The anti-inflammatory effect of combined complement and CD14 inhibition is preserved during escalating bacterial load.

Combined inhibition of complement and CD14 is known to attenuate bacterial-induced inflammation, but the dependency of the bacterial load on this effect is unknown. Thus, we investigated whether the effect of such combined inhibition on Escherichia coli- and Staphylococcus aureus-induced inflammation was preserved during increasing bacterial concentrations. Human whole blood was preincubated with anti-CD14, eculizumab (C5-inhibitor) or compstatin (C3-inhibitor), or combinations thereof. Then heat-inactivated bacteria were added at final concentrations of 5 × 10(4) -1 × 10(8) /ml (E. coli) or 5 × 10(7) -4 × 10(8) /ml (S. aureus). Inflammatory markers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), multiplex technology and flow cytometry. Combined inhibition of complement and CD14 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced E. coli-induced interleukin (IL)-6 by 40-92% at all bacterial concentrations. IL-1ß, IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α were significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by 53-100%, and the effect was lost only at the highest bacterial concentration. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and MIP-1ß were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 80-97% at the lowest bacterial concentration. Monocyte and granulocyte CD11b were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by 63-91% at all bacterial doses. Lactoferrin was significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated to the level of background activity at the lowest bacterial concentration. Similar effects were observed for S. aureus, but the attenuation was, in general, less pronounced. Compared to E. coli, much higher concentrations of S. aureus were required to induce the same cytokine responses. This study demonstrates generally preserved effects of combined complement and CD14 inhibition on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial-induced inflammation during escalating bacterial load. The implications of these findings for future therapy of sepsis are discussed.

Organ inflammation in porcine Escherichia coli sepsis is markedly attenuated by combined inhibition of C5 and CD14.

Sepsis is an infection-induced systemic inflammatory syndrome, potentially causing organ failure. We previously showed attenuating effects on inflammation, thrombogenicity and haemodynamics by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor co-factor CD14 and complement factor C5 in a porcine Escherichia coli-induced sepsis model. The present study explored the effect on organ inflammation in these pigs. Tissue samples were examined from the combined treatment group (n = 8), the positive (n = 8) and negative (n = 6) control groups after 4h of sepsis. Inflammatory biomarkers were measured using ELISA, multiplex and qPCR analysis. Combined inhibition of C5 and CD14 markedly attenuated IL-1ß by 31-66% (P < 0.05) and IL-6 by 54-96% (P < 0.01) in liver, kidney, lung and spleen; IL-8 by 65-100% in kidney, lung, spleen, and heart (P < 0.05) and MCP-1 by 46-69% in liver, kidney, spleen and heart (P < 0.05). Combined inhibition significantly attenuated tissue factor mRNA upregulation in spleen (P < 0.05) and IP-10 mRNA upregulation in four out of five organs. Finally, C5aR mRNA downregulation was prevented in heart and kidney (P < 0.05). Combined inhibition of C5 and CD14 thus markedly attenuated inflammatory responses in all organs examined. The anti-inflammatory effects observed in lung and heart may explain the delayed haemodynamic disturbances observed in septic pigs receiving combined inhibition of C5 and CD14.

Post challenge inhibition of C3 and CD14 attenuates Escherichia coli-induced inflammation in human whole blood.

Combined inhibition of CD14 and complement, two main inducers of the inflammatory response, have proved particularly effective in attenuating Gram-negative bacteria-induced inflammation. Approaching possible clinical relevance, we investigated the effect of such inhibition in a post-challenge setting. Human whole blood was anti-coagulated with lepirudin. Anti-CD14, compstatin (C3 inhibitor) and the combination thereof were added 5 min prior to or 5, 15 or 30 min after adding Escherichia coli. Total incubation time with Escherichia coli was 120 min. Cytokines, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the terminal complement complex (TCC) were measured using multiplex technology and ELISA. Delayed combined inhibition significantly attenuated the inflammatory response. IL-1ß, IL-8 and TNF-α were significantly inhibited in the range of 20-40%, even when adding the inhibitors with up to 30 min delay. IL-6 was significantly inhibited with 15 min delay, and MIP-1α and MPO with 5 min delay. Complement activation (TCC) was blocked completely at each time point compstatin was added, whereas the cytokines and MPO increased steadily between the time points. The combined regimen was significantly more effective than single inhibition in the pre-challenge setting. The attenuation of Escherichia coli-induced inflammation in a post-challenge setting suggests a potential therapeutic window for this treatment in sepsis.