Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1/-2 and nitric oxide in unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

The biological mechanisms associated with the development and rupture of intracranial aneurysms are not fully understood. To clarify the role of VEGF and the related receptors in the pathophysiology of aneurysm, immunostaining for VEGF, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 was performed on specimens from six unruptured aneurysms and on two specimens of normal arteries wall as a control. The results were correlated with NO concentration of CSF collected during surgery from 8 patients affected by unruptured aneurysms and in 11 control patients. The immunohistochemical data showed a different pattern of VEGF/VEGFR1/VEGFR2 in aneurysms when compared with control. The results of this preliminary study suggest an imbalance of VEGF, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, and the interaction of VEGF and NO in the pathophysiology of unruptured aneurysms. Our data support the hypothesis of aneurysm formation associated with a loss of expression of VEGFR1, moderate expression of VEGFR2 and high concentration of nitrate.

Trigonal cavernous angioma presenting with selective ventricular exclusion.

We present a case of a patient with an intraventricular cavernous angioma originating from the splenium of the corpus callosum presenting with intracranial hypertension syndrome. In our case the growth of the lesion from the corpus callosum toward the ventricular spaces determined the direct exclusion of the occipital and temporal horn of the left lateral ventricle.

Modulation of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and HLA-DR by cytokines and steroids on HUVECs and human brain endothelial cells.

The in vitro effects of dexamethasone (Dx) and low and high-dose 6-methylprednisolone (MP) on the expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1,VCAM-1 and class II antigen HLA-DR on human brain endothelial cells (HBECs) was studied. HBECs were obtained from the surgical specimen of a multiple sclerosis patient undergoing brain surgery for vascular aneurysm. HBECs obtained from apparently normal brain capillaries of surgical specimens of two patients undergoing brain surgery for a meningioma and a low-grade glioma, respectively, were used as controls. The effect of steroids was studied both in the basal condition and after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines (gamma-IFN and TNF-alpha). In order to detect possible endothelium local tissue specific differences, the experiment was repeated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Only high-dose MP was able to down-regulate TNF-alpha-induced VCAM-1 expression on endothelial cells.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage of unexplained cause.

During a 7-year period, we observed 58 patients with signs and symptoms of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in whom clinical and neuroradiological investigations failed to reveal a reasonable cause of the bleeding. Repeat panangiography was negative in the 2 patients with spasm. Rebleeding episodes soon after admission were rare, and the overall rebleeding rate was 3.4% (equivalent to an annual recurrence of 0.6%). In 1 case, a second extensive angiographic evaluation showed a small cerebral arteriovenous malformation, which was successfully treated surgically. On follow-up, 89% of the patients experienced a good outcome, with return to normal activities. This study confirms a good prognosis for patients with SAH of unknown cause. The necessity of performing a second angiographic study and the role of small infundibular dilations of the cerebral arteries are discussed.

Spinal meningiomas: review of 174 operated cases.

The long-term results obtained in a series of 174 patients operated on for spinal meningiomas are critically analyzed. This series was similar to those of other authors with regard to age, sex, location of the tumors, and clinical presentation. Before surgery, about 70% of the patients were included in Groups I and II (mild neurological impairment), and about 30% of the patients were classified in Groups III and IV (significant to severe neurological impairment, up to paraplegia). Complete tumor removal was achieved in 96.5% of the patients, and surgical mortality was about 1%. Microsurgical technique, which was adopted in the last 29 cases, proved to be very effective in reducing undue damage to the spinal cord and in minimizing the postoperative neurological deficits. Of the 174 patients who underwent surgery, 156 underwent late follow-up study for an average of 15 years (2 patients died in the immediate postoperative period, and 16 patients were lost to follow-up). Twenty-nine patients died of causes unrelated to the spinal meningioma; of the remaining 126 patients, 92% were categorized in Groups I and II, and only 8% in Groups III and IV. The rate of recurrence was 6% (9 patients) among the 150 patients who had complete tumor removal, and the rate of regrowth was 17% (1 patient with anaplastic meningioma) among the 6 patients treated by subtotal removal. The early diagnosis of the disease and the use of microsurgical technique appeared as the most relevant factors for further improvement of the surgical results.

Artificial lamina-assisted laminoplasty performed in seven cases.

OBJECT: The authors attempted to simplify the operative approach to severe multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Seven patients with progressive and severe myelopathy underwent modified double-door laminoplasty during a 5-month period. METHODS: The double-door laminoplasty procedure was modified by using two artificial titanium laminae obtained by simple surgical 0.5-mm Ti-mesh (rather than by bone graft or ceramic spacers). Preoperatively, gait disturbance was present in all patients with long-tract signs on neurological examination. In all cases the sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal canal was somewhat reduced (< 10 mm) by congenital stenosis, and further severe compression of the spinal cord resulted from osteophytic bars and calcified ligamenta flava at different levels. No abnormal alignment, pathological movements, or instability was present. Computerized tomography (CT) studies demonstrated severe multilevel cervical compression, and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated pathological areas of hyperintensity within the spinal cord in all cases. In the initial follow-up study (range 8-12 months), the patients who underwent this procedure experienced marked improvement of gait disturbance without any significant incidence of morbidity or complications. Postoperative CT and MR imaging studies demonstrated complete spinal cord decompression and restoration of the patency of the subarachnoid spaces. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed procedure has the advantage of achieving both an immediate stabilization of the open laminae by means of a bridgelike mechanism and protection from the possible compression of the dural sac by paravertebral muscles.

Extra-intracranial arterial bypass in typical carotid reversible ischaemic deficits: long-term follow-up in 100 patients.

The long-term follow-up of 100 consecutive patients who suffered from a reversible ischaemic attack (RIA) in the carotid territory and were submitted to extra-intracranial arterial bypass (EIAB) surgery in seven Italian Neurosurgical Centres is reported. The preoperative angiographic and clinical features, and the surgical complications are reported. The follow-up ranged from two to seven years with a mean of thirty-five months. In this period in the territory served by the bypass only two completed strokes and six RIAs occurred. Four patients died, only one for cerebral ischaemic problems. The results of the present series have been compared with those of the literature: they appeared consistent with other surgical series and clearly better than those of medical treated patients. The EIAB can then be considered a good therapeutic choice for the treatment of RIAs in carotid territory.

Long-term follow-up in 257 ICA occlusion: comparison between EIAB-treated and untreated patients.

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the real value of the Extra-Intracranial Arterial Bypass (EIAB) in preventing or reducing further and more catastrophic ischaemic events in patients suffering from an Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) occlusion. 257 patients, suffering from ICA occlusion, are considered retrospectively: 122 of them submitted to EIAB and 135 medically treated or untreated. In both groups, homogeneous by sex, age, neurological grading distribution and length of follow-up, the following parameters were considered: the incidence of ischaemic recurrences during the follow-up period; the characters of the recurrences with particular reference to the fatal stroke; the rate of ischaemic events per year. The comparison between the outcome in surgically treated patients and in "untreated" ones indicates that the EIAB can be effective in preventing or reducing the ischaemic recurrences and the frequency of fatal stroke in TIA-, RIND, or stroke-patients suffering from ICA occlusion.

High-dose methylprednisolone reduces cytokine-induced adhesion molecules on human brain endothelium.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the in vitro effects of low- and high-dose methylprednisolone (MP) on the cytokine-induced expression of HLA-DR, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on human brain microvessel endothelial cells (HBMECs). METHODS: Brain endothelium was obtained from microvessels included in the apparently normal white matter of surgical specimens of nine patients. Cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies anti-HLA-DR, anti-ICAM-1 and anti-VCAM-1 and analysed by flow cytometry as fluorescence histograms. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of HBMECs treated with different stimuli was calculated. RESULTS: gamma-IFN-induced HLA-DR was down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner by MP. High-dose MP reduced the TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: The down-regulation of adhesion molecules on cerebral endothelial cells could decrease mononuclear cell transmigration through the blood brain barrier and consequently the perivascular infiltrates. The results add support to the rationale for high-dose MP treatment in multiple sclerosis relapses.

Surgical management of giant anterior aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Patients with intracranial anterior circulation aneurysms are subjected to surgical operation because of rupturing of the sac of the aneurysm leading to spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (which occurs in most of the cases) or because of the neurological complaints caused by the mass or pulsation effect of the aneurysms against the surrounding brain structures. Direct surgical treatment of these giant aneurysms is always a challenging procedure but it makes feasible both the clipping of the neck of the aneurysm and the reduction of its mass effect. METHODS: A case series of 47 giant anterior circulation aneurysms, operated during a time span of 23 years (1972-1994) in our Institution is presented. RESULTS: In 31 cases the occlusion of the neck of the aneurysm could be achieved by applying single or multiple clips; in the remaining 16 cases the occlusion of the aneurysm was obtained by the aid of different methods. The operative mortality was 12.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular techniques for giant aneurysms occlusion are extremely useful in a combined approach. Due to their low morbidity these treatments can achieve a major role although some long term follow-up studies are still needed for a better understanding of their role.

Late outcome of operations for supratentorial convexity meningiomas. Report on 207 cases.

Brief remarks on the immediate outcome of operations on 207 convexity meningiomas are followed by a fuller discussion of the late sequelae, the problem of recurrences and relevance of histology, and the persistence or de novo onset of epilepsy. While the immediate outcome is more than satisfactory, there is still room for improvement in the late outcome of surgical treatment for this category of intracranial tumor.

Immediate and late outcome of operations for Parasagittal and falx meningiomas. Report of 342 cases.

The immediate results of surgery--for the most part radical surgery--in 342 cases of parasagittal and falx meningiomas are presented. The late outcome in 317 survivors observed for at least five years and possible ways of avoiding them are discussed with special reference to recurrences and disabling sequels.

Cavernous angiomas of the brain. Account of fourteen personal cases and review of the literature.

Fourteen cases of cerebral cavernous angiomas are reported and the literature pertaining to the subject is reviewed. Some of these rare malformations remain asymptomatic throughout life, some give rise to symptoms (epileptic seizures with or without haemorrhage or slowly evolving focal nervous deficits) which usually appear in adult life. Precise pre-operative diagnosis is difficult, as at angiography they most often appear as avascular space-occupying lesions. Surgical removal is easy in most cases, and the operative outcome is good.

Development and rupture of a de novo basilar artery aneurysm after surgical removal of a cerebellar arteriovenous malformation.

BACKGROUND: The de novo development of an aneurysm in an previously normal artery is an uncommon event. We describe a patient who developed a de novo bleeding aneurysm of the basilar artery in the three weeks following the surgical removal of a large cerebellar AVM. METHOD-FINDINGS: A 48-year-old man suddenly developed transient headache, vertigo and disturbance of balance. Neuroradiological examinations showed the presence of a large AVM of the right cerebellar hemisphere. The AVM was removed successfully; following the operation there were repeated bleeding episodes at the operating site, requiring surgical evacuation. Three weeks after the AVM removal he suffered from a massive subarachnoid haemorrhage due to the rupture of an aneurysm developed de novo in the basilar artery. INTERPRETATION: This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of a de novo aneurysm developed in an artery hemodynamically related to a surgically removed AVM. This complication was probably due to the postoperative hemodynamic changes in the vessels afferent to the AVM, associated with arterial wall dysplasia.

Idiopathic, intrinsic haematoma of the third cranial nerve.

We describe an exceptional case of an intrinsic, spontaneous haematoma of the oculomotor nerve and review the literature. We conclude that, even in an elderly patient, an isolated cranial nerve palsy should be extensively investigated and, when necessary, surgically treated, since a good functional recovery is possible.

Reversal of oculomotor disorders after intracranial aneurysm surgery.

Forty-nine patients with oculomotor nerve palsy due to intracranial aneurysm were examined. The reversal of third nerve palsy is related to modality of onset and surgical timing: "early" surgery (within 14 days from the onset of oculomotor palsy) promises a better prognosis for ocular function; recovery starting within the first month will probably be complete. A full recovery is probably seen only with conduction block (neuroapraxia) or minor axonal changes (axonolysis). Clinical features of third nerve palsy due to intracranial aneurysms versus other causes of oculomotor palsy are discussed.