Prevalence of dental anomalies in children with cleft lip and unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate.

AIM: To examine the prevalence of different types of dental anomalies in children with nonsyndromic cleft lip, unilateral cleft lip-palate, and bilateral cleft lip-palate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 90 patients (aged 4-20 years) affected by isolated cleft lip, unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate was examined. Cleft patients were classified into one of three groups according to cleft type: (1) Unilateral Cleft Lip-Palate, (2) Bilateral Cleft Lip-Palate, and (3) Cleft Lip. Intraoral exams, panoramic radiographs and dental casts, were used to analyse the prevalence of the various dental anomalies included in this study. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between patients with cleft lip, unilateral cleft lip and palate and bilateral cleft lip and palate. The congenital absence of the cleft-side lateral incisor was observed in 40% of the sample, and a total of 30% patients showed supernumerary teeth at the incisors region. Second premolar agenesis was found in 4.4% of patients, whereas in 18.9% of the sample there was an ectopic dental eruption. Lateral or central incisors rotation was noted in 31.1% of the sample, while shape anomaly, lateral incisor microdontia, and enamel hypoplasia were detected respectively in 25.6%, 5.6% and 18.9% of cleft patients. CONCLUSION: High prevalence of different dental anomalies in children with cleft lip and unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate has been confirmed. This study, in particular, shows the presence of ectopic and rotated teeth in the cleft area.

Speech outcome in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate patients: a descriptive study.

AIM: In this study, resonance and articulation disorders were examined in a group of patients surgically treated for cleft lip and palate, considering family social background, and children's ability of self monitoring their speech output while speaking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty children (32 males and 18 females) mean age 6.5 ± 1.6 years, affected by non-syndromic complete unilateral cleft of the lip and palate underwent the same surgical protocol. The speech level was evaluated using the Accordi's speech assessment protocol that focuses on intelligibility, nasality, nasal air escape, pharyngeal friction, and glottal stop. Pearson product-moment correlation analysis was used to detect significant associations between analysed parameters. RESULTS: A total of 16% (8 children) of the sample had severe to moderate degree of nasality and nasal air escape, presence of pharyngeal friction and glottal stop, which obviously compromise speech intelligibility. Ten children (10%) showed a barely acceptable phonological outcome: nasality and nasal air escape were mild to moderate, but the intelligibility remained poor. Thirty-two children (64%) had normal speech. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the severity of nasal resonance and nasal air escape (p ≤ 0.05). No statistical significant correlation was found between the final intelligibility and the patient social background, neither between the final intelligibility nor the age of the patients. CONCLUSION: The differences in speech outcome could be explained with a specific, subjective, and inborn ability, different for each child, in self-monitoring their speech output.

Oral manifestations of adverse drug reactions: guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Adverse drug reactions are noxious and unintended responses to a medicinal product. Many drugs have the potential to induce adverse reactions in the mouth. The extent of such reactions is unknown; however, because a lot of them are asymptomatic, many are believed to go unnoticed. Adverse oral drug reactions are responsible for oral lesions and manifestations that can mime local or systemic disease. Their pathogenesis, especially of the mucosal reactions, is largely unknown and appears to involve complex interactions between the drug in question, other medications, the patient's underlying disease, genetics and lifestyle factors. AIM: In this study, we have listed the principal signs and symptoms of oral and perioral adverse drug reactions and the responsible drugs. Diagnosis for adverse drug reaction is not easy given also the limited utility of laboratory tests. The association between a drug and an adverse drug reaction is mostly based on the disappearance of the reactions following discontinuance of the offending drug. Sometimes, it is useful to perform rechallenge tests reintroducing the drug to establish cause and effect. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of adverse drug-induced oral effects helps health professionals to better diagnose oral disease, administer drugs and improve patient compliance during drug therapy and may foster a more rational use of drugs.

Corrigendum to "A Comparison between Piezoelectric Devices and Conventional Rotary Instruments in Bone Harvesting in Patients with Lip and Palate Cleft: A Retrospective Study with Clinical, Radiographical, and Histological Evaluation".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2018/2059464.].

A Comparison between Piezoelectric Devices and Conventional Rotary Instruments in Bone Harvesting in Patients with Lip and Palate Cleft: A Retrospective Study with Clinical, Radiographical, and Histological Evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Orofacial clefts are congenital malformations characterized by an incomplete shaping of structures that separate the nasal from the oral cavity and can affect the right, left, or both sides. The aim of the present study is to assess, with clinical, radiographical, and histological evaluations, the efficacy of piezoelectric devices compared to traditional rotating instruments in the bone harvesting in patients with history of cleft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have conducted a retrospective analysis on 20 patients with a history of orofacial clefts that were operated on from February 2014 to June 2017. The patients were divided into two groups: Group R in which bone graft was harvested using a burr and Group P in which the bone graft was obtained by a piezoelectric device. After a healing period of 8 months from the grafting procedure, clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The use of the piezoelectric devices in bone harvesting allows a slight improvement in the final volume. This supports a faster integration into the receiving site. CONCLUSIONS: The use of piezoelectric device in patients with history of orofacial cleft that needed bone graft represents a method to be taken into consideration because it has interesting advantages.

Bone grafting with platelet-rich plasma in alveolar cleft. Case report.

Bone grafting of the alveolus has become an essential part of the contemporary surgical management of oral clefts. The benefits of this procedure are the stabilization of the maxillary arch, elimination of oronasal fistulae, the reconstruction of the soft tissue nasal base support, creation of bony support for subsequent tooth eruption or, when they are not present or not preserved, for implants application. The authors show a case of bone grafting with the aid of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Because of the difficulties due to the oral cleft and to its surgical reparation (big size of bone defect, hard scars and sclerotic soft tissue) the authors decided to add PRP to a bone graft taken from the chin. PRP contains a high concentration of growth factors and is able to stimulate both wound and bone regeneration. Infact, the authors have observed very good results both in bone integration and in soft tissue reparation.

Retrospective comparison of long-term ten-day/month rifaximin or mesalazine in prevention of relapse in acute diverticulitis.

OBJECTIVE: Diverticular disease (DD) of the colon has an increasing burden on health services. The effectiveness of rifaximin for the treatment of DD, is not yet established. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of long-term treatment with rifaximin or mesalazine in a 10-day schedule for the prevention of recurrent diverticulitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study. We identified all consecutive patients with DD and previous acute diverticulitis (AD) in our outpatients' database; 124 patients, were included. The recommended therapy consisted of a ten-day/month treatment with either rifaximin (400 mg bid), or mesalazine (2.4 g/daily). Primary end point was AD recurrence. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2014, 72 patients were treated with rifaximin and 52 with mesalazine. During a median follow-up of 15 months (range 1-50), we observed 21 episodes of AD among users of either rifaximin (n=7; 0.54 per 100 person-months), or mesalazine group (n=14; 1.46 per 100 person-months). Kaplan-Meier survival estimates of recurrent AD significantly differed between rifaximin and mesalazine groups (p=0.015). The multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that AD recurrence was significantly associated with therapy (rifaximin vs. mesalazine, adjusted HR 0.27; 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.72), age and gender. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term treatment with rifaximin in a 10-day schedule appears more effective than mesalazine in preventing recurrent AD.

The immunohistochemical outline of p27kip1, cyclin B1 and cyclin D3 in pleomorphic adenomas.

AIM: Pleomorphic adenomas of salivary glands are benign lesions which may sometimes relapse even after complete surgical removal. This risk has led to the search for methods to provide predictive data on the biological behaviour of such neoplasia. The authors intend to evaluate the degree of cellular aggression of these tumours by finding prognostic data using the antigens involved in cellular proliferative activity. Therefore they have chosen for this study: p27kip1, cyclin B1 and Cyclin D3. METHODS: Seventeen mixed tumours, 2 of them relapsed, underwent the direct immunohystochemical PAP technique for the determination of antigens p27kip1, cyclins B1 and D3 of the tissue. RESULTS: The results obtained show that the verification of these markers may reveal a potential risk of biological deviation and that their expression is independent of the degree of cellularity in neoplasias. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the results, the conclusion is drawn that there is no relation between the expressivity of the mentioned antigens and histological characters of pleomorphic adenomas.

Ultrasonographic and biochemical parameters in the non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis in hepatitis C virus chronic hepatitis.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies suggest that platelet counts of <140 000/microL can discriminate patients with different stages of fibrosis. AIM: To determine the added value of abdominal ultrasound analysis of morphological liver features in increasing the diagnostic accuracy of platelet counts for the prediction of liver fibrosis at histology. METHODS: In a retrospective study, clinical records of 1143 chronic hepatitis C patients at their first presentation, naives to both liver biopsy and anti-viral treatment, were reviewed. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios of following indices were evaluated singularly or in combination: platelet counts <140 000/microL; nodular liver surface, spleen and portal vein size. RESULTS: All indices had specificity rate of > or =90% in excluding bridging fibrosis/cirrhosis, whereas sensitivity was acceptable (51%) for only platelet counts <140 000/microL. None of the ultrasonographic parameters singularly evaluated and reached an acceptable sensitivity rate. For ruling cirrhosis in or out, specificity rate was > or =82% for all tests, with the highest value reported by portal vein size. Low platelet counts plus nodular liver surface had the best sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: No additional significant predictive value was given by adding ultrasonographic parameters to low platelet counts, whereas only a mild non-significant improvement in sensitivity was obtained combining platelet counts <140 000/microL with the presence of nodular liver surface. The platelet counts <140 000/microL showed the best predictive value for including both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis.

Evolution of clinical behaviour in Crohn's disease: predictive factors of penetrating complications.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Crohn's disease is a heterogeneous entity. The Vienna Classification defines three different clinical patterns: 'non-stricturing, non-penetrating', 'stricturing' and 'penetrating'. Aim of this study was to assess the change in clinical behaviour over time and to evaluate whether an evolution towards penetrating complications can be predicted. METHODS: A total of 139 patients with non-penetrating behaviour at the time of diagnosis were included. The mean follow-up was 4.84 years (range 1-23.2 years). The clinical behaviour, according to the Vienna Criteria, was assessed at the diagnosis and at the end of follow up. Statistical analysis was performed by means of the Kaplan-Meier method and standard logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The cumulative probability of a change in clinical behaviour was 22, 38 and 63% at 3, 6 and 12 years, respectively, and the cumulative probability of developing penetrating complications was 22, 33 and 55% at 3, 6 and 12 years, respectively. Young age at diagnosis (<40 years) and a stricturing behaviour are independent risk factors of developing major penetrating complications (internal fistula, mass or abscess): OR=6.0, 95% CI 1.1-30.5; OR=4.0, 95% CI 1.5-10.9, respectively, but not perianal disease. CONCLUSIONS: The behavioural classification of Crohn's disease is a dynamic model in which each status should be considered as not fixed but evolutive. Perianal disease should be considered a distinct pattern of penetrating behaviour.

Rifabutin-based 'rescue therapy' for Helicobacter pylori infected patients after failure of standard regimens.

BACKGROUND: The ideal treatment for patients who have failed eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection after standard proton pump inhibitor-based triple therapies has still to be determined. Although either a second course of triple therapy or a quadruple therapy (proton pump inhibitor plus bismuth-based triple therapy) has been proposed, the efficacy of these second-line therapies is relatively unknown. Therefore, alternative strategies are needed. AIM: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of rifabutin, a derivative of rifamycin-S, in patients who were still H. pylori infected after two or more courses of 1-week triple therapies. METHODS: Patients were given a 1-week regimen of pantoprazole 40 mg b.d. + amoxycillin 1 g b.d. + rifabutin 300 mg daily. Side-effects and compliance were determined at the end of therapy. Eradication rate was assessed with a 13C-urea breath test performed at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (mean age 47 +/- 15 years) were studied. All patients took medications according to the proposed schedule. Side-effects were infrequent and mild. The eradication rates were 71% (95% CI: 57-85%) on intention-to-treat analysis and 74% (95% CI: 61-88%) on per protocol analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Rifabutin, in combination with pantoprazole and amoxycillin, is an effective and well tolerated regimen in patients who failed standard eradication treatments.

Predictors of failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication with the standard 'Maastricht triple therapy'.

BACKGROUND: Triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin has recently been proposed in Maastricht as first-line treatment for H. pylori infection. AIM: To determine predictors of unsuccessful eradication. METHODS: Two hundred and forty-eight patients underwent endoscopy with biopsies for rapid urease test, histology and culture with antibiotic susceptibility tests, and 13C-UBT. All infected patients were given pantoprazole (40 mg b.d.), clarithromycin (500 mg b.d.) and amoxicillin (1 g b.d.) for 1 week. Eradication was assessed by UBT at 4-6 weeks after therapy. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-two of 248 patients (65%) were infected. Culture was positive in 144 (89%). Prevalence rates of metronidazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin resistance were 14, 8 and 3%, respectively. Eradication rates (95% CI) were 63% (54.7-70.6) by intention-to-treat analysis and 67% (59.4-75.4) by per protocol analysis. Drug compliance was excellent and side-effects were mild. Age > or = 45 years (OR: 2.35, CI: 1.30-4.25), smoking (OR: 1.37, CI 1.01-1.87) and high pre-treatment UBT results (OR: 1.36, CI: 1.08-1.72) were independent predictors of eradication failure. Gender, endoscopic findings, alcohol intake, and clarithromycin and amoxicillin resistance did not predict treatment failure. CONCLUSION: Despite the low prevalence of primary antibiotic resistance in our geographical area, triple therapy with pantoprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin achieves low eradication rates. Smoking, age and pre-treatment UBT results are predictors of potential eradication failure.

Randomized study of different 'second-line' therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection after failure of the standard 'Maastricht triple therapy'.

BACKGROUND: Triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor, clarithromycin and amoxicillin and, in the event of eradication failure, quadruple therapy with proton pump inhibitor, bismuth, tetracycline and metronidazole have been proposed in Maastricht as the optimal sequential treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. AIM: To compare two second-line regimens with quadruple therapy. METHODS: One hundred and eighty patients with a previous failed course of standard therapy were randomly given one of the following 7-day treatments: ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg b.d. plus amoxicillin 1 g b.d. and tinidazole 500 mg b.d. (RBCAT), pantoprazole 40 mg b.d. plus amoxicillin 1 g b.d. and levofloxacin 500 mg/day (PAL) and pantoprazole 40 mg b.d., bismuth citrate 240 mg b.d., tetracycline 500 mg q.d.s. and metronidazole 500 mg b.d. (PBTM). The eradication rate was assessed by 13C-urea breath test. Side-effects and compliance were evaluated by a standardized questionnaire and by counting returned medication. RESULTS: The RBCAT, PAL and PBTM groups achieved mean intention-to-treat eradication rates of 85%, 63% and 83%, respectively (P<0.05 for PAL vs. either RBCAT or PBTM). Compliance was optimal in all patients, although side-effects were more commonly observed in the PBTM group than in the other two patient groups (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Both RBCAT and PBTM can be used as second-line therapies. Conversely, PAL did not achieve satisfactory eradication rates.

Meta-analysis of somatostatin, octreotide and gabexate mesilate in the therapy of acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Autodigestion of the pancreas, secondary to the activation of digestive enzymes, is the pathogenetic mechanism of acute pancreatitis (AP). AIM: Clinical trials in which somatostatin (SS), octreotide (OCT) and gabexate mesilate (FOY) were used to treat patients with AP, were submitted to a meta-analytical evaluation. Five end-points were evaluated: early and overall mortality, patients with complications, complication rate, and patients who needed surgery. RESULTS: In mild AP, no agent proved of value. In severe AP, both SS and OCT were beneficial in improving the overall mortality: the odds ratios (OR) were, respectively, 0.36 (95% CI: 0.20-0.64, P = 0.001) and 0.57 (95% CI: 0.35-0.88, P = 0.006). FOY had no effect on either early or overall mortality, but was effective in improving complication rate (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.56-0.88, P = 0.02), number of patients with complications (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.41-0.91, P = 0.01), and number of cases submitted to surgery (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.39-0.92, P = 0.01). SS and OCT had no effect on these latter outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Antisecretory agents, such as SS and OCT, are able to reduce mortality without affecting complications, whereas antiproteases, such as FOY, have no effect on mortality but do reduce complications. A trial exploring the efficacy of combining antisecretory agents with antiproteases would be of great benefit in patients with severe AP.

Dyspepsia and Helicobacter pylori infection: a prospective multicentre observational study.

OBJECTIVES: Dyspepsia still represents an unsolved clinical enigma. AIM: The aims of this study were to determine whether symptoms and Helicobacter pylori infection are predictors of organic disease in uninvestigated dyspepsia, and if H. pylori eradication improves symptoms in functional dyspepsia. METHODS: An observational study was performed on outpatients with uninvestigated dyspepsia. Symptoms were scored and H. pylori status determined. Patients with functional dyspepsia and H. pylori infection were randomly given either a standard eradicating treatment or a 1-month course of empirical treatment. The latter was also given to functional dyspeptic patients without infection. Symptoms were re-assessed in functional dyspeptic patients at 2- and 6-month follow-up visits. Patients receiving eradicating treatment were re-tested for H. pylori at the 2 month visit. RESULTS: A total of 860 patients were studied and 605 (70.3%) were affected by functional dyspepsia. H. pylori infection was diagnosed in 71.8% of patients with organic dyspepsia and in 65.0% with functional dyspepsia (p=0.053). Male sex, anaemia, smoking habit, age over 45 years, and severe epigastric pain, but not H. pylori infection, were independent predictors of organic disease. Symptoms significantly improved in most functional dyspeptic patients regardless of their H. pylori status and type of treatment. CONCLUSION: H. pylori infection is not a strong predictor of organic disease in uninvestigated dyspepsia. H. pylori eradication is not essential to improve symptoms in functional dyspepsia.

Diverticular disease as a risk factor for sigmoid colon adenomas.

BACKGROUND: Diverticular disease and colorectal neoplasia share similar epidemiological features and risk factors. AIM: To evaluate a possible association between diverticular disease and both adenomas and colorectal cancer in patients undergoing total colonoscopy. METHODS: Overall, 630 consecutive patients were recruited from the 3 Units. Inclusion criteria were age over 45 years and the performance of total colonoscopy. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. Adenomas were defined as advanced when their size was >1 cm in diameter, and/or the percentage of the villous component was >30% and/or high grade dysplasia was present. RESULTS: At endoscopy, 291 (47%) out of 630 patients presented evidence of diverticular disease. Adenomas were found in 92 (31.9%) patients with diverticular disease and in 98 (28.9%) patients without [p=ns]. The prevalence of adenomas located in the sigmoid colon was significantly higher in patients with diverticula than in controls (64.1% vs 41.8%; p<0.05). Similarly, the detection of advanced adenomas located in the sigmoid colon was more likely in patients with diverticula than in controls (59.6% vs 37.5%; p<0.05). Colorectal cancer prevalence was similar in patients with and without diverticula (8.3% vs 7.1%; p=ns), and no difference was detected regarding site, between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with diverticular disease have a higher risk of harbouring adenomas and advanced adenomas in the sigmoid colon. This observation should be taken into account in screening and surveillance programmes for colorectal neoplasia.

Contribution of artificial neural networks to the classification and treatment of patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia.

OBJECTIVES: To verify whether symptoms reported by patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia might be helpful in either classifying functional from organic dyspepsia (1st experiment), or recognising which Helicobacter pylori infected patients may benefit from eradication therapy (2nd experiment). METHODS: We compared the performance of artificial neural networks and linear discriminant analysis in two experiments on a database including socio-demographic features, past medical history, alarming symptoms, and symptoms at presentation of 860 patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia enrolled in a large observational multi-centre Italian study. RESULTS: In the 1st experiment, the best prediction for organic disease was given by the Sine Net model (specificity of 87.6% with 13 patients misclassified) and the best prediction for functional dyspepsia by the FF Bp model (sensitivity of 83.4% with 56 patients misclassified). The highest global accuracy of linear discriminant analysis was 65.1%, with 150 patients misclassified. In the 2nd experiment, the highest predictive performance was provided by the SelfDASn model: all infected patients who became symptom-free after successful eradicating treatment were correctly classified, whereas nine errors were made in forecasting patients who did not benefit from such a therapy. The highest global performance of linear discriminant analysis was 53.2%, with 37 patients misclassified. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia, artificial neural networks might have potential for categorising those affected by either organic or functional dyspepsia, as well as for identifying all Helicobacter pylori infected dyspeptic patients who will benefit from eradication.

Colorectal cytology in chronic ulcerative colitis.

During a period of ten years, 109 colorectal cytology specimens were obtained from 41 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis. There were 28 male and 13 female patients, whose average age was 45 years. All patients were symptomatic and had ulcerative colitis with repeated attacks of profuse diarrhea on the average for 12 years prior to their first cytologic examination. Eight cytology specimens were positive for malignant cells, 35 had atypia, 58 were negative and 8 were unsatisfactory. The malignant cells showed marked anisocytosis, pleomorphism and nuclear hyperchromasia and appeared in loosely cohesive clusters or in single forms in an inflammatory and necrotic background. Subsequent colectomy revealed invasive carcinoma in five patients and carcinoma in situ in two. Smears that were negative or showed atypia contained abundant chronic inflammatory cells. The atypical colonic epithelial cells contained prominent nuclei and formed cohesive clusters. Surgical biopsy and/or segmental resection revealed the presence of polyps, pseudopolyps, polypoid hyperplasia, mucosal atypia and crypt abscesses in patients with atypical and negative cytologic findings. It is concluded that cytologic examination of the colon can play an important role in the examination of patients with ulcerative colitis and allows for the detection of malignant transformation of the colonic mucosa.

[Treatment of locally advanced breast neoplasms]. / Il trattamento delle neoplasie mammarie localmente avanzate.

One particularly interesting problem in the treatment of breast carcinomas relates to the strategy to be adopted in locally advanced forms. In 10-25% of cases surgery in itself offers no guarantee of radicality and the prognosis is particularly poor. Once considered suitable only for radiation treatment, such cases now tend to be treated by mixed therapy adopting different modes and sequences. The present paper fully and carefully examines current concepts and treatment possibilities.

Laparoscopic Heller cardiomyotomy with intraoperative manometry in the management of oesophageal achalasia.

Results of an ongoing clinical study treating achalasia patients with laparoscopic Heller myotomy and Dor anterior fundoplication are presented. 18 patients underwent surgery between August 1991 and July 1995. Completeness of myotomies and calibration of fundoplications were measured using intraoperative manometry. Only one intraoperative complication, a perforation of the mucosa sutured laparoscopically, was encountered. There were no surgical mortalities nor postoperative morbidities. Mean hospital stay was 3.4 days. Complete relief of dysphagia and modifications of radiological and manometric patterns were achieved in all patients. All patients remain asymptomatic at 2 to 48 months from surgery. These results compare favourably with those of traditional surgery and of pneumatic dilatation.