Fabrication and electrical study of large area free-standing membrane with embedded GaP NWs for flexible devices.

Flexible optoelectronic structures are required in a wide range of applications. Large scale modified silicone-embedded n-GaP nanowire arrays of a record 6 µm thin membranes were studied. A homogeneous silicone encapsulation was enabled by G-coating using a heavy-load centrifuge. The synthesized graft-copolymers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polystyrene demonstrated two times lower adhesion to Si compared to standard PDMS, allowing 3 square inch area high quality silicone/nanowire membrane mechanical release, preserving the growth Si substrate for a further re-use after chemical cleaning. The 90% transparent single-walled carbon nanotubes electrical contacts to the embedded n-GaP nanowires demonstrated mechanical and electrical stability. The presented methods can be used for the fabrication of large scale flexible inorganic optoelectronic devices.

Rate equation approach to understanding the ion-catalyzed formation of peptides.

The salt-induced peptide formation is important for assessing and approaching schemes of molecular evolution. Here, we present experimental data and an exactly solvable kinetic model describing the linear polymerization of L-glutamic amino acid in water solutions with different concentrations of KCl and NaCl. The length distributions of peptides are well fitted by the model. Strikingly, we find that KCl considerably enhances the peptide yield, while NaCl does not show any catalytic effect in most cases under our experimental conditions. The greater catalytic effect of potassium ions is entirely interpreted by one and single parameter, the polymerization rate constant that depends on the concentration of a given salt in the reaction mixture. We deduce numeric estimates for the rate constant at different concentrations of the ions and show that it is always larger for KCl. This leads to an exponential increase of the potassium- to sodium-catalyzed peptide concentration ratio with length. Our results show that the ion-catalyzed peptides have a higher probability to emerge in excess potassium rather than in sodium-rich water solutions.

Creation of Recombinant Biocontrol Agents by Genetic Programming of Yeast.

Bacterial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens pose an extremely serious and elusive problem in healthcare. The discovery and targeted creation of new antibiotics are today among the most important public health issues. Antibiotics based on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are of particular interest due to their genetically encoded nature. A distinct advantage of most AMPs is their direct mechanism of action that is mediated by their membranolytic properties. The low rate of emergence of antibiotic resistance associated with the killing mechanism of action of AMPs attracts heightened attention to this field. Recombinant technologies enable the creation of genetically programmable AMP producers for large-scale generation of recombinant AMPs (rAMPs) or the creation of rAMP-producing biocontrol agents. The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was genetically modified for the secreted production of rAMP. Constitutive expression of the sequence encoding the mature AMP protegrin-1 provided the yeast strain that effectively inhibits the growth of target gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. An antimicrobial effect was also observed in the microculture when a yeast rAMP producer and a reporter bacterium were co-encapsulated in droplets of microfluidic double emulsion. The heterologous production of rAMPs opens up new avenues for creating effective biocontrol agents and screening antimicrobial activity using ultrahigh-throughput technologies.