Center-based prevalence of anxiety and depression in women of the northern areas of Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression in women of the Northern areas. METHODS: A cross-sectional center-based study was conducted at Singal Medical Center (SMC), Gilgit, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: One hundred and twenty women, between the ages of 16 and 60, attended the SMC over a two month period and were included in the study. Using HADS, it was found that 50% of the women had anxiety and/or depression; 25% suffered only from anxiety, 8% from depression and 17% had features of both. CONCLUSION: This study supports the previous studies of stress in remote areas and also contradicts the belief that people who live in the remote rural areas lead stress-free lives or have low rates of psychiatric morbidity (JPMA 50:138, 2000).

Risk factors and behaviours for coronary artery disease (CAD) among ambulatory Pakistanis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and distribution of various risk factors and behaviours for coronary artery disease (CAD) among ambulatory Pakistanis. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out at the Aga Khan University Hospital, a teaching hospital in Karachi. All the subjects were adults (18-60 years) presenting at the general checkup clinic with no history or evidence of CAD by convenient sampling method. Demographic variables included risk factors and behaviors including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, family history of heart disease, obesity, smoking and sedentary lifestyle. RESULTS: Among 370 ambulatory Pakistanis, the proportions of major risk factors for CAD were: sedentary life style 72%, family history 42%, dyslipidemia 31%, obesity 24%, hypertension 19% and diabetes mellitus 15%. Diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia were poorly controlled in the study population. Proportions of the three major risk factors (smoking, hypertension and dyslipidemia) occurring singly, doubly and all three together in the study population were found to be 39%, 11% and 1%, respectively. Data were also analyzed for risk factors by comparing those with and without family history of CAD to eliminate any bias. The results were not statistically significant except for the sedentary life style (P=0.016). CONCLUSION: There is a high prevalence of CAD risk factors in this study population. Modifiable risk factors like diabetes, hypertension and high cholesterol need better control. Preventive screening programs and healthy lifestyle behaviours need to be emphasized upon in the community.

Syndrome X and family practitioners.

BACKGROUND: Increased incidence of hypertension, non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) and coronary heart disease often cluster in the same individuals and there have been speculations that a common mechanism may be responsible for all of these pathological conditions. This risk factor constellation, which is associated with an enhanced risk for cardiovascular disease, is sometimes referred to as the "Insulin Resistance Syndrome", "Syndrome X", or the "Metabolic Syndrome". AIM: To find out the prevalence of Syndrome X in the population of patients coming to a preventive health check clinic at a tertiary care teaching hospital in a megacity of the developing world. METHODS: A total of 270 patients, above the age of 40 years, who attended preventive health check clinics of 2 Family Physicians at the Aga Khan University from January 1996 to July 1997 were selected. Patients below 40 years were excluded from the study. RESULTS: The prevalence of Syndrome X, defined as association of obesity, NIDDM, hypertension, raised LDL and raised triglycerides is 2.6% in patients above 40 years, who were screened in this study. CONCLUSION: The significant prevalence of Syndrome X is alarming and we need to strengthen our existing educational programs for prevention of obesity, increased physical activity and better control of hypertension. When drugs are selected for pharmacological treatment, priority should be given to those, which improve the insulin sensitivity index or are at least neutral in this respect.

Implementation of the fit body and soul, a church-based life style program for diabetes prevention in high-risk African Americans: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a behavioral faith-based diabetes prevention program called the Fit Body and Soul program in a semi-urban African-American church using a community-based participatory approach. METHODS: The 12-session Fit Body and Soul program was modified from the group lifestyle balance intervention that was modified from the successful National Institute of Health (NIH) funded Diabetes Prevention Program. The Fit Body and Soul program was implemented in a semi-urban African-American church community. Based on the results of physical examinations and increased body mass index (BMI > or = 25), 40 adult members of the church were identified as being at high risk for diabetes. Four church ministers, after receiving Fit Body and Soul program training for 2 days, served as study interventionists. The primary objective was weight loss of at least 5% by the end of the 12-session Fit Body and Soul intervention. RESULTS: Screening of church participants was conducted at the Gospel Water Branch Baptist Church in Augusta, Georgia. A total of 40 individuals having a BMI > or = 25 were selected. Of the 40, a total of 35 (87.5%) attended at least 10 sessions and provided information required for the study. Of the 35, a total of 48% lost at least 5% of baseline weight, 26% lost 7% or more, and 14% lost >10% of baseline weight. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot trial suggests that carrying out a larger Fit Body and Soul study in a faith-based setting, using behavioral lifestyle interventions, in the context of a diabetes prevention program for African American communities is feasible, as is the possibility that subjects in that larger study will achieve a clinically significant degree of weight loss.

Effectiveness of research training workshop taught by traditional and video-teleconference methods in a developing country.

The developing countries are currently facing a double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Physician-scientists, trained in patient care and research skills are crucial in performing cutting-edge clinical research in the developing countries. A major unmet challenge has been the lack of local expertise and the increasing problem of 'brain drain'. The current study was an effort to present and assess a model of research training to health-care professionals in Pakistan in order to increase the research skills. The objective of the current study was to assess the effectiveness of two different methods of research training. An epidemiologic research training workshop was offered to health-care professionals in Pakistan by face-to-face (F2F) and video-teleconferencing (VTC) methods. A total of 38 F2F and 18 VTC participants were included in the workshop which was conducted by research faculty from the University of Pittsburgh. To assess knowledge, pre- and post-test were done. Within each group, paired sample T-test showed significant improvement in scores after the completion of workshop (p<0.001 for F2F and VTC). In the F2F group, mean scores increased from 11.13 (pre-test) to 15.08 (post-test) and in the VTC group, scores increased from 10.67 (pre-test) to 13.22 (post-test). Two sample T-test was found statistically significant (p<0.001). We present a model for training physicians in public health by providing in-house research skills training which can be used to strengthen the local capacity and reduce increasing problems of brain drain.