Antibacterial Envelope to Prevent Cardiac Implantable Device Infection.

BACKGROUND: Infections after placement of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. There is limited evidence on prophylactic strategies, other than the use of preoperative antibiotics, to prevent such infections. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of an absorbable, antibiotic-eluting envelope in reducing the incidence of infection associated with CIED implantations. Patients who were undergoing a CIED pocket revision, generator replacement, or system upgrade or an initial implantation of a cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive the envelope or not. Standard-of-care strategies to prevent infection were used in all patients. The primary end point was infection resulting in system extraction or revision, long-term antibiotic therapy with infection recurrence, or death, within 12 months after the CIED implantation procedure. The secondary end point for safety was procedure-related or system-related complications within 12 months. RESULTS: A total of 6983 patients underwent randomization: 3495 to the envelope group and 3488 to the control group. The primary end point occurred in 25 patients in the envelope group and 42 patients in the control group (12-month Kaplan-Meier estimated event rate, 0.7% and 1.2%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.36 to 0.98; P = 0.04). The safety end point occurred in 201 patients in the envelope group and 236 patients in the control group (12-month Kaplan-Meier estimated event rate, 6.0% and 6.9%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.06; P<0.001 for noninferiority). The mean (±SD) duration of follow-up was 20.7±8.5 months. Major CIED-related infections through the entire follow-up period occurred in 32 patients in the envelope group and 51 patients in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive use of an antibacterial envelope resulted in a significantly lower incidence of major CIED infections than standard-of-care infection-prevention strategies alone, without a higher incidence of complications. (Funded by Medtronic; WRAP-IT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02277990.).

Cost-Effectiveness of an Antibacterial Envelope for Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection Prevention in the US Healthcare System From the WRAP-IT Trial.

BACKGROUND: In the WRAP-IT trial (Worldwide Randomized Antibiotic Envelope Infection Prevention), adjunctive use of an absorbable antibacterial envelope resulted in a 40% reduction of major cardiac implantable electronic device infection without increased risk of complication in 6983 patients undergoing cardiac implantable electronic device revision, replacement, upgrade, or initial cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator implant. There is limited information on the cost-effectiveness of this strategy. As a prespecified objective, we evaluated antibacterial envelope cost-effectiveness compared with standard-of-care infection prevention strategies in the US healthcare system. METHODS: A decision tree model was used to compare costs and outcomes of antibacterial envelope (TYRX) use adjunctive to standard-of-care infection prevention versus standard-of-care alone over a lifelong time horizon. The analysis was performed from an integrated payer-provider network perspective. Infection rates, antibacterial envelope effectiveness, infection treatment costs and patterns, infection-related mortality, and utility estimates were obtained from the WRAP-IT trial. Life expectancy and long-term costs associated with device replacement, follow-up, and healthcare utilization were sourced from the literature. Costs and quality-adjusted life years were discounted at 3%. An upper willingness-to-pay threshold of $150 000 per quality-adjusted life year was used to determine cost-effectiveness, in alignment with the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association practice guidelines and as supported by the World Health Organization and contemporary literature. RESULTS: The base case incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the antibacterial envelope compared with standard-of-care was $112 603/quality-adjusted life year. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio remained lower than the willingness-to-pay threshold in 74% of iterations in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis and was most sensitive to the following model inputs: infection-related mortality, life expectancy, and infection cost. CONCLUSIONS: The absorbable antibacterial envelope was associated with a cost-effectiveness ratio below contemporary benchmarks in the WRAP-IT patient population, suggesting that the envelope provides value for the US healthcare system by reducing the incidence of cardiac implantable electronic device infection. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02277990.

[Renal cirsoid aneurysm (congenital arteriovenous fistula): a rare cause of severe hematuria]. / Aneurisma cirsoide renal: una rara causa de hematuria severa.

OBJECTIVE: Congenital arteriovenous fistulas are an exceptional clinical feature. Although they are frequently asymptomatic, their presentation as severe hematuria pose an excellent diagnostic exercise and often immediate therapeutic action. METHODS/RESULTS: We report the case of a 75-year-old female patient presenting with severe hematuria producing anaemia, high blood pressure and congestive heart failure. Image tests revealed right ureteral-hydronephrosis with bladder blockage by blood clots. The endoscopic study (cystoscopy and ureterorenoscopy) alerted about the origin of the hematuria from the right kidney, finally requiring nephrectomy as definitive treatment. Pathology revealed the presence of a round formation with multiple vascular channels, arterial and venous, in the pyelocalicial submucosa, with focal epithelial erosion, compatible with congenital arteriovenous fistula. We review the diagnostic and therapeutic features in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Renal congenital arteriovenous fistulas represent a diagnostic dilemma. They may present asymptomatic or condition clinical features derived from the shunt and high cardiac output (hypertensive cardiopathy and congestive heart failure) or from the erosion and acute hemorrhage into the urinary tract (severe renal hematuria). Treatment should be conservative with embolization or supraselective sclerosis. Nevertheless, in cases of big fistulas, post embolization revascularization, or hemodynamic instability nephrectomy is an excellent option.

[Concurrent tumors in a patient with giant hydronephrosis]. / Colisión tumoral en hidronefrosis gigante.

OBJECTIVES: Giant hydronephrosis, defined as the presence of a liquid volume over 1000 ml within the urinary collector system, is a rare clinical entity, the diagnosis of which is an excellent exercise because it lacks of a defined clinical presentation. METHODS/RESULTS: We report the case of a 66-year-old male under study for a suspicious digestive tumor due to a long lasting clinical picture with severe cachexia, asthenia, anemia, constipation, and abdominal mass. Radiological tests showed a great right hydronephrosis secondary to a culculus in the ureteral-pelvic junction. Simple nephrectomy was performed, evacuating 7800 ml of serous-hematic liquid from the pyelocalicial system. A histological diagnosis revealed the presence of multiple foci of transitional cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma associated. We review the diagnostic and therapeutic features in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Giant hydronephrosis represents a diagnostic dilemma. It may present as an asymptomatic process, with clinical features of abdominal organs compression (bowel or urinary obstruction) or simulate abdominal tumors, massive ascites, or cystic retroperitoneal lesions. Simple nephrectomy is the treatment of choice in most cases, due to the advanced deterioration of the renal unit. Nevertheless, in some cases, in compromised patients, percutaneous drainage may be necessary as previous or definitive treatment to avoid changes in the hemodynamic balance secondary to the sudden abdominal decompression.

[Penile incarceration by multiple metal rings]. / Incarceración peneana por múltiples anillos metálicos.

OBJECTIVE: Penile incarceration is an infrequent clinical reality. Diagnosis is evident in most cases, and the challenges are to find the best way to retrieve the constrictive ring and repair the damage. Nevertheless, this event being curious has motivated us to report it. METHODS AND RESULTS: We report the case of a 48 year old patient victim of a "joke" resulting in a 13 day penile incarceration produced by 7 double metallic rings, 24 mm in internal diameter and 4 mm wide, which required section and extraction of the rings as well as wide tissue debridement and posterior plastic reconstruction using partial thickness cutaneous grafts. We review diagnostic an therapeutic features from the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Penile incarceration should be considered an emergency, so that the earlier the constrictive object is retrieved the lower the risk for complications secondary to penile devascularization, urinary retention and urethral damage. We emphasise the need to perform retrograde urethrography and suprapubic cystostomy if urethral lesion is suspected, a cutaneous vascular evaluation with doppler ultrasound or fluorescein test and the opportunity of cutaneous grafts to solve tissue lesion.

Aneurisma cirsoide renal: una rara causa de hematuria severa / Renal cirsoid aneurysm (congenital arteriovenous fistula): a rare cause of severe hematuria

Objetivo: Las fístulas arteriovenosas congénitas renales (aneurisma cirsoide) son una realidad clínica excepcional. Aunque con frecuencia son asintomáticas, su presentación como hematuria grave suscita un excelente ejercicio diagnóstico, y a menudo una actuación terapéutica inmediata. Métodos y resultados: Presentamos una paciente de 75 años de edad con un cuadro de hematuria severa anemizante, hipertensión arterial e insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva. EL diagnóstico de imagen revelo una ureterohidronefrosis renal derecha con bloqueo vesical por coágulos. El estudio endoscópico (cistoscopia y ureterorenoscopia) alertó sobre el origen renal derecho de la hemorragia, precisando finalmente una nefrectomía resolutiva. El diagnóstico histológico objetivó la presencia de una formación redondeada de múltiples canales vasculares arteriales y venosos en la submucosa pielocalicial con erosión focal epitelial, compatible con fístula arteriovenosa congénita renal (aneurisma cirsoide). Revisamos aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos en la literatura. Conclusiones: Las fístulas arteriovenosas congénitas renales representan un dilema diagnóstico. Pueden presentarse de forma asintomática o bien condicionar clínica derivada del shunt y alto gasto cardiaco (cardiopatía hipertensiva e insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva) o por erosión e infiltración hemorrágica aguda de la vía urinaria (hematuria renal severa). El tratamiento debe ser conservador mediante la embolización o esclerosis supraselectiva. No obstante, ante fístulas voluminosas, repermeabilización postembolización o en situaciones de inestabilidad hemodinámica, la nefrectomía es una excelente alternativa (AU)

Objective: Congenital arteriovenous fistulas are an exceptional clinical feature. Although they are frequently asymptomatic, their presentation as severe hematuria pose an excellent diagnostic exercise and often immediate therapeutic action. Methods/Results: We report the case of a 75-year-old female patient presenting with severe hematuria producing anaemia, high blood pressure and congestive heart failure. Image tests revealed right ureteral-hydronephrosis with bladder blockage by blood clots. The endoscopic study (cystoscopy and ureterorenoscopy) alerted about the origin of the hematuria from the right kidney, finally requiring nephrectomy as definitive treatment. Pathology revealed the presence of a round formation with multiple vascular channels, arterial and venous, in the pyelocalicial submucosa, with focal epithelial erosion, compatible with congenital arteriovenous fistula. We review the diagnostic and therapeutic features in the literature. Conclusions: Renal congenital arteriovenous fistulas represent a diagnostic dilemma. They may present asymptomatic or condition clinical features derived from the shunt and high cardiac output (hypertensive cardiopathy and congestive heart failure) or from the erosion and acute hemorrhage into the urinary tract (severe renal hematuria). Treatment should be conservative with embolization or supraselective sclerosis. Nevertheless, in cases of big fistulas, post embolization revascularization, or hemodynamic instability nephrectomy is an excellent option (AU)

Colisión tumoral en hidronefrosis gigante / Concurrent tumors in a patient with giant hydronephrosis

OBJETIVO: La hidronefrosis gigante, definida por la presencia de un volumen de líquido superior a los 1000 mililitros en el interior del sistema colector urinario, es una realidad clínica infrecuente cuyo diagnóstico resultaun excelente ejercicio al carecer de una personalidad clínica definida.MÉTODO Y RESULTADOS: Presentamos un paciente de 66 años de edad, en estudio por sospecha de tumoración digestivaal presentar un cuadro de larga evolución, caracteCorrespondenciaJ.G. Pereira AriasServicio de Urología. Hospital San Eloy.Avenida Antonio Miranda,5Baracaldo 48902. Vizcaya. (España)urología.saneloy@hsel.osakidetza.netTrabajo recibido: 5 de mayo 2005rizado por caquexia severa, astenia, anemia, estreñimientoy masa abdominal. Las pruebas de imagen constataron una gran hidronefrosis derecha secundaria a una litiasis en la unión pieloureteral. Se practicó nefrectomía simple, evacuando7.800 ml de contenido serohemático del interior del sistema pielocalicial. El diagnóstico histológico reveló la presencia de múltiples focos de carcinoma transicional y carcinoma de células claras asociado. Revisamos aspectosdiagnósticos y terapéuticos en la literatura.CONCLUSIONES: La hidronefrosis gigante representa un dilema diagnóstico pudiendo presentarse de forma asintomática,condicionar clínica derivada de la compresión de estructuras abdominales (obstrucción intestinal o urinaria), o bien simular tumores abdominales, ascitis masiva o lesionesquísticas retroperitoneales. El tratamiento de elección, en la mayoría de ocasiones, es la nefrectomía simple debidoal avanzado deterioro de la unidad renal implicada. No obstante, en ocasiones y en pacientes comprometidos es necesario el drenaje percutáneo previo o aislado para evitar cambios en el equilibrio hemodinámico secundarios a la súbita descompresión abdominal

OBJECTIVES: Giant hydronephrosis, defined as the presence of a liquid volume over 1000 ml within the urinary collector system, is a rare clinical entity, the diagnosis of which is an excellent exercise because it lacks of a defined clinical presentation.METHODS/RESULTS: We report the case of a 66-year-old male under study for a suspicious digestive tumor due to a long lasting clinical picture with severe cachexia, asthenia, anemia , constipation, and abdominal mass. Radiological tests showed a great right hydronephrosis secondary to a culculus in the ureteral-pelvic junction. Simple nephrectomy was performed, evacuating 7800 ml of serous-hematicliquid from the pyelocalicial system. A histological diagnosis revealed the presence of multiple foci of transitional cellcarcinoma and renal cell carcinoma associated. We review the diagnostic and therapeutic features in the literature.CONCLUSIONS: Giant hydronephrosis represents adiagnostic dilemma. It may present as an asymptomatic process, with clinical features of abdominal organscompression (bowel or urinary obstruction) or simulateabdominal tumors, massive ascites, or cystic retroperitoneal lesions. Simple nephrectomy is the treatment of choice in most cases, due to the advanced deterioration of the renal unit. Nevertheless, in some cases, in compromised patients, percutaneous drainage may be necessary as previous or definitive treatment to avoid changes in the hemodynamicbalance secondary to the sudden abdominal decompression

Incarceración peneana por múltiples anillos metálicos / Penile incarceration secondary to multiple metalic rings

Objetivo: La incarceración peneana es una realidad clínica infrecuente cuyo diagnóstico resulta evidente en la mayoría de las ocasiones, y el reto subyace en la búsqueda del procedimiento ideal para la retirada del objeto constrictor y la posterior reparación del daño ocasionado. No obstante, la curiosi dad del acontecimiento motiva su comunicación.Método y Resultados: Presentamos un paciente de 48 años de edad objeto de una "broma" resultante en incarceración peneana de 13 días de evolución producida por 7 anillos metálicos dobles de 24 mm de diámetro interno con espesor de 4 mm, que precisó sección y extracción de los mismos con amplio desbridamiento tisular y posterior reconstrucción mediante injertos cutáneos de espesor parcial. Revisamos aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos en la literatura.Conclusiones: La incarceración peneana debe ser considerada una urgencia, de modo que cuanto más precoz sea retirado el objeto constrictor menor será el riesgo de complicaciones derivadas de la desvascularización peneana, retención urinaria y lesión uretral.Destacamos la necesidad de la realización de uretrografía retrógrada y cistostomía suprapúbica ante sospecha de lesión uretral, una evaluación vascular cutánea mediante Eco-doppler o test de fluoresceína y la oportunidad de los injertos cutáneos para solventar los fenómenos de lesión tisular (AU)