Cloning the argF gene from Escherichia coli K-12 with simian virus 40.

We have inserted a gene coding for ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase) from Escherichia coli K-12 into the late gene region of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA and propagated the hybrid molecules as free episomes or by co-infection with an SV40 tsA helper virus. In the first case, the E. coli argF gene was inserted via the EcoRI and BamHI termini in the late gene region of SV40 and the recombinant molecules were used to transfect monkey kidney cells. The hybrid DNA, which was too large to be encapsidated, was replicated for a short time (14 days) but was eventually lost from the surviving cells. In order to allow the argF gene to be packaged into virions, we purified two SV40 vectors containing large deletions of late gene region sequences. One was a 3325 base pair segment from a HaeII + BamHI digest. The argF gene was joined to both vectors at the BamHI site and these linear molecules were used to transfect monkey cells in the presence of SV40 tsA58 DNA as helper. These hybrid DNAs were replicated and packaged into virions. Late in the lytic infection of monkey cells, polyadenylated, cytoplasmic argF transcripts were detected, but significant translation of these trancripts was not observed.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: measles virus matrix protein nucleic acid sequences detected by in situ hybridization.

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is characterized by a hyperimmune state toward the polypeptides of measles virus except the matrix (M) protein. Using cloned (3H)-labeled complementary DNA probes for in situ hybridization, we found the M protein and nucleocapsid (NP) protein nucleotide sequences in glial cells and neurons of cryostat sections from two SSPE brains. In one SSPE brain, M protein was lacking, but the other measles polypeptides were present. IgG and IgM antibodies eluted from that brain lacked antibodies to M protein, but antibodies to other measles polypeptides were present. In SSPE brain, the viral M-protein defect is not a deletion of the M gene, but rather a block in gene expression.

Transformation of human embryonic kidney cells by human papovarirus BK.

Infection of secondary human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells with human papovavirus BK (BKV) resulted in cellular lysis and degeneration within 7 days. After 30 days, multilayered colonies of transformed cells were found and subcultured for analyses. These BK-HEK cells uniformly expressed the BKV T-antigen but were only 1% V-antigen positive. They produced infectious virus and were resistant to superinfection by BKV. They reached a saturation density of 1.3 x 10(5) cells per cm2 in medium with 5% fetal calf serum, were able to grow in medium containing 2% serum, and did not form colonies in soft agar or tumors in nude mice. Nonintegrated, superhelical BKV DNA was detected in the noncloned cells as expected because they were persistently infected and contained RNA transcripts complementary to both early and late regions of the BKV genome. Analysis of T-antigen-positive clonal isolates of these BK-HEK cells by the Southern technique revealed an absence of free viral DNA and the presencce of integrated BKV DNA sequences corresponding to the early region of the BKV genome. These studies demonstrate the stable transformation of human cells by BKV. However, the transformed human cells which retain and express part of the BKV genome do not fully manifest the growth properties of other papovarirus-transformed cells.

Transformation of cultured human vascular endothelium by SV40 DNA.

Primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HEC) developed extensive cytopathic changes and necrosis after high multiplicity infection with wild-type SV40 virus. Using the calcium co-precipitation technique, stable transformation was obtained with purified preparations of intact circular SV40 DNA and restriction endonuclease-derived linear DNA fragments containing the entire early gene region. Smooth muscle cells, isolated from the same blood vessels, showed neither cytopathic effects nor transformation after similar treatment with SV40 virus or DNA. The HEC cultures transformed by SV40 (SVHEC) expressed SV40-specific T (tumor) and Tr (transplantation) antigens, but not V (viral capsid) antigen. No evidence of infectious virus production was found upon co-cultivation with the CV-1 line of monkey kidney cells. Transformation resulted in markedly increased growth potential, loss of anchorage dependence and topoinhibition of growth, and a reduced serum requirement. Prolonged subcultivation was accompanied by chromosomal abnormalities and eventual "crisis". Transformed cells did not exhibit endothelial-specific organelles (Weibel-Palade bodies) or factor VIII antigen, but angiotensin-converting enzyme occasionally was detectable in SVHEC cultures. SV40-transformed human vascular endothelium, a nonfibroblast diploid cell type, may be useful in studies of oncogenesis and control of the differentiated state.

Formation of reiterated simian virus 40 DNA.

We have described studies on the biological fate of a minicircular DNA molecule that is a specific, complex deletion mutant of SV40. When the minicircular DNA alone was used to infect monkey cells, its replication was not detected. However, after infection with the minicircles and SV40 DNA together, incorporation of (3H)thymidine into both species of viral DNA was demonstrated. This finding suggests that circular, duplex viral DNA segments, much smaller than SV40 DNA, are able to be replicated in vivo. Furthermore, 26% of the (3H)thymidine-labeled, superhelical DNA sedimented more rapidly than SV40 DNA I (21S) in neutral sucrose gradients (22S-32S). A similar amount of this rapidly sedimenting DNA was also detected when intact DAR DNA containing the triplication mutant was tested. Cleavage of the purified, rapidly sedimenting DNA with R.EcoRI produced 10.4S segments (one-third the size of unit-length SV40) in addition to full-length linears (14.5S) and a new cleavage product (16.7S). Cleavage of the 21S DNA I molecules also produced 10.4S DNA. These results indicate that the minicircular molecules are amplified in vivo, yielding not only the original triplication mutant but also a heterogeneous population of oligomers in which the 10.4S segment has been reiterated as many as 6 to 9 times. Our studies support the model proposed by Khoury et al. (1974) for the generation of the original DAR triplication mutant. In our experiments, cells were infected with a minicircular DNA molecule formed in vitro, which then served as a precursor in vivo in the formation of trimers and higher oligomers, as predicted by the proposed model. The DAR triplication mutant first appeared after the third passage in primary monkey kidney cells and rapidly became the predominant species in later passages (Fareed et al. 1974)...

Structure of a defective simian virus 40 genome bearing an operator from bacteriophage lambda.

We examined further the physical structure of the simian virus 40 (SV40) and bacteriophage lambda DNA sequences in an SV40-lambda hybrid that had been propagated in monkey kidney cells. The SV40 vector portion of the hybrid, which was a small fragment isolated from a reiteration mutant of SV40, contained the site for initiation of SV40 DNA replication. Electron microscope heteroduplex and restriction endonuclease analyses revealed a tandem duplication of the SV40 vector segment linked to a 2,300-base pair portion (lambda map units 71 to 76) of the lambda immunity region. The defective hybrid genome thus harbors two origins for SV40 DNA replication in addition to the leftward operator and the N gene of lambda.

Origin and direction of simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid replication.

Double-branched, circular, replicating deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules of simian virus 40 (SV40) have been cleaved by the R(1) restriction endonuclease from Escherichia coli. This enzyme introduces one double-strand break in SV40 DNA, at a specific site. The site of cleavage in the replicating molecules was used in this study to position the origin and the two branch points. Radioactively labeled molecules fractionated according to their extent of replication were evaluated after cleavage by sedimentation analysis and electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that the R(1) cleavage site is 33% of the genome length from the origin of replication and that both branch points are growing points. These data indicate that SV40 DNA replication is bidirectional and confirm other reports which have shown a unique origin of replication.

Human influenza virus hemagglutinin is expressed in monkey cells using simian virus 40 vectors.

We have cloned and expressed the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of a human influenza virus (A/WSN/33) in monkey kidney cells by linking it to deleted simian virus 40 (SV40) genomes that contain the entire early gene region, the origin of replication, and late leader sequences. The HA gene (1775 base pairs long) was originally inserted by the dG . dC tailing technique into the multicopy plasmid of Escherichia coli, pBR322, using cDNA made from viral RNA. The cloned gene was further modified by treatment with nuclease Bal 31 to remove the dG . dC tails and some of the untranslated sequences and recloned in E. coli after addition of BamHI restriction endonuclease linkers. A number of SV40 and HA recombinants (SV--HA) were constructed by inserting recloned HA DNA into the late gene region of SV40. The SV--HA recombinants, when complemented in a lytic infection of monkey cells by the helper function of SV40 early deletion mutants expressed influenza HA as detected by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation of in vivo-labeled proteins using either heterogeneous anti-influenza rabbit antibodies or monoclonal antibodies against HA. Furthermore, the WSN HA expressed by the SV--HA recombinants was also glycosylated and possessed the same molecular weight (approximately 70,000) as the uncleaved HA of WSN virus in monkey cells.

Persistent BK papovavirus infection of transformed human fetal brain cells. I. Episomal viral DNA in cloned lines deficient in T-antigen expression.

After infection of permissive human fetal brain cells by BK human papovavirus (BKV), the vast majority of the cells were killed by the virus, but rare survivors were recovered after frequent medium changes. These surviving cells grew and formed visible colonies after 5 to 6 weeks and were thereafter established as permanent cell lines. These cells, designated as BK-HFB cells, were persistently infected and shed BKV. Morphologically, they were small polygonal cells and had transformed growth properties. Their plating efficiency on solid substrates or in semisolid medium was high, and they were tumorigenic in athymic nude mice. Cloning experiments in medium containing BKV antiserum revealed that BKV did not persist in the cultures in a simple carrier state. All cloned cell lines were initially T-antigen negative and virus-free. However, every clone began to release BKV and again became persistently infected within 3 weeks after removal of BKV antiserum. After rigorous antibody treatment, four of seven clones still released virus spontaneously upon removal of antiserum; three clones have remained virus-free and are apparently cured. Although these cloned cell lines are T- and V-antigen negative when grown in antiserum-containing medium, they retain "free" or episomal BKV genomes; integrated viral DNA was not detected in any of the clones. These free genomes are indistinguishable from prototype BKV DNA and are found in much larger amounts in virus-shedding cell lines.

Recombinant DNA in medicine.

Studies in bacteria and bacterial viruses have led to methods to manipulate and recombine DNA in unique and reproducible ways and to amplify these recombined molecules millions of times. Once properly identified, the recombinant DNA molecules can be used in various ways useful in medicine and human biology. There are many applications for recombinant DNA technology. Cloned complementary DNA has been used to produce various human proteins in microorganisms. Insulin and growth hormone have been extensively and successfully tested in humans and insulin has been licensed for sale. Mass production of bacterial and viral antigens with recombinant DNA technology is likely to provide safe and effective vaccines for some disorders for which there is no prevention. The cloned probes for the human alpha- and beta-globin loci, for specific disease genes, such as the Z allele of alpha-antitrypsin, and for random genomic sequences are proving useful for prenatally diagnosing human genetic disorders and preventing their clinical consequences.

Reassortment of simian virus 40 DNA during serial undiluted passage.

Alterations occur in the supercoiled form of viral DNA after the serial undiluted passaging of simian virus (SV) 40. We have identified a portion of the viral genome which is amplified during this process. These SV40 DNA sequences represent about 30% of the viral genetic information and are present in a reiterated form in twisted circular molecules prepared from purified virions. In addition, reiterated and unique green monkey DNA sequences are incorporated into supercoiled viral DNA. The cellular DNA appears to be inserted at numerous locations in the DNA I molecules.