Bempedoic Acid and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Statin-Intolerant Patients.

BACKGROUND: Bempedoic acid, an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor, reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and is associated with a low incidence of muscle-related adverse events; its effects on cardiovascular outcomes remain uncertain. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving patients who were unable or unwilling to take statins owing to unacceptable adverse effects ("statin-intolerant" patients) and had, or were at high risk for, cardiovascular disease. The patients were assigned to receive oral bempedoic acid, 180 mg daily, or placebo. The primary end point was a four-component composite of major adverse cardiovascular events, defined as death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: A total of 13,970 patients underwent randomization; 6992 were assigned to the bempedoic acid group and 6978 to the placebo group. The median duration of follow-up was 40.6 months. The mean LDL cholesterol level at baseline was 139.0 mg per deciliter in both groups, and after 6 months, the reduction in the level was greater with bempedoic acid than with placebo by 29.2 mg per deciliter; the observed difference in the percent reductions was 21.1 percentage points in favor of bempedoic acid. The incidence of a primary end-point event was significantly lower with bempedoic acid than with placebo (819 patients [11.7%] vs. 927 [13.3%]; hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 0.96; P = 0.004), as were the incidences of a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal stroke, or nonfatal myocardial infarction (575 [8.2%] vs. 663 [9.5%]; hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.96; P = 0.006); fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction (261 [3.7%] vs. 334 [4.8%]; hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.91; P = 0.002); and coronary revascularization (435 [6.2%] vs. 529 [7.6%]; hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.92; P = 0.001). Bempedoic acid had no significant effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, death from cardiovascular causes, and death from any cause. The incidences of gout and cholelithiasis were higher with bempedoic acid than with placebo (3.1% vs. 2.1% and 2.2% vs. 1.2%, respectively), as were the incidences of small increases in serum creatinine, uric acid, and hepatic-enzyme levels. CONCLUSIONS: Among statin-intolerant patients, treatment with bempedoic acid was associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or coronary revascularization). (Funded by Esperion Therapeutics; CLEAR Outcomes ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02993406.).

Effects of Molecular Hydrogen in the Pathophysiology and Management of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases.

Diet and lifestyle choices, notably the Western-type diet, are implicated in oxidative stress and inflammation, factors that elevate the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In contrast, the Mediterranean of diet, rich in antioxidants, appears to have protective effects against these risks. This article highlights the dual role of diet in generating molecular hydrogen ( H 2 ) in the gut, and H 2 's subsequent influence on the pathophysiology and prevention of CVD and T2DM. Dietary fiber, flavonoids, and probiotics contribute to the production of liters of H 2 in the gut, functioning as antioxidants to neutralize free radicals and dampen inflammation. In the last two decades, mounting evidence has demonstrated that both endogenously produced and exogenously administered H 2 , whether via inhalation or H 2 -rich water (HRW), have potent anti-inflammatory effects across a wide range of biochemical and pathophysiological processes. Recent studies indicate that H 2 can neutralize hydroxyl and nitrosyl radicals, acting as a cellular antioxidant, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation-leading to a significant decline in CVDs and metabolic diseases. Clinical and experimental research support the therapeutic potential of H 2 interventions such as HRW in managing CVDs and metabolic diseases. However, larger studies are necessary to verify the role of H 2 therapy in the management of these chronic diseases.

B Cell Lymphocytes as a Potential Source of Breast Carcinoma Marker Candidates.

Despite advances in the genomic classification of breast cancer, current clinical tests and treatment decisions are commonly based on protein-level information. Nowadays breast cancer clinical treatment selection is based on the immunohistochemical (IHC) determination of four protein biomarkers: Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1), Progesterone Receptor (PGR), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), and proliferation marker Ki-67. The prognostic correlation of tumor-infiltrating T cells has been widely studied in breast cancer, but tumor-infiltrating B cells have not received so much attention. We aimed to find a correlation between immunohistochemical results and a proteomic approach in measuring the expression of proteins isolated from B-cell lymphocytes in peripheral blood samples. Shotgun proteomic analysis was chosen for its key advantage over other proteomic methods, which is its comprehensive and untargeted approach to analyzing proteins. This approach facilitates better characterization of disease-associated changes at the protein level. We identified 18 proteins in B cell lymphocytes with a significant fold change of more than 2, which have promising potential to serve as breast cancer biomarkers in the future.

Peripheral Blood CD8+ T-Lymphocyte Immune Response in Benign and Subpopulations of Breast Cancer Patients.

Peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes play a crucial role in cell-mediated immunity and tumor-related immune responses in breast cancer. In this study, label-free quantification analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of benign patients and patients with different breast cancer (BC) subtypes, i.e., luminal A, luminal B, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), were performed using nano-UHPLC and Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Differential protein expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes revealed significant downregulation (log2 FC ≥ 0.38 or ≤-0.38, adj. p < 0.05), particularly in proteins involved in cytotoxicity, cytolysis, and proteolysis, such as granzymes (GZMs) and perforin 1 (PRF1). This downregulation was observed in the benign group (GZMH, GZMM, and PRF1) and luminal B (GZMA, GZMH) subtypes, whereas granzyme K (GZMK) was upregulated in TNBC in comparison to healthy controls. The RNA degradation pathway was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05, normalized enrichment score (NES) from -1.47 to -1.80) across all BC subtypes, suggesting a potential mechanism for regulating gene expression during T cell activation. Also, the Sm-like proteins (LSM2, LSM3, and LSM5) were significantly downregulated in the RNA degradation pathway. Proteomic analysis of CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood across different breast cancer subtypes provides a comprehensive view of the molecular mechanisms of the systemic immune response that can significantly contribute to advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this disease.

ASSESSMENT OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER GENE (5-HTTVNTR & 5-HTTLPR) POLYMORPHISM IN PATIENTS WITH FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To study the clinical and the genetic association of 5-HTTVNTR and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms in women with FMS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: 105 FMS patients and 105 controls were enrolled in the study. Polymerase chain method was used to analyse the 5-HTTLPR & 5-HTTVNTR gene polymorphism. The psychopathology status of the 105 FMS patients and 105 healthy controls was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) questionnaires. RESULTS: Results: In FMS patients and controls, the 10/10, 10/12, and 12/12 genotypes of the 5-HTTVNTR polymorphism were found in 3.8% and 2.9%, 20% and 15.2%, and 76.28% and 81.90%, respectively. Additionally, the L/L, S/L, and S/S genotypes of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism were found in 4.8% and 2.9%, 36.2% and 40%, 59% and 57.1%, in FMS patients and healthy controls, respectively. There were no significant differences in the frequency of genotypes between FMS patients and controls. There were no significant differences in the BDI and the SCL-90-R scores according to the serotonin transporter genotypes. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: We found no significant difference between 5-HTT gene polymorphism (5-HTTVNTR and 5-HTTLPR) and the psychiatric test results (P>0.05) in FMS patients. Hence, we conclude that serotonin gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR & 5-HTTVNTR) is not associated with FMS in north Indian women. Our results suggests that the serotonin transporter polymorphism does not seem to be a susceptibility factor for FMS.

Pre-heart failure at 2D- and 3D-speckle tracking echocardiography: A comprehensive review.

Chronic heart failure (CHF) has different stages and includes pre-HF (PHF), a state of high risk of developing myocardial dysfunction and advanced CHF. Some major behavioral risk factors of PHF might predispose to biological risk factors such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and cardiomyopathy. These risk factors damage the myocytes leading to fibrosis, apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy, along with alterations in cardiomyocyte' size and shape. A condition of physiological subcellular remodeling resulting into a pathological state might be developed, conducting to PHF. Both PHF and heart failure (HF) are associated with the activation of phospholipases and protease, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and development of intra-cellular free Ca2+  [Ca2+ ]i overloading to an elevation in diastolic [Ca2+ ]i . Simultaneously, cardiac gene expression is activated leading to further molecular, structural and biochemical changes of the myocardium. The sub-cellular remodeling may be intimately involved in the transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. 2D- and 3D-speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) have been used to quantify regional alterations of longitudinal strain and area strain, through their polar projection, which permits a further assessment of both sites and degrees of myocardial damage. The examination of strain can identify sub-clinical cardiac dysfunction or cardiomyocyte remodeling. During remodeling of the myocardium cardiac strain is attenuated, therefore it is an indicator of disease assessment.

UNRAVELING THE CLINICO-GENETIC ASSOCIATION OF CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE-RS4680 G>A GENE POLYMORPHISM IN WOMEN WITH FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To determine the clinical and the genetic association of the COMT rs4680 SNP in women with FMS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Extracted DNA from peripheral blood samples were utilized as template for the PCR and RFLP analysis. RESULTS: Results: A significant difference was found in the distribution of the COMT genotype between FMS patients and controls (P<0.05). The frequency of GG, AG, AA genotypes were 12%, 72%, 21% in FMS patients and 32%, 62%, 11% in controls. The clinical features of FMS reveal that FIQR and the severity of pain measured by VAS were significantly associated with the COMT rs4680 SNP (P=0.042; P=0.016). The co-dominant model for GG verse v. AG genotype (P=0.004) and AG v. AA genotype (P=0.002) has shown to be high risk for FMS. An increased risk of FMS in the dominant model for (AG+AA) v. GG genotype (P=0.001) and no significant difference was found between (GG+AG) v. AA genotype (P=0.08) in the recessive model. The result indicated that A allele considerably increase the risk of FMS (P=0.004) in comparison to the G allele. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: AA genotype and A allele of the COMT rs4680 SNP were significantly associated with severity in FMS patients and also plays a significant role in the clinical manifestation of this disease.

Optimal use of lipid-lowering therapy after acute coronary syndromes: A Position Paper endorsed by the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP).

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and consequent acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are substantial contributors to morbidity and mortality across Europe. Much of these diseases burden is modifiable, in particular by lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). Current guidelines are based on the sound premise that with respect to low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), "lower is better for longer", and the recent data have strongly emphasized the need of also "the earlier the better". In addition to statins, which have been available for several decades, the availability of ezetimibe and inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) are additional very effective approach to LLT, especially for those at very high and extremely high cardiovascular risk. LLT is initiated as a response to an individual's calculated risk of future ASCVD and is intensified over time in order to meet treatment goals. However, in real-life clinical practice goals are not met in a substantial proportion of patients. This Position Paper complements existing guidelines on the management of lipids in patients following ACS. Bearing in mind the very high risk of further events in ACS, we propose practical solutions focusing on immediate combination therapy in strict clinical scenarios, to improve access and adherence to LLT in these patients. We also define an 'Extremely High Risk' group of individuals following ACS, completing the attempt made in the recent European guidelines, and suggest mechanisms to urgently address lipid-medicated cardiovascular risk in these patients.

Effects of empagliflozin on proinflammatory cytokines and other coronary risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A single-arm real-world observation.

OBJECTIVE: This single-arm real-world observation aims to examine the effects of empagliflozin (EMPA) on coronary risk factors among subjects with known diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records of 63 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, receiving EMPA were drawn for this study. Of 63 patients with diabetes, 6 were excluded, and the remaining 57 received EMPA (25 mg/day) for 24 weeks. Clinical data, dietary intakes, and physical activity were assessed by validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Treatment with EMPA was associated with significant decline in fasting and 2-hour post-prandial blood glucose and Hb1c indicating that this agent has potential antidiabetic effects. Pro-inflammatory cytokines; C-reactive protein, TNF-α, and interleukin-6 showed significant reduction after treatment with EMPA, compared to baseline levels. Apart from these changes, parameters of oxidative stress, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, malondialdehyde, and diene conjugates as well as uric acid, showed a significant decline with an increase in antioxidant vitamins A, E, and C and beta-carotene as well as nitrite. There was a significant decline in serum uric acid, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), with a non-significant reduction in body weight and body mass index as well as in waist circumference of modest significance, after intervention of 12 weeks compared to baseline levels. Total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides showed non-significant decline compared to baseline levels. CONCLUSION: It is possible that EMPA administration can cause a significant decline in pro-inflammatory cytokines along with blood glucose, Hb1c, oxidative stress, uric acid, blood pressures, and ACE with an increase in antioxidant vitamins and nitrite. Randomized, controlled intervention trials would be necessary to confirm our findings.

Chronic heart failure: a disease of the brain.

The underlying mechanism for clinical and biochemical manifestations of chronic heart failure (HF) may be due in part to neurohumoral adaptations, such as activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems in the periphery and the brain. Internet search and discussion with colleagues are the methods for this study. Since chronic HF is associated with autonomic imbalance with increased sympathetic nerve activity and a withdrawal of parasympathetic activity, it may be considered a brain disease. This phenomenon may be the result of an increased systemic and cerebral angiotensin II signaling because plasma angiotensin II is increased in humans and animals with chronic HF. The increase in angiotensin II signaling enhances sympathetic nerve activity through actions on both central and peripheral sites during chronic HF. Activation of angiotensin II signaling in different brain sites such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), and area postrema (AP) may increase the release of norepinephrine, oxidative stress, and inflammation leading to increased cardiac contractility. It is possible that blocking angiotensin II type 1 receptors decreases sympathetic nerve activity and cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex when therapy is administered to the PVN. The administration of an angiotensin receptor blocker by injection into the AP activates the sympatho-inhibitory baroreflex indicating that receptor blockers act by increasing parasympathetic activity. In chronic HF, in peripheral regions, angiotensin II elevates both norepinephrine release and synthesis and inhibits norepinephrine uptake at nerve endings, which may contribute to the increase in sympathetic nerve activity. Increased circulating angiotensin II during chronic HF may enhance the sympatho-excitatory chemoreflex and inhibit the sympatho-inhibitory baroreflex resulting in worsening of HF. Increased circulating angiotensin II signaling can directly act on the central nervous system via the subfornical organ and the AP to increase sympathetic outflow resulting in to neurohumoral dysfunction, resulting in to heart failure.

Age-adjusted Mortality Rates of Neoplasms and Circulatory System Diseases and Their Demographic Factors in Slovak Regions during 1996-2013.

AIM: Knowledge of the causes of deaths in Slovakia is lacking. This is significant because diet and lifestyle factors are different in central Europe compared to Western, Northern and Southern Europe. This study aims to discern trends of age-adjusted mortality rates caused by various diseases in relation to demographic factors. The aim of our study was to find certain statistical aspects including trends of age-adjusted mortality rates caused by neoplastic (Chapter II) and circulatory diseases (Chapter IX) in the Slovak population in relation to available demographic factors (sex, region and calendar year of death). METHODS: Dataset of individual deaths in Slovakia with certain demographic factors (sex, region and calendar year of death) during 1996-2013 were provided by the Slovak National Center of Health Informatics. Regression and correlation analyses and analyses of variance and of covariance were used to yield the level of significance. RESULTS: We found significant differences of age-adjusted mortality rates between men and women, between Chapter II and Chapter IX and among Slovak regions. Age-adjusted mortality rates decline significantly in most regions for both sexes with the exception of stagnation in four regions in a group of Chapter II women (Kosice, Nitra, Trencín and Zilina) and one region in Chapter IX, also in group of women (Zilina). CONCLUSIONS: Mortalities caused either by Chapter II or Chapter IX diseases are significantly dependent on chapter, sex and region with mortalities either declining or stagnating.

Influence of Demographic Determinants on the Number of Deaths Caused by Circulatory System Diseases in Comparison to the Number of Deaths Caused by Neoplasms in Slovak Regions from 1996-2014.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to evaluate the influence of available demographic determinants on the number of deaths caused by circulatory system diseases as compared to deaths caused by neoplasms in Slovakia in 1996-2014. METHODS: Mortality data were kindly provided by the National Health Information Centre in Slovakia. The first method was trend curve fitting of death ratios caused by circulatory system diseases (Chapter IX) and of deaths caused by neoplasms (Chapter II) as a function of age for both sexes. The second method comprised a decision tree for classification between deaths caused by Chapter IX and Chapter II diseases. Input variables were available demographic indicators: age, sex, marital status, region, and calendar year of death. Statistical data analyses were performed by IBM SPSS version 19 statistical software. RESULTS: We found that the odds ratios of deaths caused by circulatory system diseases (Chapter IX) in comparison with deaths caused by neoplasms (Chapter II) were non-decreasing. At first, the values of odds ratios are constant until they reach a critical sex-dependent value with a subsequent steady increase. In the case of men the odds ratio was greater than in the 60 years age-group where the odds ratio value increased slowly (from 1.14 at age 60 to 7.25 at age 90 years). The relative increase was 6.36 (7.25/1.14). The odds ratio in the women group was smaller but increased more rapidly (from 0.81 at age 60 to 12.27 at age 90 years). The relative increase was 15.15 in women (12.27/0.81). Hence, the odds ratio of death caused by Chapter IX diseases vs. Chapter II was greater in the older women group (i.e. higher age values). Utilizing the decision tree model, we have found that the most significant demographic determinant of death counts in both ICD Chapters was the age of the deceased, followed by marital status and finally gender. The last two predictors (year and region) were relatively negligible though formally significant. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method could be useful for prognostic classification of patients and primarily beneficial for hospitals in human or financial resources planning.

Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure in North India.

INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence shows that pro-inflammatory cytokines may be important in the assessment of severity and prognosis in congestive heart failure (CHF). In the present study, we examine the association of cytokines with causes, grade and prognosis of CHF patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Of 127 patients with CHF, 11 were excluded and the remaining 116 patients with different aetiologies of CHF, and 250 age- and sex-matched control subjects, were evaluated in this case study. Severity of disease based on the New York Heart Association (NYHA) standards, fell within functional classes II to IV. The diagnosis of HF was based on clinical manifestations as well as on echocardiographic heart enlargement. Cytokines were measured by chemiluminescence. Causes of death were assessed based on death certificates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of heart failure. RESULTS: Echocardiographic ejection fraction was 39.1 +/- 8.2% (mean +/- SD) in the study group indicating class II-IV heart failure. Laboratory data showed increase in biomarkers of oxidative stress, among HF patients compared to healthy subjects. Pro-inflammatory cytokines; IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly higher among HF patients compared to healthy subjects. TNF-alpha and IL-6, showed significant increase among patients with CHF due to ischaemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy compared to levels among CHF patients with valvular heart disease and hypertensive heart diseases. The levels of the cytokines were significantly higher among patients with class III and IV heart failure and those who died, compared to patients with class II heart failure. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that CAD, cardiomyopathy, and IL-6 were strongly associated--and low ejection fraction and TNF-alpha--weakly associated with HF. Of 116 patients, 20 (17.2%) died during a follow-up of two years, and the deaths were mainly among NYHA class III and IV patients in whom the cause of CHF was CAD (10.9%) and cardiomyopathy (6.9%) which had greater levels of cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that pro-inflammatory cytokines may be important indicators of causes, severity of CHF and prognosis among these patients.

Association between metabolic syndrome and hepatitis B virus infection in the Roma population in eastern Slovakia: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: The simultaneous presence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in the high-risk Roma community constitutes a high risk for liver cirrhosis and potentially hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aims to explore the relationship between MS and CHB. METHODS: Data from the cross-sectional HepaMeta Study conducted in Slovakia in 2011 among Roma living in rural communities were used. Participants were tested for the presence of MS, and lipid levels--total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein B100, and CHB HBsAg and anti-HBc IgG were also monitored. Viral load was measured in HBsAg-positive patients. RESULTS: A total of 452 patients were screened; MS was diagnosed in 29.6% of patients, and 12.5% had CHB. Anti-HBc IgG antibodies were present in 52.8% of patients. CHB patients had lower levels of total cholesterol (5.45 +/-1.21 vs. 4.71 +/- 1.23 mmol/l; p = 0.035), LDL cholesterol (median 2.2 mmol/l, interquartile range 0.88 mmol/l vs. 2.5 mmol/l, interquartile range 0.9 mmol/l; p = 0.01) and apolipoprotein B100 (median 0.66 mmol/l, interquartile range 0.26 mmol/l vs. 0.74 mmol/l, interquartile range 0.29 mmol/l; p = 0.025). Patients diagnosed with MS had a higher HBV DNA load than patients without MS (1,728.2 +/- 14.33 IU/ml vs. 12,779.1 +/- 20.9 IU/ml; p = 0.037). CHB patients with TC and apolipoprotein B100 within the reference range had a lower hepatitis B DNA (HBV DNA) load than patients with high or low values of TC or apolipoprotein B100. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and simultaneous presence of MS was high among Roma. HBsAg-positive patients had lower levels of total and LDL cholesterol along with decreased apolipoprotein B100. The viral load of chronic hepatitis B patients with MS was higher than in patients without MS.

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase level associated with metabolic syndrome and proinflammatory parameters in the young Roma population in eastern Slovakia: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is present approximately in half of all patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MS). This study aimed to explore the relationship between GGT and MS or proinflammatory parameters. METHODS: Data from the cross-sectional HepaMeta study conducted in Slovakia in 2011 among Roma living in rural communities were used. Participants (n = 446) were divided into 2 groups; those with elevated GGT and those with normal GGT levels. MS was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria; presence of central obesity and low density lipoproteins (LDL) or high density lipoproteins (HDL), high triglycerides, hypertension, glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes. Participants were tested for the presence of MS and its components, and biochemical tests for lipid levels (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, TG) and inflammatory parameters (high sensitivity C-reactive protein--hs-CRP and ferritin) were performed. RESULTS: Of 446 Roma participants, only 29 (6.5%) had GGT levels above the normal value. After exclusion of patients with viral hepatitis and alcohol abuse, patients with elevated GGT suffered from MS more often (p < 0.001), and patients with more MS components had a higher risk of elevated GGT. We found a significant association between GGT and the individual MS components, except HDL (waist circumference > or = 94 cm in men or 80 cm in women: p < 0.01; BMI > 30: p < 0.001; fasting glucose > or = 5.6 mmol/l: p < 0.001; arterial hypertension: p < 0.05, and TAG > or = 1.7 mmol/l: p < 0.001). Patients with elevated GGT levels had also significantly higher hs-CRP (hs-CRP > 2 mg/l: p < 0.001; hs-CRP > 3 mg/l: p < 0.001) and ferritin (ferritin > 300 mg/l: p < 0.01) levels. CONCLUSION: Patients with MS have more significantly elevated levels of GGT. There is a significant association of GGT with individual MS components, except HDL and inflammatory parameters (hs-CRP, ferritin).

Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in relation to metabolic syndrome in the Roma population compared with the non-Roma population in the eastern part of Slovakia.

BACKGROUND: Obesity-induced metabolic syndrome is a multiple risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and type 2 diabetes, and ethnic minorities seem to have unfavourable medical risk factors in general more frequently than majority populations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in relation to metabolic syndrome in the Roma population compared with the non-Roma population residing in the eastern part of Slovakia. RESULTS: 123 Roma and 79 non-Roma patients with metabolic syndrome were evaluated. Men between 40-55 years of age had 4.76-times higher odds and women 5.26-times higher odds for metabolic sydrome compared with the younger population. We found statistically significant higher waist circumference in the Roma subpopulation and higher body mass index as well, although in selected population with metabolic syndrome. HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in both Roma men and women, and LDL cholesterol was not significant in men and women with metabolic syndrome. Triglycerides levels were significantly higher in non-Roma women only. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) values were not in correlation with age but were associated with the increasing number of fulfilled criteria for metabolic syndrome in both subgroups (Roma, non-Roma), independently of gender. CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed higher prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome and other CV risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome among younger Roma population, which may be associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality among elderly Roma compared with non-Roma.

High hepatitis B and low hepatitis C prevalence in Roma population in eastern Slovakia.

BACKGROUND: Viral hepatitis B and C prevalence in the Roma population of eastern Slovakia is largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and associated risk factors of chronic viral hepatitis B and C among Roma living in segregated communities in eastern Slovakia. METHODS: Data from the cross-sectional HepaMeta study conducted in Slovakia in 2011 among Roma living in rural communities were used. Participants were tested for the presence of HBsAg, anti-HBc IgG and anti-HCV. The risk factors were assessed mainly via a structured questionnaire/interview. RESULTS: Altogether 452 Roma were screened, and 11 were excluded due to missing data. A total of 441 patients were included (mean age 34.7 +/- 9.14 years; 35.2% men). 12.5% of participants were HBsAg positive, 40.4% anti-HBc IgG positive while negative for HBsAg and 47.2% of participants were negative for all serological markers of hepatitis B. Hepatitis C prevalence was very low (0.7%), while 2 out of 3 anti-HCV positive participants were coinfected with hepatitis B. Risk factors for hepatitis B infection were male sex, higher age, tattoo, and previous imprisonment. No difference was found in intravenous drug use, blood transfusions and sexual behaviour. CONCLUSION: More than half of the Roma residing in eastern Slovakia have been infected at one point in life with the hepatitis B virus, and 12.5% are HBsAg positive. Hepatitis C prevalence is very low, which is probably due to very low intravenous drug use.

Clinical and biochemical determinants of metabolic syndrome among Roma and non-Roma subjects in the eastern part of Slovakia.

BACKGROUND: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of cardiovascular risk. The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among populations of lower socioeconomic status is a cause of concern and calls for an effective public health response. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Roma population compared with the non-Roma population in the eastern part of Slovakia and to determine the parameter which has the strongest association with metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: 123 Roma and 79 non-Roma patients with metabolic syndrome were evaluated. In the subgroup of Roma men, we found that waist circumference conferred the highest chance of MS (more than 12-times), followed by triglycerides (TG) (3.670-times). In the subgroup of non-Roma men, we found that waist circumference conferred the highest chance of MS (more than 16-times), followed by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (4.348-times increased risk per one unit decrease in HDL). In the subgroup of Roma women as well as non-Roma women, we found that serum TG conferred the highest chance of MS, followed by waist circumference for Roma women. Comparing non-classical risk factors for MS we found that only age (with OR 1.977) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) (OR 1.887) were significant and independent predictors of MS in Roma men. Among Roma women apolipoprotein B100 was also found to be an independent predictor of MS, besides age and hsCRP. CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is strongly associated with hypertriglyceridemic waist, besides other risk factors, a marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad among younger Roma population, which may be the reason for the increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in elderly Roma compared with non-Roma. In light of these results, better prevention of CV events for Roma minority settlements in Slovakia should be provided.

Coenzyme Q(10) and selenium in statin-associated myopathy treatment.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible benefits of coenzyme Q10 and selenium supplementation administered to patients with statin-associated myopathy (SAM). Sixty eligible patients entered the pilot study. Laboratory examination (CoQ10, selenium, creatin kinase) and intensity of SAM (visual scale) were performed at baseline, after 1 month, and at the end of study at month 3. Plasma levels of CoQ10 increased from 0.81 ± 0.39 to 3.31 ± 1.72 µmol/L in the active group of patients treated by CoQ10, compared with the placebo (p = 0.001). Also, the symptoms of SAM significantly improved in the active group (p < 0.001): the intensity of muscle pain decreased from 6.7 ± 1.72 to 3.2 ± 2.1 (p < 0.01, -53.4 ± 28.2%); muscle weakness decreased from 7.0 ± 1.63 to 2.8 ± 2.34 (p < 0.01, -60 ± 24.0%); muscle cramps decreased from 5.33 ± 2.06 to 1.86 ± 2.42, p < 0.01, -65 ± 28%); tiredness decreased from the initial 6.7 ± 1.34 to 1.2 ± 1.32 (p < 0.01, -82 ± 22%). We did not observe any significant changes in the placebo group. In conclusion, supplementation of statin-treated patients with CoQ10 resulted in a decrease in the symptoms of SAM, both in absolute numbers and intensity. Additional selenium supplementation was not associated with any statistically significant decrease of SAM. However, it is not possible to draw any definite conclusions, even though this study was carried out in double-blind fashion, because it involved a small number of patients.

Can Hydrogen Water Enhance Oxygen Saturation in Patients with Chronic Lung Disease? A Non-Randomized, Observational Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: Recently, chronic lung diseases have been found to be associated with marked inflammation and oxidative stress, which leads to fibrosis in the lungs and chronic respiratory failure. This study aims to determine if hydrogen-rich water (HRW) can enhance oxygen saturation among patients with chronic lung diseases. METHODS: Ten patients with chronic lung diseases due to COPD (n = 7), bronchial asthma (n = 2), and tuberculosis of the lung (n = 1) with oxygen saturation of 90-95% were provided high-concentration (>5 mM) HRW using H2-producing tablets for 4 weeks. Oxygen saturation was measured via oximeter and blood pressure via digital automatic BP recorder. RESULTS: HRW administration was associated with a significant increase in oxygen saturation (SpO2) and decrease in TBARS, MDA, and diene conjugates, with an increase in vitamin E and nitrite levels, compared to baseline levels. Physical training carried out after HRW therapy appeared to increase exercise tolerance and decrease hypoxia, as well as delay the need for oxygen therapy. CONCLUSION: Treatment with HRW in patients with hypoxia from chronic lung diseases may decrease oxidative stress and improve oxygen saturation in some patients. HRW therapy may also provide increased exercise tolerance in patients with chronic hypoxia, but further research is needed.