Antibiotic prophylaxis in invasive urodynamics, a Delphi consensus of the Italian Society of Urodynamics (SIUD).

INTRODUCTION: Although antibiotic prophylaxis (AB) demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in bacteriuria after invasive urodynamics (UDS), no significant decrease in the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) has been confirmed. No absolute recommendations on the use of AB in case of relevant potential risk of UTI have been reported, though some categories of patients at increased infective probability after UDS have been recognized. The aim of this study is to report the experts' consensus on the best practice for the use of AB before UDS in the main categories of patients at potential risk of developing UTI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed on AB before UDS in males and females. A panel of experts from the Italian Society of Urodynamics, Continence, Neuro-Urology, and Pelvic Floor (SIUD) assessed the review data and decided by a modified Delphi method on 16 statements proposed and discussed by the panel. The cut-off percentage for the consensus was a ≥70% of positive responses to the survey. The study was a Delphi consensus with experts' opinions, not a clinical trial involving directly patients. RESULTS: The panel group was composed of 57 experts in functional urology and UDS, mainly urologists, likewise gynaecologists, physiatrists, infectivologists, pediatric urologists, and nurses. A positive consensus was achieved on 9/16 (56.25%) of the statements, especially on the need for performing AB before UD in patients with neurogenic bladder and immunosuppression. Urine analysis and urine culture before UDS are mandatory, and in the event of their positivity, UDS should be postponed. A consensus was reached on avoiding AB in menopausal status, diabetes, age, gender, bladder outlet obstruction, high postvoid residual, chronic catheterization, previous urological surgery, lack of urological abnormalities, pelvic organ prolapse, and negative urine analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for patients without notable risk factors and with a negative urine test due to the potential morbidities that may result from antibiotic administration. However, AB can be used for risk categories such as neurogenic bladder and immunosuppression. The evaluation of urine analysis and urine culture and postponing UDS in cases of positive tests were considered good practices, as well as performing AB in the neurogenic bladder and immunosuppression.

Metabolic syndrome and prostatic disease: potentially role of polyphenols in preventive strategies. A review.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are two common urological diseases of the elderly. Scientific community has always looked for a link that could explain the correlation between the two diseases and the role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPH and PCa. As shown by the reports of the two diseases relationship with oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome, the use of compounds with antioxidant action could therefore affect both the symptoms and their onset. Polyphenols appear to act not only against oxidative stress but also at different levels. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of the most important polyphenols on these two urological diseases. As antioxidants these compounds seems to have a direct action on the cell cycle and hormone function, important for both prostate cancer and BPH. Despite a large number of articles about the relationship of the polyphenols with prostate cancer, very little evidence exists for BPH. Additional clinical trials or meta-analysis are necessary on this topic.

Increase of Framingham cardiovascular disease risk score is associated with severity of lower urinary tract symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)/benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) assessed by the Framingham CVD risk score in a cohort of patients without previous episodes of stroke and/or acute myocardial infarction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From September 2010 to September 2014, 336 consecutive patients with BPH-related LUTS were prospectively enrolled. The general 10-year Framingham CVD risk score, expressed as percentage and assessing the risk of atherosclerotic CVD events, was calculated for each patient. Individuals with low risk had ≤10% CVD risk at 10 years, with intermediate risk 10-20% and with high risk ≥20%. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify variables for predicting a Framingham CVD risk score of ≥10% and moderate-severe LUTS (International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS] ≥8), adjusted for confounding factors. RESULTS: As category of Framingham CVD risk score increased, we observed higher IPSS (18.0 vs 18.50 vs 19.0; P < 0.05), high IPSS-voiding (6.0 vs 9.0 vs 9.5; P < 0.05) and worse sexual function. Prostate volume significantly increased in those with intermediate- vs low-risk scores (54.5 vs 44.1 mL; P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that intermediate- [odds ratio (OR) 8.65; P < 0.01) and high-risk scores (OR 1.79; P < 0.05) were independently associated with moderate-severe LUTS. At age-adjusted logistic regression analysis, moderate-severe LUTS was independently associated with Framingham CVD risk score of ≥10% (OR 5.91; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our cross-sectional study in a cohort of patients with LUTS-BPH showed an increase of more than five-fold of having a Framingham CVD risk score of ≥10% in men with moderate-severe LUTS.

Relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and benign prostatic hyperplasia/lower urinary tract symptoms: new insights from an Italian cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) assessed by the fatty liver index (FLI), in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) patients and to estimate its ability in predicting LUTS. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 448 consecutive patients affected by LUTS. LUTS were evaluated using the IPSS questionnaire and metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria (by International Diabetes Federation). FLI, prostate volume (PV), serum prostate-specific antigen, total testosterone (TT) and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index were evaluated. A value of FLI ≥40 was set to predict NAFLD. Patients were divided into Group A (FLI <40) and Group B (FLI ≥40). Odds ratios (OR) for having moderate-severe LUTS were calculated. Logistic regression model was fitted adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS: Group B showed higher prevalence of MetS, IR, moderate-severe LUTS and ED, higher IPSS, IPSS-storage, IPSS-voiding, total prostate volume, insulin, HOMA and lower TT and IIEF-5. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that continuous FLI (OR = 1.03, p < 0.05) and FLI ≥40 (OR = 2.41, p < 0.01) significantly increase the risk of moderate-severe LUTS. Continuous FLI (OR = 1.12, p < 0.01) and FLI ≥40 (OR = 5.39, p < 0.01) were independent predictors of moderate-severe LUTS at the multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors. Subjects with MetS and FLI ≥40 had 2.0-fold the risk of moderate-severe LUTS (OR = 2.10, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) subjects have higher risk of LUTS. The presence of FLI ≥40 can be used to predict subjects at high risk of LUTS.

Connections between lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic enlargement and metabolic syndrome with its components: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

A significant amount of epidemiological evidences have underlined an emerging link between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic enlargement a (BPE). We aimed to assess the connections between LUTS and MetS with its components. Meta-analysis were conducted to determine the mean differences (MD) and confidence intervals of IPSS total score, IPSS-voiding, IPSS-storage and prostate volume (PV) in patients with or without MetS. Ln(odds-ratio) were calculated to estimate the risk of having moderate-to-severe LUTS (IPSS ≥ 8). Nineteen studies were identified as eligible for this systematic review, with a total of 18,476 participants, including 5554 (30.06%) with and 12,922 (69.94%) without MetS. Pooled analysis did not demonstrate significant MD of IPSS, IPSS-voiding and IPSS-storage in men with or without MetS but PV was significantly different (MD = 2.18; p = 0.03). Presence of MetS was not significantly associated with moderate-to-severe LUTS (odds ratio = 1.13; p = 0.53) and only altered serum triglycerides and diabetes were associated with this risk. The association between MetS and LUTS/BPE remain unclear and further observational studies in a population with metabolic disorders should be conducted in order to address it's potential role in determining LUTS/BPE.

Serenoa repens, lycopene and selenium versus tamsulosin for the treatment of LUTS/BPH. An Italian multicenter double-blinded randomized study between single or combination therapy (PROCOMB trial).

BACKGROUND: Phytotherapy has been used to treat patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of combination therapy between Serenoa Repens (SeR), Lycopene (Ly), and Selenium (Se) + tamsulosin versus single therapies. METHODS: PROCOMB trial (ISRCTN78639965) was a randomized double-blinded, double-dummy multicenter study of 225 patients between 55 and 80 years old, PSA ≤ 4 ng/ml, IPSS ≥12, prostate volume ≤60 cc, Qmax ≤15 ml/sec, postvoid residual urine (PVR) <150 ml. Participants were randomized group A (SeR-Se-Ly), group B (tamsulosin 0.4 mg), group C (SeR-Se-Ly + tamsulosin 0.4 mg). The primary endpoints of the study were the reduction of IPSS, PVR, and increase of Qmax in group C versus monotherapy groups. RESULTS: The decrease for combination therapy was significantly greater versus group A (P < 0.05) and group B (P < 0.01) for IPSS and versus group A (P < 0.01) for PVR from baseline to 6 months. A greater decrease in IPSS was observed for Group C versus group A (P < 0.01) and increase in Qmax versus group B (P < 0.01), from 6 months to 12 months. At one year, the changes of IPSS and Qmax were greater for Group C versus monotherapies (each comparison <0.05). The proportions of men with a decrease of at least three points (each comparison P < 0.05) and decrease of 25% for IPSS (each comparison P < 0.01) were greater for Group C. CONCLUSION: SeR-Se-Ly + tamsulosin therapy is more effective than single therapies in improving IPSS and increasing Qmax in patients with LUTS.

Determinants of sexual impairment in multiple sclerosis in male and female patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction: results from an Italian cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and affects quality of life. Furthermore, lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is common in MS patients. AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the relationship between SD, neurological disability, depression, anxiety, and urodynamic alterations in patients with MS and LUTD. METHODS: From January 2011 to September 2013, 135 consecutive patients with MS in remission phase and LUTD underwent first urodynamic examination, according to the International Continence Society criteria. Depression and anxiety were evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), neurological impairment was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and SD was investigated with the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) or the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify variables for predicting female sexual dysfunction (FSD) (FSFI < 26.55), male SD (IIEF-15 < 60), or moderate-severe erectile dysfunction (IIEF-EF ≤ 16), after adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS: Total IIEF-15 and all subdomains (all P < 0.01), total FSFI, FSFI-arousal, FSFI-lubrication, and FSFI-orgasm (all P < 0.05) were lower in subjects with EDSS ≥ 4.5. We found inverse relationship between IIEF-15 and relative subdomains with EDSS (all P < 0.01) and between FSFI and relative subdomains with EDSS (all P < 0.01), HAM-D (all P < 0.01), and HAM-A (all P < 0.01). Continuous EDSS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.54; P = 0.03) and categorical EDSS (≥4.5) (OR = 6.0; P = 0.03), HAM-D (OR = 4.74; P = 0.03), and HAM-A (OR = 4.10; P = 0.02) were significantly associated with FSD (FSFI < 26.55). Detrusor overactivity (DO) was an independent predictor of moderate-severe ED (IIEF-EF ≤ 16) (OR = 2.03; P < 0.01), and of FSD (OR = 9.73; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Neurological disability, depression and DO are significantly predictive of SD in MS patients, irrespective of gender. An EDSS ≥ 4.5 may significantly predict the presence of SD.

Insulin resistance is an independent predictor of severe lower urinary tract symptoms and of erectile dysfunction: results from a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have linked the association between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), erectile dysfunction (ED), and the presence of insulin resistance (IR) due to an underlined metabolic syndrome (MetS). AIM: This study aims to determine the relationship between IR, sexual function, and LUTS and to demonstrate the ability of IR in predicting ED and severe LUTS. METHODS: Between January 2008 to January 2013, 544 consecutive patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia-related LUTS were enrolled. LUTS and sexual function of the patients were evaluated by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation. IR was defined as a homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index of 3 or greater. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess significant predictors of severe LUTS (IPSS ≥ 20) and ED (IIEF-Erectile Function [IIEF-EF] <26), including MetS component, prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen, total testosterone, and HOMA index. RESULTS: IR patients resulted in higher values of IPSS (19.0 vs. 15.0; P<0.01), IPSS-storage (6.0 vs. 5.0; P<0.01), IPSS-voiding (12.0 vs. 9.0; P<0.01), total prostate volume (54.8 vs. 36.5; P<0.01), and lower values of IIEF-EF (17.0 vs. 20.0; P<0.01), IIEF-Intercourse Satisfaction (3.0 vs. 10.0; P<0.01), IIEF-Orgasmic Function (8.0 vs. 9.0; P<0.01), IIEF-Overall Satisfaction (6.0 vs. 8.0; P<0.01), and total testosterone (3.83 vs. 4.44; P<0.01). IR was demonstrated to be a strong predictor of ED (IIEF-EF <26) (odds ratio [OR] =6.20, P<0.01) after adjusting for confounding factors. Finally, IR was also an independent predictor of severe LUTS (IPSS ≥ 20) (OR=2.0, P<0.01) after adjusting for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: IR patients are at high risk of having severe LUTS and contemporary sexual dysfunctions. We strongly suggest to prevent LUTS and ED by reducing insulin resistance.

Urgency, detrusor overactivity and posterior vault prolapse in women who underwent pelvic organ prolapse repair.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the relationship between posterior vault prolapse and overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms or detrusor overactivity (DO) and their changes after surgical repair. METHODS: Forty-three patients with vault prolapse and prevalent posterior compartment prolapse underwent pelvic organ prolapse repair surgery: 28 received colposacropexy and 15 were treated by the vaginal approach. Subjective success was lack of prolapse-related symptoms or urgency. OAB symptoms, voiding symptoms and constipation were evaluated. Patient satisfaction was defined by a visual analog scale score (range 0-10). Objective anatomical success was defined as no vaginal prolapse of stage ≥2 at any vaginal site. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 75 months (range 24-143). Preoperatively, 33/43 patients (76.74%) reported urgency. DO was found in 11/43 patients (25.6%), and 22/43 patients reported constipation. The anatomical outcome showed 2 persistent stage II rectoceles (6.9%). After surgery, OAB symptoms disappeared in 25/33 (75.88%) and persisted in 8 patients (24.2%); there was no de novo urgency. DO disappeared in 8/11 subjects (72.7%). Preoperative constipation was present in 17/33 patients with OAB symptoms (51.5%) and disappeared postoperatively in 13/17 patients (76.4%) (p < 0.013). De novo constipation appeared in 3 patients (associated with OAB in 2 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalent posterior compartment pelvic organ prolapse and OAB/DO were often associated. After surgery, OAB symptoms and DO were significantly reduced.

PCA3 in Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3) is a urinary biomarker for prostate cancer and has demonstrated a good specificity and sensitivity representing a minimally invasive test.PCA3 assay could be useful in combination with PSA to suggest an eventual rebiopsy in men who have had one or more previous negative prostate biopsies.Combination of multiple tumor biomarkers will be the trend in the near future to achieve the goal of evaluate the aggressiveness of cancer and at the same time reducing the number of unnecessary biopsies.

Leydig cell tumour and giant adrenal myelolipoma associated with adrenogenital syndrome: a case report with a review of the literature.

CONTEXT: Male patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) may develop bilateral testicular adrenal rest tumours (TARTs). These tumours, in most cases, regress with glucocorticoid therapy and their histological differentiation from Leydig-cell tumors is quite difficult. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to differentiate the histological and clinical features of the TARTs from those of the Leydig-cell tumours. METHODS: The authors report a case of bilateral Leydig-cell tumour associated with giant bilateral adrenal myelolipoma in a male with adrenogenital syndrome who was submitted to a bilateral orchiectomy. RESULTS: Testicular neoplasia continue to grow despite adequate hormonal treatment and a bilateral orchiectomy was performed. The histopathological examination of the specimen ultimately confirmed the diagnosis of bilateral Leydig-cell tumour. CONCLUSIONS: This case shows the importance of all the relevant examinations, blood chemistry analysis, and instrumental tests in the differential diagnosis of TARTs and other testicular tumours.

Intravesical administration of combined hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) for the treatment of female recurrent urinary tract infections: a European multicentre nested case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the clinical effectiveness of the intravesical administration of combined hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate (HA+CS) versus current standard management in adult women with recurrent urinary tract infections (RUTIs). SETTING: A European Union-based multicentre, retrospective nested case-control study. PARTICIPANTS: 276 adult women treated for RUTIs starting from 2009 to 2013. INTERVENTIONS: Patients treated with either intravesical administration of HA+CS or standard of care (antimicrobial/immunoactive prophylaxis/probiotics/cranberry). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was occurrence of bacteriologically confirmed recurrence within 12 months. Secondary outcomes were time to recurrence, total number of recurrences, health-related quality of life and healthcare resource consumption. Crude and adjusted results for unbalanced characteristics are presented. RESULTS: 181 patients treated with HA+CS and 95 patients treated with standard of care from 7 centres were included. The crude and adjusted ORs (95% CI) for the primary end point were 0.77 (0.46 to 1.28) and 0.51 (0.27 to 0.96), respectively. However, no evidence of improvement in terms of total number of recurrences (incidence rate ratio (95% CI), 0.99 (0.69 to 1.43)) or time to first recurrence was seen (HR (95% CI), 0.99 (0.61 to 1.61)). The benefit of intravesical HA+CS therapy improves when the number of instillations is ≥ 5. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that bladder instillations of combined HA+CS reduce the risk of bacteriologically confirmed recurrences compared with the current standard management of RUTIs. Total incidence rates and hazard rates were instead non-significantly different between the 2 groups after adjusting for unbalanced factors. In contrast to what happens with antibiotic prophylaxis, the effectiveness of the HA+CS reinstatement therapy improves over time. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02016118.

Accuracy capabilities comparisons between Karakiewicz, Kattan and Cindolo nomograms in predicting outcomes for renal cancer carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Several prognostic models have been proposed to predict outcomes of patients affected by renal cell carcinoma. We analyze the discriminative capabilities of Karakiewicz, Kattan and Cindolo nomograms and perform a meta-analysis to yield pooled area under the receiver operator curves (AUCs) for model comparison. The end points of interest were disease-recurrence free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). METHODS: An electronic search of the Medline and Embase was undertaken until July 2014. The AUC value, total number of patients, number of disease recurrence, and cancer-related deaths were extracted from the included references. AUCs of the models were converted to odds ratios (ORs). For the meta-analysis, ln(OR) was used for data pooling. For each nomogram, the combined OR was transformed back to a converted AUC (cAUC). RESULTS: A total of 16 studies were identified including 26 710 patients. The derived comparison of cAUC values revealed better predictive capability of DFS for the postoperative Karakiewicz nomogram versus Kattan nomogram (p < 0.01), but not versus Cindolo (p = 0.432) and between Cindolo versus Kattan (p = 0.03). The Mantel-Haenszel derived comparison of cAUC values revealed better predictive capability for the preoperative Karakiewicz nomogram versus the Kattan nomogram (p < 0.01) and versus the Cindolo model (p < 0.01), but also between the postoperative Karakiewicz model versus the Kattan model (p < 0.01) and the Cindolo model (p < 0.01). The Kattan model showed better discriminative capability versus the Cindolo model (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The predictive abilities of the pre- and postoperative Karakiewicz models are higher than Kattan or Cindolo in predicting DFS and CSS.

Association Between the Neurogenic Bladder Symptom Score and Urodynamic Examination in Multiple Sclerosis Patients With Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between the neurogenic bladder symptoms score (NBSS) and urodynamic examination in patients affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) and related lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). METHODS: We recruited 122 consecutive patients with MS in remission and LUTD from January 2011 to September 2013 who underwent their first urodynamic examination. Neurological impairment was assessed using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and bladder symptoms were studied with the NBSS. RESULTS: Median NBSS was 20.0 (interquartile range, 12.75-31.0). Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) was discovered in 69 patients (56.6%). The concordance between patients with NDO and maximum detrusor pressure during involuntary detrusor contraction (PdetmaxIDC)≥20.0 cm H2O was 0.89 (κ-Cohen; P<0.05). Patients with EDSS scores of ≥4.5 had a greater NBSS (25.41 vs. 20.19, P<0.05), NBSS-incontinence (8.73 vs. 4.71, P<0.05), NBSS-consequence (4.51 vs. 3.13, P<0.05) and NBSS-quality of life (2.14 vs. 1.65, P<0.05). The NBSS was not associated with PdetmaxIDC≥20 cm H2O (P=0.77) but with maximum cystometric capacity<212 mL (odds ratio, 0.95; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The NBSS cannot give adequate information the way urodynamic studies can, in patients with MS and LUTD.

Correlation between lipid profile and heme oxygenase system in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of heme oxygenase (HO) system in moderate to severe benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptom patients and the influence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components on HO-1 or HO-2 prostatic levels. METHODS: One hundred thirty-two consecutive patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate were prospectively enrolled. MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation. Patients were divided in 2 groups: group A (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C]≥40 mg/dL and triglycerides<150 mg/dL) and group B (HDL-C<40 mg/dL and triglycerides≥150 mg/dL). Surgical specimens were collected for HO level determination. HO-1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and HO-1 levels by Western blotting. RESULTS: Patients with MetS showed lower levels of HO-1 (5.29 vs 6.28 ng/mL; P=.04), HO-2 (1.01 vs 1.83 ng/mL; P=.04), phosphorylated activated protein kinase (pAMPK; 0.62 vs 1.11 AUI; P<.01), and HO-activity (61.43 vs 70.22 AUI; P<.01) with respect to normal. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that HO-1, HO-2, and HO activity were negatively associated with waist circumference (P<.05), body mass index (P<.05), triglycerides (P<.05) and positively with HDL-C (P<.05). Group B showed lower levels of HO-1 (4.7 vs 6.6 ng/mL; P<.05), HO-2 (1.4 vs 0.4 ng/mL; P=.03), HO-activity (69.63 vs 58.42 AUI; P=.04), and higher International Prostate Symptoms Score (21.4 vs 25.0; P<.05) with respect to group A. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that HO-1 and HO activity levels were significantly lower in group B compared with group A. Reduced HDL-C and elevated triglyceride levels decreased HO-1 expression in the prostate tissue. Western blot analysis of tissue samples showed significant differences in basal protein expression levels of HO-2 and pAMPK in group B compared with group A. CONCLUSION: Alteration of serum triglycerides and HDL-C significantly impairs HO-1 and HO-2 levels in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.

Metabolic syndrome and prostatic disease: potentially role of polyphenols in preventive strategies. A review

ABSTRACT Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are two common urological diseases of the elderly. Scientific community has always looked for a link that could explain the correlation between the two diseases and the role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPH and PCa. As shown by the reports of the two diseases relationship with oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome, the use of compounds with antioxidant action could therefore affect both the symptoms and their onset. Polyphenols appear to act not only against oxidative stress but also at different levels. The aim of this review is to evaluate the role of the most important polyphenols on these two urological diseases. As antioxidants these compounds seems to have a direct action on the cell cycle and hormone function, important for both prostate cancer and BPH. Despite a large number of articles about the relationship of the polyphenols with prostate cancer, very little evidence exists for BPH. Additional clinical trials or meta-analysis are necessary on this topic.

Activation of adenosine A2A receptors by polydeoxyribonucleotide increases vascular endothelial growth factor and protects against testicular damage induced by experimental varicocele in rats.

In rat experimental varicocele, polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, thereby enhancing testicular function. This may point to a new therapeutic approach in human varicocele.