Hurricane wind regimes for forests of North America.

Despite the ubiquity of tropical cyclones and their impacts on forests, little is known about how tropical cyclone regimes shape the ecology and evolution of tree species. We used a simple meteorological model (HURRECON) to estimate wind fields from hurricanes in the Western North Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific tropical cyclone basins from storms occurring between 1851 and 2022. We characterize how the intensity and frequency of hurricanes differ among geographically distinct hurricane regimes and define four hurricane regimes for North America (Continental, Inland, Coastal, and Fringe). Along this coastal-to-inland gradient, we found major differences in the frequency and intensity of hurricane wind regimes. The Fringe regime experiences category 1 winds relatively frequently [return period (RP) 25 y], whereas the Inland regime experiences category 1 winds very infrequently (RP ~3,000 y). We discuss how species traits related to tree windfirmness, such as mechanical properties and crown traits, may vary along hurricane regime gradients. Quantitative characterization of forest hurricane regimes provides a critical step for understanding the evolutionary and ecological role of hurricane regimes in wind-prone forests.

Therapy Fears and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Mothers: Examining Racial Differences in Mental Health Services.

In the United States, approximately 20% of children and adolescents meet diagnostic criteria for a mental health diagnosis, but few receive treatment. The purpose of the current study was to explore the factors that contribute to help-seeking among mothers from diverse ethnic groups (52.5% European American/White, 23% African American/Black, and 24.6% Latinx). Participants were 122 mothers recruited from 2014 to 2017 through a convenience sample in Central Texas. Using MANOVA, results indicated that mother with no history of therapy use reported more fears about seeking therapy for children. Additionally, there was a trend towards African American mothers reporting more fears about therapists' responsiveness and image concerns. Finally, therapy fears significantly predicted mother's intentions to delay seeking therapy in the future. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

The UT health Psychological Autopsy Interview Schedule (UTH- PAIS) - Description and reliability of diagnoses and transdiagnostic personality measures.

Few studies have used psychological autopsies to evaluate large and diverse populations on transdiagnostically relevant variables such as personality, temperament, and trauma exposure; rather, they tend to focus on specific psychiatric disorders or manner of death. We therefore developed the UT Health Psychological Autopsy Interview Schedule (UTH-PAIS). The measure is described, and our results show that the PAIS diagnoses and dimensions can be reliably assessed. Furthermore, we were able to show that our sample of donated brains overall matches the demographic characteristics of a larger pool of individuals receiving a medical autopsy. In the Discussion we review the strengths and potential limitations of the study and outline in which context the PAIS will prove to be useful.

Streptococcus agalactiae Infects Glial Cells and Invades the Central Nervous System via the Olfactory and Trigeminal Nerves.

Streptococcus agalactiae causes neonatal meningitis and can also infect the adult central nervous system (CNS). S. agalactiae can cross the blood-brain barrier but may also reach the CNS via other paths. Several species of bacteria can directly invade the CNS via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, which extend between the nasal cavity and brain and injury to the nasal epithelium can increase the risk/severity of infection. Preterm birth is associated with increased risk of S. agalactiae infection and with nasogastric tube feeding. The tubes, also used in adults, can cause nasal injuries and may be contaminated with bacteria, including S. agalactiae. We here investigated whether S. agalactiae could invade the CNS after intranasal inoculation in mice. S. agalactiae rapidly infected the olfactory nerve and brain. Methimazole-mediated model of nasal epithelial injury led to increased bacterial load in these tissues, as well as trigeminal nerve infection. S. agalactiae infected and survived intracellularly in cultured olfactory/trigeminal nerve- and brain-derived glia, resulting in cytokine production, with some differences between glial types. Furthermore, a non-capsulated S. agalactiae was used to understand the role of capsule on glial cells interaction. Interestingly, we found that the S. agalactiae capsule significantly altered cytokine and chemokine responses and affected intracellular survival in trigeminal glia. In summary, this study shows that S. agalactiae can infect the CNS via the nose-to-brain path with increased load after epithelial injury, and that the bacteria can survive in glia.

Investigating the influence of contributing factors and predicting visibility at road link-level.

Data from weather stations at airports, far away locations or predictions using macro-level data may not be accurate enough to disseminate visibility related information to motorists in advance. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the influence of contributing factors and develop visibility prediction models, at road link-level, by considering data from weather stations located within 1.6 km of state routes, US routes and interstates in the state of North Carolina (NC). Four years of meteorological data, from January 2011 to December 2014, were collected within NC. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and weighted least squares (WLS) regression models were developed for different visibility and elevation ranges. The results indicate that elevation and cloud cover are negatively associated with low visibility. The chances of low visibility are higher between six to twelve hours after rainfall when compared to the first six hours after rainfall. A visibility sensor was installed at four different locations in NC to compare hourly visibility from the selected regression model, High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) data, and the nearest weather station. The results indicate that the number of samples with zero error range was higher for the selected regression model compared with the HRRR and weather station observations.

Correction to: Mosquito-borne heartworm Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Australia.

Since publication of the original version of this article [1], it has been flagged that unfortunately there is an error in dosage units in the Discussion section, in the sentence "For example a microfilaricide, either ivermectin (50-200 mg/kg) or milbemycin oxime (500-1,000 mg/kg)".

The role of molecular modeling in the design of analogues of the fungicidal natural products crocacins A and D.

Extensive molecular modeling based on crystallographic data was used to aid the design of synthetic analogues of the fungicidal naturally occurring respiration inhibitors crocacins A and D, and an inhibitor binding model to the mammalian cytochrome bc(1) complex was constructed. Simplified analogues were made which showed high activity in a mitochondrial beef heart respiration assay, and which were also active against certain plant pathogens in glasshouse tests. A crystal structure was obtained of an analogue of crocacin D bound to the chicken heart cytochrome bc(1) complex, which validated the binding model and which confirmed that the crocacins are a new class of inhibitor of the cytochrome bc(1) complex.

Who wins in the status games? Violence, sexual violence, and an emerging single standard among adolescent women.

Throughout U.S. history, women have changed their sexual behaviors in response to, or as actors affecting, economic, political, and legal imperatives; to preserve health; to promote new relationship, identity or career paths; to assert a set of values; as a result of new reproductive technologies; or to gain status. In adjusting to pressures or goals, women have not always acted, or been able to act, in the interests of their own health, identity, or status. As this article will demonstrate, women, in the short or long run, may attempt to preserve status at the cost of other values such as health. This may occur through conscious and critical choice or through less conscious processes in reaction to relatively larger forces whose impact has not been critically analyzed. With the awareness in the 1980s in the United States of an emergent and incurable sexually transmissible infection, HIV, it would have been anticipated that a new sexual caution may have appeared. Yet, across several research projects in the late 1990s and into the 21st century, as our research team interviewed youth in a high HIV seroprevalence neighborhood in New York City about HIV prevention, we began to hear that a substantial minority of young women and men were participating in social settings for sexual behavior that (1) put youth at risk for HIV; (2) appeared to be motivated by acquisition of status ("props," "points"); and (3) offered few ways for women to win in these status games. We estimate from one random dwelling unit sample that about one in eight youth have been present in these settings and half of them have participated in risky sexual behavior in such settings. The settings are often characterized by men's publicly offhand attitudes toward sexual encounters, are organized around men's status maintenance, and evidence peer pressures that are poorly understood by both young men and women participants. To regain status, some women participants have adopted attitudes more characteristic of men.

Mosquito-borne heartworm Dirofilaria immitis in dogs from Australia.

BACKGROUND: Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs is considered endemic in Australia, but the clinical heartworm disease caused by the heartworm is rare and prevalence is low. The mainstream prevention of the heartworm is based on macrocyclic lactone (ML) administration. The aim of this study was to confirm endemism of the heartworm under current Australian conditions using a cohort of recent microfilaria-positive dogs which were on variable heartworm prevention. METHODS: A hotspot of canine heartworm antigen-positive and microfilaria-positive dogs has been detected recently in Queensland, Australia. Blood samples from 39 dogs from Queensland and two dogs from New South Wales were investigated for canine filarioids. Rapid antigen diagnostic tests capable of detection of D. immitis and real-time PCR for quantification and differentiation between D. immitis from Acanthocheilonema reconditum with quantification of microfilariae in canine blood samples, together with D. immitis specific real-time PCR assay, were applied to microfilaria-positive dogs. The P-glycoprotein genotype was determined to test whether Australian-sourced heartworm shared the same genetic markers as those suspected of ML-resistance in North America. RESULTS: Only D. immitis was detected in the samples from Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Using high resolution melt real-time PCR and D. immitis specific real-time PCR, the calculated microfilaria concentration ranged from 1 to 44,957 microfilariae/ml and from 7 to 60,526 microfilariae/ml, respectively. DNA sequencing of the PCR products confirmed D. immitis. Fifteen of the examined dogs were on putative, rigorous ML prevention. For the remaining dogs, compliance with heartworm prevention was unknown or reported as inconsistent. Wild-type genotype AA-GG of the P-glycoprotein locus of D. immitis sequence has been obtained for three blood samples. Due to the incomplete history, any suggestion of a loss of efficacy of MLs must be treated as 'remotely possible'. In the immediate future, records of preventative administration and annual antigen testing would be required to determine any problems with the efficacy of preventatives. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of canine heartworm in Australia remains poorly understood. It is generally assumed to be low by veterinary practitioners. The localised increase in the study area confirms endemism of canine heartworm and a requirement for ongoing vigilance through annual heartworm testing to better understand the changing distribution of canine heartworm, client compliance, as well as to detect any change in ML-susceptibility.

Hugging my uncle: the impact of a parent training on children's comfort interacting with persons living with HIV.

OBJECTIVE: HIV-related stigma affects not only persons living with HIV (PLwHIV) but also their communities and families including children. This study aimed to determine whether an interactive training administered to community parents significantly increases their children's reported comfort interacting with PLwHIV. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial with random-quota dwelling unit sampling and a random invitation to treatment had 238 parent and 238 child participants. RESULTS: For children of trained parents, significant increases in comfort were obtained, baseline to 6-month follow-up, on 14 of 22 reported daily activities with PLwHIV. For children who recently interacted with a person living with HIV, this comfort predicted the number of recent activities, even after controlling for closeness to the person living with HIV and for the number of persons with HIV known, living or deceased. CONCLUSIONS: Training parents to be HIV health educators of their children significantly impacts youth and shows promise for reducing HIV-related stigma and social isolation.

Data supplementation: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic knowledge creation approach for characterizing an unexplored region of the response surface.

PURPOSE: To develop a data supplementation [i.e., a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) knowledge creation] approach for generating supplemental data to be used in characterizing a targeted unexplored segment of the response surface. METHODS: The procedure for data supplementation can be summarized as follows: 1) statement of the objective of data supplementation for PK/PD knowledge creation, 2) performance of PK knowledge discovery, 3) PK data synthesis for target dose group(s), 4) covariate data synthesis for virtual subjects in the target dose group(s), 5) discovery of hidden knowledge from real data set to which supplemental data will be added, 6) implementation of a data supplementation methodology, and 7) discovery and communication of the created knowledge. A nonparametric approximate Bayesian multiple supplementation and its modification, structure-based multiple supplementation, which is an adaptation of the approximate Bayesian bootstrap, is proposed as a method of data supplementation for PK/PD knowledge creation. The structured-based multiple supplementation methodology was applied to characterize the effect of a target dose of 100 mg that was unexplored in a previously concluded study that investigated the effect of 200- and 600-mg doses on biomarker response. RESULTS: The target dose of 100 mg was found to produce a response comparable with that of the 200 mg and better than that obtained with the 600 mg. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the PK/PD knowledge creation process through data supplementation resulted in gaining knowledge about a targeted region of a response surface (i.e., the effect of a target dose) that was not previously studied in a completed study without expending resources in conducting a new study.

A fragment-based approach to understanding inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase.

The inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) by fosmidomycin was studied by using a kinetic assay based on the consumption of NADPH and synthetic substrate. Fosmidomycin is a slow tight-binding inhibitor of DXR that shows strong negative cooperativity (absolute value(h) = 0.3) in binding. Cooperativity is displayed during the initial (weak, K0.5 = 10 microM) binding event and does not change as the binding tightens to the equilibrium value of 0.9 nM over a period of seconds to minutes. A series of fosmidomycin fragments was examined, but all showed much weaker inhibition, in the mM range. A series of cyclic fosmidomycin analogues was also synthesised and tested, but these showed high-microM binding at best. None of the synthetic compounds showed time-dependent inhibition. We concluded that the slow tight-binding behaviour, and perhaps also cooperativity, are mediated by significant reorganisation of the active site upon fosmidomycin binding. This makes the rational design of new inhibitors of DXR difficult at best.

Rapid and flexible synthesis of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate, the substrate for 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase.

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) is a key intermediate in the non-mevalonate pathway to terpenoids in bacteria, and it is the substrate for the enzyme 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXP-R). In order to study the mechanism of DXP-R, we required a flexible synthesis of the substrate which would allow the incorporation of isotopic labels, and the variation of the two stereocentres. Thus 1,4-dihydroxypent-2-yne was selectively reduced to give the E-olefin, and selective phosphorylation of the primary alcohol followed by oxidation of the secondary alcohol gave a substrate suitable for dihydroxylation. Dihydroxylation using stoichiometric OsO4 in the presence of chiral ligands gave protected DXP in high ee. Final hydrogenolysis gave DXP in quantitative yield and high purity. DXP-R was produced by rapid cloning of the dxr gene from Escherichia coli through controlled expression and ion exchange chromatography. The synthetic DXP was fully active in enzyme assays catalysed by recombinant DXP-R.