Children’s adverse experiences and psychotic chronification.

Research evidence points to a critical period of about five years after the first psychotic episode, being its resolution of utmost importance for the chronicity of the disorder. In addition, several studies suggest the high correlation between adult psychosis and childhood adversity, and a dose-response relationship in severity level.

New perspectives in the hormonal treatment of gender dysphoria in adolescence.

Hormonal treatments have been used in adolescents with gender dysphoria in the last decade. The professionals working in gender dysphoria treatment units cannot ignore this new demand. The evolution of care for such adolescents according to the last three versions of the Standards of Care (SC) of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health is described. Starting with the fifth version of the SC, hormonal treatment of adolescents has been contemplated. Recent protocols for hormonal intervention carried out by specialized clinics are analyzed. Finally, the pros and cons of hormonal treatment are debated. These hormonal interventions have major impact on the physical, social, and psychosexual development of patients and have ethical and moral implications for professionals.

[Sociodemographic comparative between the periods 2007-2009 and 2015-2019 of the Gender Identity Treatment Unit of Asturias]. / Estudio sociodemográfico comparativo de los períodos 2007-2009 y 2015-2019 de la Unidad de Tratamiento de Identidad de Género del Principado de Asturias.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The high demand of assistance made by trans people in recent years has directed the focus of research towards the study of their clinical and sociodemographic aspects. The objective of this work was to compare and analyze some sociodemographic variables in trans people in two periods: the period when the unit began to operate and the most recent period. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A sample of 131 users who attended the Gender Identity Treatment Unit of the Principality of Asturias (UTIGPA) between 2015-2019 was compared with a sample of 33 who attended between 2007-2009. Data were extracted from medical records. RESULTS: Regarding 2007-2009, in 2015-2019 the ratio is inverted in favor of Trans Men (TM). Users of both genders request consultation at an earlier age (specially TM), come less from abroad, achieve higher educational and work qualifications, are less unemployed and request more name changes. And, although Trans Women (TW) continue to be those who are mostly engaged in prostitution and self-administration of hormones, in the most recent period they report it less and, furthermore, they live more accompanied tan in the past. CONCLUSIONS: Changes are observed in the sociodemographic variables of UTIGPA users between 2007-2009 and 2015-2019, in the direction of a greater inclusion. However, the sociodemographic conditions of the TW are still at a disadvantage in comparison to those of the TM.

Psychological Inflexibility in People with Chronic Psychosis: The Mediating Role of Self-Stigma and Social Functioning.

Psychosis is associated with self-stigmatization and loss of social functioning that increase the severity of the disorder. Psychological inflexibility (PI)-an individual's tendency to suppress undesirable private events-plays a fundamental role in the emergence and worst prognosis of psychosis. The main objective of this study was to analyze whether self-stigma and social functioning mediate the association of PI with the severity of psychosis in adults with chronic schizophrenia. The study was carried out with a sample of 103 outpatients. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, and the Social Functioning Scale were used for clinical assessments. Data analyses were performed by using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results showed that the link between PI and the severity of psychosis is not direct, but is better explained by mediation of the self-stigma and social functioning of those assessed. PI also predicts worse social functioning without the need to take self-stigma into account. Moreover, self-stigma alone does not predict the severity of psychotic symptoms; this relationship has to be mediated by social functioning. These findings suggest that interventions designed to increase psychological flexibility, such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), may offer an alternative to attenuate the negative impact of self-stigma and to improve the social functioning.

[Influence of the sex and gender in the sexual behavior of adolescents]. / Influencia del sexo y del género en el comportamiento sexual de una población adolescente.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between gender and sex with the sexual behavior of adolescents. The sample comprised 815 teenagers (M=15.65, Sd.=1.42). The assessment instruments were the BEM Sex Role Inventory, the Sexual Opinion Survey, the Questionnaire of Risk Perception of Bayés and a questionnaire designed for the study. The results revealed that the majority of adolescents do not match the traditional gender stereotypes, defining themselves as adrogynes (34.4%). The teenagers who are defined as adrogynes or masculine carry out more sexual behaviors, and who display more erotophilia. The need to include the variable "gender" as a category of analysis in research on sexual behavior is indicated.

Dual Diagnosis in Prisoners: Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse as Predictors in Men and Women.

The study aims to determine the rate of dual diagnosis (DD), examine the most common mental disorders, and determine whether a history of childhood sexual/physical abuse (CSA/CPA) is associated with this phenomenon. One-hundred and eighty inmates from a Spanish prison were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Addiction Severity Index-6. The data showed that 46.8% of the males and 65.1% of the females had a substance use disorder. With regard to CPA, similar percentages were found in both genders. Nevertheless, rates of CSA were highest in females. Logistic regression analysis was performed by gender. CPA was predictor of DD for males, and CSA was predictor of DD for females, showing the greatest weight. In addition, in both cases, the number of drugs of abuse was an adequate predictor. We can state that these forms of maltreatment are risk factors for the development of a broad range of psychopathological problems.

Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in persons with gender dysphoria.

BACKGROUND: The little research there is about suicidal behaviour in those with gender dysphoria indicates that they are at a much higher risk of death by suicide and suicidal behaviour than the general population. The objective of this research is to analyse the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts reported by people who attended consultations at the Gender Identity Treatment Unit between 2007 and 2017 presenting complaints related to gender dysphoria. METHOD: An ex-post facto study with a sample of 151 people who were clients at the unit, 97 in the male to female trans group, 54 female to male. Clinical evaluations were carried out assessing variables of suicidal ideation and attempts, along with a possible psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS: Almost half (48.3%) reported suicidal ideation, 23.8% had attempted suicide. CONCLUSIONS: There are higher levels of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in people with gender dysphoria than in the general population. No differences were seen between groups in terms of gender/sex. Psychiatric morbidity was not an influential variable for suicidal behaviour. This suggests that suicidal ideation is one of the best indicators of the risk of suicidal behaviours.

Sex, gender roles and sexual attitudes in university students.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies usually refer to a greater repertoire of sexual behav-iors and a higher level of erotophilia in men than in women. The main goal of this work is to relate sex, gender roles and sexual attitudes to sexual behavior. METHOD: 411 un-dergraduate students (218 women and 193 men) at theof University of Oviedo (Spain) completed the following instruments: the Bem Sex Roles Inventory to operationalize the variable gender, the Sexual Inventory which reflects sexual behaviors, and the Sexual Opinion Survey about sexual attitudes. RESULTS: 27% of the sample was typified as an-drogynous. There are were no differences in attitudes, either by sex (p= .50) or by gen-der (p= .77). Sexual behaviors depended on the degree of erotophilia (p= .000). CONCLUSIONS: the results suggest that, although regarding sex, the fact that women’s erotophilic attitudes have increased their erotophilic attitudes, although they refer to more conventional sexual behaviors than mens’s attitudes. With regard to gender, a tendency towards androgyny is observed, androgynous women and men report positive attitudes towards sexuality. Gender could act as a mediator of sexual behavior through the attitudinal component.

Experiencias adversas infantiles ycronificación psicótica / Children’s adverse experiences and psychotic chronification

Introducción. La evidencia apunta a un período crítico dealrededor de cinco años tras el primer episodio psicótico decuya resolución depende la cronicidad del trastorno. Además,diversos estudios apuntan la elevada correlación entre psicosis adulta y adversidad infantil, y una relación dosis-respuesta en nivel de gravedad.El objetivo de la presente investigación es determinarla relación dosis-respuesta entre la psicosis adulta y la adversidad infantil y ponerla en relación con la resolución delperíodo crítico.Método. La muestra se obtuvo entre 45 pacientes a tratamiento en el Hospital Universitario San Agustín que habíanexperimentado algún episodio psicótico. Se aplicaron cuestionarios para el análisis de la psicopatología, la adversidadinfantil y otras variables sociodemográficas y clínicas.Resultados. Los resultados confirman la relación entrefrecuencia de adversidad infantil y cronificación psicótica.Conclusiones. Nuestra investigación pone de manifiestola importancia de la adversidad infantil en el futuro cursode una psicosis y destaca la importancia de recoger estos aspectos en la anamnesis. (AU)

Introduction. Research evidence points to a critical period of about five years after the first psychotic episode, beingits resolution of utmost importance for the chronicity of thedisorder. In addition, several studies suggest the high correlation between adult psychosis and childhood adversity, anda dose-response relationship in severity level.This research aims to determine the dose-response relationship between adult psychosis and put it in relation to theresolution of the critical period.Method. The sample was obtained among 45 patientsundergoing treatment at the San Agustín University Hospital who experienced some psychotic episode. Questionnaireswere applied for the analysis of psychopathology, childhoodadversity and other sociodemographic and clinical variables.Results. The results confirm the relationship between thefrequency of childhood adversity and psychotic chronification.Conclusions. Our research highlights the importance ofchildhood adversity in the future course of a psychosis andhighlights the importance of anamnesis focusing this regard. (AU)

Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in persons with gender dysphoria / Ideación e intención suicida en personas con disforia de género

BACKGROUND: The little research there is about suicidal behaviour in those with gender dysphoria indicates that they are at a much higher risk of death by suicide and suicidal behaviour than the general population. The objective of this research is to analyse the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts reported by people who attended consultations at the Gender Identity Treatment Unit between 2007 and 2017 presenting complaints related to gender dysphoria. METHOD: An ex-post facto study with a sample of 151 people who were clients at the unit, 97 in the male to female trans group, 54 female to male. Clinical evaluations were carried out assessing variables of suicidal ideation and attempts, along with a possible psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS: Almost half (48.3%) reported suicidal ideation, 23.8% had attempted suicide. CONCLUSIONS: There are higher levels of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in people with gender dysphoria than in the general population. No differences were seen between groups in terms of gender/sex. Psychiatric morbidity was not an influential variable for suicidal behaviour. This suggests that suicidal ideation is one of the best indicators of the risk of suicidal behaviours

ANTECEDENTES: las escasas investigaciones sobre la conducta suicida de personas con disforia de género han señalado que estas tienen un riesgo de mortalidad y comportamiento suicida muy superior a la población general. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar la prevalencia de la ideación suicida y de los intentos de suicidio autoinformado de las personas que han realizado consulta entre 2007-2017, en una Unidad de Tratamiento de Identidad de Género por presentar quejas relacionadas con disforia de género. MÉTODO: estudio ex post facto con una muestra de 151 personas que realizaron demanda en esta unidad, 97 del grupo de hombre a mujer (64,2%) y 54 de mujer a hombre (35,8%). Se les realizó una evaluación clínica contemplando variables sobre ideación e intentos de suicidio, así como un posible diagnóstico psiquiátrico. RESULTADOS: el porcentaje de estas personas con ideación autolítica asciende al 48,3% y un 23,8% ha intentado suicidarse. CONCLUSIONES: hay más tasas de ideación y tentativa de suicidio en las personas con disforia de género que en población general. No se observan diferencias significativas en razón de la variable sexo/ género. La morbilidad psiquiátrica no resultó ser una variable influyente en la conducta suicida

Sex, gender roles and sexual attitudes in university students / Sexo, roles de género y actitudes sexuales en estudiantes universitarios

BACKGROUND: Previous studies usually refer to a greater repertoire of sexual behaviors and a higher level of erotophilia in men than in women. The main goal of this work is to relate sex, gender roles and sexual attitudes to sexual behavior. METHOD: 411 un-dergraduate students (218 women and 193 men) at theof University of Oviedo (Spain) completed the following instruments: the Bem Sex Roles Inventory to operationalize the variable gender, the Sexual Inventory which reflects sexual behaviors, and the Sexual Opinion Survey about sexual attitudes. RESULTS: 27% of the sample was typified as an-drogynous. There are were no differences in attitudes, either by sex (p = .50) or by gen-der (p = .77). Sexual behaviors depended on the degree of erotophilia (p = .000). CONCLUSIONS: the results suggest that, although regarding sex, the fact that women's erotophilic attitudes have increased their erotophilic attitudes, although they refer to more conventional sexual behaviors than mens's attitudes. With regard to gender, a tendency towards androgyny is observed, androgynous women and men report positive attitudes towards sexuality. Gender could act as a mediator of sexual behavior through the attitudinal component

ANTECEDENTES: la literatura especializada refleja un mayor repertorio de conductas sexuales y un mayor nivel de erotofilia en hombres que en mujeres. El objetivo central de este trabajo es analizar las relaciones entre el sexo de las personas, los roles de género y las actitudes sexuales hacia el comportamiento sexual. MÉTODO: 411 estudiantes universitarios (218 mujeres, 193 hombres) cumplimentaron los instrumentos: Inventario de Roles Sexuales de Bem, Inventario sobre conductas sexuales y Sexual Opinion Survey sobre actitudes sexuales. RESULTADOS: un 27% de la muestra se tipificó como andrógina. No se encontraron diferencias en las actitudes, ni por sexo (p = .50) ni por género (p = .77). Los comportamientos sexuales dependían del grado de erotofilia (p = .000). CONCLUSIONES: los resultados sugieren que, respecto del sexo, aunque las mujeres han incrementado sus actitudes erotofílicas, si bien refieren un comportamiento sexual más convencional que los varones. Respecto al género, se observa una tendencia hacia la androginia, las mujeres y hombres andróginos refieren actitudes más positivas hacia la sexualidad. Se concluye que el género podría actuar como un mediador del comportamiento sexual a través del componente actitudinal

[Clinical variables in gender identity disorders]. / Variables clínicas en el trastorno de identidad de género.

The purpose of this research is to analyze some clinical variables in a sample of 19 female transsexuals (FT) (male to female) and 14 male transsexuals (MT) (female to male) who have made a claim for gender dysphoria to the public health service. Subject selection was done after they were diagnosed of transsexualism according to diagnostic criteria of the ICD-10 and the DSM-IV-TR, and complies with standards of care of The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. The results show that FT take more hormones and for more years and undergo a greater number of surgeries (feminizing), especially on the face, but also on the body. Most transsexuals are heterosexual. Whereas 10% of FTs are attracted to women, no MTs manifest a homosexual orientation and, lastly, a high percentage of the sample experiences real life in all the contexts of their lives, in similar proportions for FTs and MTs.

Estudio sociodemográfico comparativo de los períodos 2007-2009 y 2015-2019 de la Unidad de Tratamiento de Identidad de Género del Principado de Asturias / Sociodemographic comparative between the periods 2007-2009 and 2015-2019 of the Gender Identity Treatment Unit of Asturias

Antecedentes y objetivo: La elevada demanda asistencial sanitaria realizada por las personas trans en los últimos años ha dirigido el foco de la investigación hacia el estudio de sus aspectos clínicos y sociodemográficos. Este trabajo tuvo por objetivo comparar y analizar algunas variables sociodemográficas en personas trans en 2 períodos temporales: el período de inicio de funcionamiento de la unidad y el período más reciente. Materiales y método: Se comparó una muestra de 131 usuarios que asistió a la Unidad de Tratamiento de Identidad de Género del Principado de Asturias (UTIGPA) entre 2015-2019, con una muestra de 33 que acudió entre 2007-2009. Los datos se extrajeron de historias clínicas. Resultados: Respecto al período 2007-2009 entre 2015-2019 la ratio se invierte a favor de los hombres trans (HT). Los usuarios de ambos géneros solicitan consulta a edades más tempranas (especialmente los HT), provienen menos del extranjero, alcanzan una mayor cualificación educativa y laboral, presentan menos paro y solicitan más el cambio registral; y aunque las mujeres trans (MT) continúan siendo las que, mayoritariamente, se dedican a la prostitución y se autohormonan, en este período más reciente lo reportan menos y, además, conviven más acompañadas. Conclusiones: Se observan cambios en las variables sociodemográficas de los usuarios de la UTIGPA entre 2007-2009 y 2015-2019, en dirección a una mayor inclusión. No obstante, las condiciones sociodemográficas de las MT siguen en desventaja en comparación con las de los HT. (AU)

Background and objective: The high demand of assistance made by trans people in recent years has directed the focus of research towards the study of their clinical and sociodemographic aspects. The objective of this work was to compare and analyze some sociodemographic variables in trans people in two periods: the period when the unit began to operate and the most recent period. Materials and method: A sample of 131 users who attended the Gender Identity Treatment Unit of the Principality of Asturias (UTIGPA) between 2015-2019 was compared with a sample of 33 who attended between 2007-2009. Data were extracted from medical records. Results: Regarding 2007-2009, in 2015-2019 the ratio is inverted in favor of Trans Men (TM). Users of both genders request consultation at an earlier age (specially TM), come less from abroad, achieve higher educational and work qualifications, are less unemployed and request more name changes. And, although Trans Women (TW) continue to be those who are mostly engaged in prostitution and self-administration of hormones, in the most recent period they report it less and, furthermore, they live more accompanied tan in the past. Conclusions: Changes are observed in the sociodemographic variables of UTIGPA users between 2007-2009 and 2015-2019, in the direction of a greater inclusion. However, the sociodemographic conditions of the TW are still at a disadvantage in comparison to those of the TM. (AU)

La 7ª versión de los Estándares Asistenciales de la WPATH. Un enfoque diferente que supera el dimorfismo sexual y de género / The 7th version of Care Standars of WPATH. A different approach that goes beyond sexual dimorphism and gender

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizary reflexionar sobre los cambios introducidos en losEstándares Asistenciales (EA) de la 7ª versión dela Asociación Mundial de Profesionales para la saludTransgénero (World Profesional Association forTransgender Health, WPATH, 2011). Intenta despatologizarsustituyendo el diagnóstico "trastorno deidentidad de género" por "disforia de género" y seamplía la población objeto de atención y las opcionesde tratamiento. No es un prerrequisito realizar laexperiencia de la vida real y/o psicoterapia para eltratamiento hormonal, elimina la obligatoriedad deltratamiento hormonal para la cirugía de mamas y lacomorbilidad psiquiátrica no excluye necesariamenteel acceso a las terapias hormonal y quirúrgica. Unode los apartados más controvertidos es el dedicado aniños y adolescentes. Los nuevos estándares asistencialessuponen una superación del modelo dicotómicotradicional, estableciendo que el género sentido yexpresado no tiene porqué ir indisolublemente ligadoal sexo biológico (AU)

The aim of this presentation is toanalyse and reflect on the changes brought inthe Care Standards of the 7th version of WPATH(World Professional for Transgender Health).It attempts to depathologize replacing the Diagnostic "Gender Identity Disorders" by "GenderDysphoria" and extends the target population andtreatment options. It is not a prerequisite to carryout the real life experience and/or psychotherapyfor the hormonal treatment, the obligation to carryout the hormonal treatment for breast surgery isremoved and the psychiatric comorbidity does notneccesarily exclude the access to the hormonaland surgical therapy. One of the most controversialsections is the one dedicated to children andteenager treatment. The new standards involve anovercoming of the traditional dycotomic model,setting that gender, felt and expressed, does notneed to be inextricably linked to biological sex (AU)

Surgimiento, evolución y dificultades del diagnóstico de transexualismo / Emergence, evolution and difficulties of the transsexualism diagnosis

Se realiza un recorrido histórico a través de las distintas revisiones de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (C.I.E.) y del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (D.S.M.). Se pretende analizar la aparición del diagnóstico de transexualismo y su evolución hasta llegar a las clasificaciones actualmente en vigor (C.I.E.-10) y ( D.S.M.-IV-TR). Por último, se expondrán algunas de las dificultades encontradas en el proceso de diagnóstico(AU)

A historical path is made through the different reviews of the International Classification of Diseases (I.C.D.) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (D.S.M.). The aim is to analyze the emergence of the transsexualism diagnosis and its evolution into the classifications currently in force (I.C.D.-10) and ( D.S.M.-IV-TR). Finally, some of the difficulties found during the diagnostic process will be presented(AU)

Nuevas perspectivas en el tratamiento hormonal de la disforia de género en la adolescencia / New perspectives in the hormonal treatment of gender dysphoria in adolescence

En la última década se están aplicando tratamientos hormonales a adolescentes con disforia de género. Los profesionales de las unidades de tratamiento de la disforia de género no pueden hacer oídos sordos a esta nueva demanda. En este trabajo se expone cómo ha evolucionado la atención a estos adolescentes en las tres últimas versiones de los Estándares Asistenciales (EA) de la Asociación Mundial de Profesionales para la Salud Transgénero, en las que, a partir de la quinta versión de los EA, se empieza a contemplar que los adolescentes pueden ser subsidiarios de recibir tratamientos hormonales. También se analizan los recientes protocolos de intervención hormonal llevados a cabo por clínicas especializadas. Por último, se debate sobre los argumentos a favor y en contra de estos tratamientos hormonales. Estas intervenciones hormonales tienen importantes repercusiones en el desarrollo físico, social y psicosexual de los usuarios y conllevan implicaciones éticas y morales para los profesionales

Hormonal treatments have been used in adolescents with gender dysphoria in the last decade. The professionals working in gender dysphoria treatment units cannot ignore this new demand. The evolution of care for such adolescents according to the last three versions of the Standards of Care (SC) of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health is described. Starting with the fifth version of the SC, hormonal treatment of adolescents has been contemplated. Recent protocols for hormonal intervention carried out by specialized clinics are analyzed. Finally, the pros and cons of hormonal treatment are debated. These hormonal interventions have major impact on the physical, social, and psychosexual development of patients and have ethical and moral implications for professionals

Variables clínicas en el trastorno de identidad de género / Clinical variables in gender identity disorders

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar algunas variables clínicas de una muestra de 19 transexuales femeninas (TF) (de hombre a mujer) y 14 transexuales masculinos (TM) (de mujer a hombre) que han realizado una demanda por disforia de género en los servicios de salud pública. La selección de los sujetos se realizó tras ser diagnosticados de transexualismo según los criterios diagnósticos de la CIE-10 y del DSM-IV-TR y cumplir los estándares asistenciales de la Asociación Internacional de Disforia de Género Harry Benjamin. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que las TF, a diferencia de los TM, recurren más a la autohormonación, se hormonan más y durante más años; además, realizan más cirugías, sobre todo en la cara, aunque también en el cuerpo. La mayoría de las personas transexuales son heterosexuales (93,9%). Mientras que un 10,5% de las TF sienten atracción por mujeres, ningún TM manifiesta tener una orientación homosexual, y, por último, un alto porcentaje de la muestra realiza la experiencia de la vida real en todos los contextos en proporciones similares para las TF y los TM (AU)

The purpose of this research is to analyze some clinical variables in a sample of 19 female transsexuals (FT) (male to female) and 14 male transsexuals (MT) (female to male) who have made a claim for gender dysphoria to the public health service. Subject selection was done after they were diagnosed of transsexualism according to diagnostic criteria of the ICD-10 and the DSM-IV-TR, and complies with standards of care of The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. The results show that FT take more hormones and for more years and undergo a greater number of surgeries (feminizing), especially on the face, but also on the body. Most transsexuals are heterosexual. Whereas 10% of FTs are attracted to women, no MTs manifest a homosexual orientation and, lastly, a high percentage of the sample experiences real life in all the contexts of their lives, in similar proportions for FTs and MTs (AU)

Acerca del género y la salud / No disponible

El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre la necesidad de incorporar la perspectiva de género en las investigaciones sobre salud. El concepto de género no equivale a mujer, ni tampoco a hombre, sino a las relaciones de desigualdad entre los ámbitos masculinos y femeninos, en torno a la distribución de los recursos, las responsabilidades y el poder. En el estado de salud la equidad de género encauza el logro, por parte de hombres y mujeres, de niveles comparables de bienestar físico, psicológico y social. Así pues, la equidad de género en el ámbito de la salud debe entenderse como la eliminación de aquellas disparidades innecesarias, evitable se injustas entre mujeres y hombres. De manera ilustrativa se refieren algunos tópicos en salud y su diferente abordaje si se contempla la variable género (AU)

The aim of this work is to think about the need to mainstream gender in health research. The concept of gender is equivalent neither to woman or man, but to relationships of inequality between male and female spheres, about the distribution of resources, responsibilities and power. The equity of gender in the health status is the achievement, by men and women, of comparable levels of physical, psychological and social well-being. Thus, gender equality in the field of health must be understood as the elimination of those unnecessary, avoidable and unjust disparities between men and women. The approach to some health topics could be changed if the gender variable is contemplated (AU)

Influencia del sexo y del género en el comportamiento sexual de una población adolescente / Influence of the sex and gender in the sexual behavior of adolescents

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la relación existente entre el género y el sexo con el comportamiento sexual de los adolescentes. La muestra se compuso de 815 adolescentes (M= 15,65, DT= 1,42). Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados fueron el BEM Sex Role Inventory, el Sexual Opinion Survey, el cuestionario de percepción de riesgo de Bayés y un cuestionario diseñado para el estudio. Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que la mayoría de los jóvenes no se acomodan a los estereotipos de género tradicionales, definiéndose como andróginos (34,4%). Son los/as adolescentes que se definen como andróginos o masculinos los que más conductas sexuales realizan, y los que más erotofílicos se muestran. Se señala la necesidad de incluir la variable género como categoría de análisis en las investigaciones sobre conducta sexual (AU)

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between gender and sex with the sexual behavior of adolescents. The sample comprised 815 teenagers (M= 15.65, Sd.= 1.42). The assessment instruments were the BEM Sex Role Inventory, the Sexual Opinion Survey, the Questionnaire of Risk Perception of Bayés and a questionnaire designed for the study. The results revealed that the majority of adolescents do not match the traditional gender stereotypes, defining themselves as adrogynes (34.4%). The teenagers who are defined as adrogynes or masculine carry out more sexual behaviors, and who display more erotophília. The need to include the variable «gender» as a category of analysis in research on sexual behavior is indicated (AU)

Género y sexo como variables moduladoras del comportamiento sexual en jóvenes universitario / Gender and sex as moderator variables of the behaviour sexual fantasies in young university students

En este estudio se pretende indagar la posible relación de las variables sexo y género con el comportamiento sexual en personas universitarias. Para ello se aplicaron a 306 estudiantes universitario tres cuestionarios: el Inventario de Roles sexuales de Bem (BSRI, 1974). Para operativiza la variable género, y otros dos, elaborados a partir del Inventario Sexual utilizado por Hsu et al. (1994), sobre conductas y fantasías sexuales. Se analizaron las propiedades estructurales y psicométricas de los cuestionarios, obteniéndose óptimos resultados, en concordancia con los referidos en la literatura. Se confirma la relación existente entre el género (masculino, femenino, andrógino e indiferenciado), el sexo (hombre-mujer) y los comportamiento sexuales, si bien esta relación es inferior a la esperada. Se señalan algunas limitaciones del estudio y se plantean propuestas para la investigación futura

The aim of this work was study the influence of sex and gender variables in the sexual behaviour. Role sexual Inventory (BEM, 1974), sexual behaviour and sexual fantasies questionnaire (Hsu et al., 1994) was administered to 306 university study. Psychosometric and structural properties of scales was analysed. The results endorse psychosometric properties, as reliable and valid, was optimun, in agreement with the literature. After describing procedure and obtained results, the main conclusion is to confirm the relationship between gender (masculine, feminine, androgynous and undifferentiated), sex (male, female), and sexual behaviour, though this relation is lower to it expected. Some limitations and future research are suggested