Low vitamin D levels are linked with increased cardiovascular disease risk in young adults: a sub-study and secondary analyses from the ACTIBATE randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Vitamin D deficiency is related to metabolic disturbances. Indeed, a poor vitamin D status has been usually detected in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the relationship between vitamin D and CVD risk factors in young adults remains controversial at present. This study aimed to examine the association between circulating 25-hydroxivitamin D (25(OH)D) and CVD risk factors in young adults. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study included a cohort of 177 young adults aged 18-25 years old (65% women). 25(OH)D serum concentrations were assessed using a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Fasting CVD risk factors (i.e., body composition, blood pressure, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, liver, and inflammatory markers) were determined by routine methods. A panel of 63 oxylipins and endocannabinoids (eCBs) was also analyzed by targeted metabolomics. RESULTS: Circulating 25(OH)D concentrations were inversely associated with a wide range of CVD risk factors including anthropometrical (all P ≤ 0.005), body composition (all P ≤ 0.038), glucose metabolism (all P ≤ 0.029), lipid profile (all P < 0.035), liver (all P ≤ 0.011), and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (all P ≤ 0.030). No associations of serum 25(OH)D concentrations were found with pro-inflammatory markers (all P ≥ 0.104), omega-6 and omega-3 oxylipins, nor eCBs concentrations or their analogs (all P ≥ 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present findings support the idea that 25(OH)D could be a useful predictor of CVD risk in young individuals.

Impact of methods for data selection on the day-to-day reproducibility of resting metabolic rate assessed with four different metabolic carts.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Accomplishing a high day-to-day reproducibility is important to detect changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) that may be produced after an intervention or for monitoring patients' metabolism over time. We aimed to analyze: (i) the influence of different methods for selecting indirect calorimetry data on RMR and RER assessments; and, (ii) whether these methods influence RMR and RER day-to-day reproducibility. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-eight young adults accomplished 4 consecutive RMR assessments (30-min each), using the Q-NRG (Cosmed, Rome, Italy), the Vyntus CPX (Jaeger-CareFusion, Höchberg, Germany), the Omnical (Maastricht Instruments, Maastricht, The Netherlands), and the Ultima CardiO2 (Medgraphics Corporation, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA) carts, on 2 consecutive mornings. Three types of methods were used: (i) short (periods of 5 consecutive minutes; 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, and 26-30 min) and long time intervals (TI) methods (6-25 and 6-30 min); (ii) steady state (SSt methods); and, (iii) methods filtering the data by thresholding from the mean RMR (filtering methods). RMR and RER were similar when using different methods (except RMR for the Vyntus and RER for the Q-NRG). Conversely, using different methods impacted RMR (all P ≤ 0.037) and/or RER (P ≤ 0.009) day-to-day reproducibility in all carts. The 6-25 min and the 6-30 min long TI methods yielded more reproducible measurements for all metabolic carts. CONCLUSION: The 6-25 min and 6-30 min should be the preferred methods for selecting data, as they result in the highest day-to-day reproducibility of RMR and RER assessments.

Validity of four commercially available metabolic carts for assessing resting metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio in non-ventilated humans.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The validity of most commercially available metabolic cart is mostly unknown. Thus, we aimed to determine the accuracy, precision, within-subject reproducibility, and concordance of RMR and RER measured by four commercially available metabolic carts [Cosmed Q-NRG, Vyaire Vyntus CPX, Maastricht Instruments Omnical, and Medgraphics Ultima CardiO2]. Further, we studied whether a previously proposed simulation-based post-calorimetric calibration of cart readouts [individual calibration control evaluation (ICcE)] modify the RMR and RER reproducibility and concordance. METHODS: Three experiments simulating different RMR and RER by controlled pure gas (N2 and CO2) infusions were conducted on 5 non-consecutive days. Moreover, 30-min methanol burns were performed on 3 non-consecutive days. Lastly, the RMR and RER of 29 young non-ventilated adults (11 women; 25 ± 4 years-old; BMI: 24.1 ± 3.2 kg/m2) were assessed twice using each instrument, 24 hours apart, under standardized conditions. RESULTS: The Omnical presented the lowest measurement error for RER (Omnical = 1.7 ± 0.9%; Vyntus = 4.5 ± 2.0%; Q-NRG = 6.6 ± 1.9%; Ultima = 6.8 ± 6.5%) and EE (Omnical = 1.5 ± 0.5%; Q-NRG = 2.5 ± 1.3%; Ultima = 10.7 ± 11.0%; Vyntus = 13.8 ± 5.0%) in all in vitro experiments (controlled pure gas infusions and methanol burns). In humans, the 4 metabolic carts provided discordant RMR and RER estimations (all P < 0.001). No differences were detected in RMR within-subject reproducibility (P = 0.058; Q-NRG inter-day coefficient of variance = 3.6 ± 2.5%; Omnical = 4.8 ± 3.5%; Vyntus = 5.0 ± 5.6%; Ultima = 5.7 ± 4.6%), although the Ultima CardiO2 provided larger RER inter-day differences (4.6 ± 3.5%) than the others carts (P = 0.001; Omnical = 1.9 ± 1.7%; Vyntus = 2.1 ± 1.3%; Q-NRG = 2.4 ± 2.1%). The ICcE procedure did not modify the RMR or RER concordance and did not reduce the inter-day differences in any of the carts. CONCLUSIONS: The 4 metabolic carts provided discordant measurements of RMR and RER. Overall, the Omnical provides more accurate and precise estimations of RMR and RER than the Q-NRG, Vyntus and Ultima CardiO2, and might be considered the best for assessing RMR and RER in non-ventilated humans. Finally, our results do not support the use of an ICcE procedure.