Appraising growth, daily intake, health risk index, and pollution load of Zn in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in soil differentially spiked with zinc.

Zinc (Zn) is a vital nutrient element required for plants normal growth and development. It performs imperative functions in numerous metabolic pathways in the plants. However, potentially noxious levels of Zn in terrestrial environment can lead to inhibited photosynthesis, growth, respiratory rate and imbalanced mineral nutrition. In micronutrient malnutrition, Zn deficiency is a global human health problem owing to the human dependence on cereals grains especially wheat-based diet. Therefore, this study investigated the Zn uptake efficacy in Triticum aestivum that is grown under two different doses (100 g/kg or 200 g/kg) of various soil amendments in both pot and field experimentation. Results of this study revealed that mean Zn concentration in different wheat varieties and treatments were varied from 1.53 to 6.03 mg/kg, 11.27 to 40.65 mg/kg, 11.28 to 39.93 mg/kg, and 11.32 to 37.70 mg/kg in amended soil, root, shoot, and grains, respectively. All observed Zn values in soil and wheat parts were lower than the FAO/WHO standards. Zinc values observed for pollution load index (0.034-0.134 mg/kg), daily intake (0.00492-0.01533 mg/kg), and health risk (0.0164-0.0570 mg/kg) index were lower than 1 except bio-concentration factor. Bio-concentration factor (5.076-10.165 mg/kg) revealed that DHARABI-11 variety showed maximum Zn uptake efficacy in farmyard manure treatment. The daily intake and health risk index values also showed that Zn level in grains is safe for inhabitants consumption. Overall, study recommended that these organic amendments are a good source of fertilizers, essentially required for the sustainable management of soil and increases the Zn accumulation in wheat grains which can ultimately reduce the Zn malnutrition in human food chain.

Evaluation of nickel toxicity in wheat as function of diverse type of fertilizers: implications for public health.

Many studies have described the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to heavy metal toxicity and deficiencies individually in plants. The present study assess nickel (Ni) concentration in amended soil, plant vegetative parts, and wheat grains, grown under diverse types of fertilizers in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Different varieties of wheat were grown in pot and fields. Different treatments (municipal solid waste, poultry waste, press mud, farm yard manure) of fertilizers were applied in order to study the metal level increased in different parts (root, shoot, grain) of wheat due to fertilization. Results indicated that metal level was found highest in roots followed by shoot and grain. The highest level of nickel in root was present in V1 (2.35 mg/kg) due to T2 (2.60 mg/kg) treatment. Higher nickel levels in wheat shoot and grains were observed in V5 (2.36 mg/kg) and V8 (2.29 mg/kg), respectively, due to applied treatment T2 (2.57 mg/kg). This study concluded that treatment T9 was proven safe in view of the observed Ni concentration, while treatment T2 (municipal solid waste) resulted in higher accumulation of nickel in wheat grains which showed that municipal solid waste should be treated before their application in agriculture fields to secure the public health. This study recommended that although application of fertilizers increased the plant growth and nutritional value, it also enhanced metal accumulation in the wheat grains which could be harmful for consumers especially human being. Government should take actions to prevent metal toxicity in human food chain.

Assessment of cobalt in wheat grains as affected by diverse fertilizers: implications for public health.

Present study was conducted to check the heavy metal content in wheat treated with municipal solid waste, Although municipal solid waste was enriched with organic nutrient, micronutrients, and macro-nutrients, considerable amount of cobalt was also witnessed in municipal solid waste that s why pot experiment was executed. The concentration of cobalt in different parts of wheat (root, shoot, and grain) was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-6300 Shimadzu Japan). Highest concentration of cobalt in root, shoot, and grain of wheat was observed in the range of 0.91-1.02 mg/kg, 0.92-1.04 mg/kg, and 0.93-1.00 mg/kg, respectively, under the influence of different fertilizer's used, while in field experiment, level of Co was greater in roots followed by shoots and grain. The metal concentration in wheat grown in field was ranged from 0.67 to 0.72 mg/kg for roots, 0.64 to 0.71 mg/kg for shoots, and 0.66 to 1.71 mg/kg for grains. Concentrations of cobalt were found below the permissible limits suggested by FAO/WHO. Various indices (PLI, BCF, DIM, HRI) were calculated and results showed that PLI was above 1 indicating that metal was causing pollution in treatments while value of BCF, DIM, and HRI was within the permissible range. Higher Co content in wheat may cause damage to the pancreatic cells of animals, cause respiratory problems, and effects their kidney, liver, and lungs, if exposure is for long period through feed.

A study on the contamination assessment, health risk and mobility of two heavy metals in the soil-plants-ruminants system of a typical agricultural region in the semi arid environment.

This study's aim was to investigate iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration in the soil, forage crops, and sheep blood with respect to the seasonal availability of these metals. Soil, forage, and sheep blood samples were sampled from five different locations in Chakwal (Pidh, Tobar, Ratoccha, Choa Saiden Shah-Kalar Kahar road, and Choa Saiden Shan-Chakwal Road) during two seasons, i.e., winter and summer. All the samples were processed through wet acid digestion for evaluation of metal contents. Because of proximity of site-1 and site-2 to coal mines, higher Fe concentration was observed than Zn. Overall, varied Fe concentrations obtained in soil were 12.95-24.31 mg/kg, 1.29-9.61 mg/kg in forage and 1.17-24 mg/l in blood, whereas Zn values were 1.04-31.9 mg/kg, 1.96-7.02 mg/kg, and 0.16-6.52 mg/l for soil, forages, and blood respectively. The pollution load index value for both Fe (0.01-0.14 mg/kg) and Zn (0.02-0.72 mg/kg) was lesser than 1. Bio-concentration (0.09-2.64mg/kg) and enrichment factor (0.08-7.51 mg/kg) were showing efficient transfer of metals through the food chain. Daily intake and health risk index values of iron were ranged from 0.01 to 1.1 mg/kg/day and 0.02 to 1.05 mg/kg/day. There was a probable chance of upsurge in metal values in coming years due to continued mining activities. Anthropogenic input, mainly mining activities in the study area, have increased the Fe and Zn content in the environment which can ultimately find their way up the food chain, thereby risking the health of grazing livestock.

Evaluation of transfer of lead in soil plant animal system: assessment of consequences of its toxicity.

The instant endeavor was undertaken for determination of lead (Pb) in water, soil, forage, and cow's blood domesticated in contaminated area of heavy automobiles' exhaust in Sahiwal town of District Sargodha, Pakistan. Water samples showed that the concentration of Pb ranged from 1.14 to 0.44 mg kg-1 at all sites. It was maximum at site 5 and minimum at site 2. Soil samples showed the concentration of Pb at all sites ranged from 1.58 to 0.279 mg kg-1. It was maximum in soil where Avena sativa was grown at site 5 and was found minimum in soil where Zea mays was grown at site 2. While among samples of forage, the concentration of Pb ranges from 0.048 to 2.002 mg kg-1. The highest Pb amount was found in Brassica campestris at site 1 and the minimum was recorded in Trifolium alexandrinum at site 2. Finally, the blood samples of cow depicted that concentration of Pb ranged from 4.468 to 0.217 mg kg-1. It was the maximum at site 1 and the minimum at site 3. It is recommended that such study should be conducted in other districts for public awareness.

Effect of sewage water on mineral nutritive potential of six fodder species grown under semiarid conditions.

Investigation was performed to assess the effect of different sewage water treatments on the metal status of different fodder species consumed by ruminants under semi-arid conditions. Five samples each of six fodder species viz., Trifolium alexandrinum, Cichorium intybus, Avena sativa, Medicago polymorpha, Brassica campestris and Medicago sativa were collected from three fields irrigated with canal water, mix water (canal water and sewage water) and sewage water, respectively. Fodder samples were analyzed to determine the Mg, Co and Zn concentrations in shoots. Higher values of these metals were found in fodder species irrigated with sewage water relatively. Mg and Zn concentrations in all the fodder species were found to be below the critical level among all treatments. Whereas, concentrations of Co in the different fodder species were significantly different (p < 0.05) and above the critical level. Consequently, ruminants feeding on these fodder species need continued mineral supplementation of Zn and Mg elements to prevent diseases caused by the deficiency of these elements, and to support optimum animal productivity.