothesis.