Non-classical MHC-E (Mamu-E) expression in the rhesus monkey placenta.

The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of the rhesus HLA-E ortholog Mamu-E, particularly at the maternal-fetal interface. Mamu-E expression was confirmed by locus-specific RT-PCR in the placenta as well as in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and other organs. We evaluated the utility of antibodies recognizing HLA-E (MEM-E/06 against native HLA-E, MEM-E/02 against denatured HLA-E) to detect Mamu-E by flow cytometry/immunofluorescence, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Western blot analysis of cells and selected transfectants confirmed the recognition of Mamu-E but not Mamu-AG by antibodies MEM-E/06 and HC10 but not MEM-E/02. Immunohistochemical staining of frozen sections of rhesus placenta with the MEM-E/06 antibody demonstrated expression in most populations of rhesus monkey trophoblast cells, including villous cytotrophoblasts (strong positive staining), apical membrane of syncytiotrophoblasts (light to moderate staining) and extravillous cytotrophoblasts (moderate to strong staining, especially endovascular trophoblasts in early pregnancy). Expression was not trophoblast cell-specific, especially at term, when endothelial cells in both the chorionic plate and placental villi showed strong staining for Mamu-E. Staining of rhesus extravillous trophoblast cells suggested the co-expression of Mamu-E and Mamu-AG (the rhesus HLA-G homolog) on these cells. MEM-E/06 was shown also to react with differentiating rhesus placental syncytiotrophoblasts in primary culture, detecting intracellular and weak surface expression of Mamu-E. We conclude that the gestation-dependent co-expression of Mamu-E with Mamu-AG in villous and extravillous trophoblast cells suggests important and perhaps complementary but distinct roles of these two non-classical MHC class I loci in pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface. In addition, the MEM-E/06 antibody will be useful for the detection of Mamu-E at the maternal-fetal interface in the rhesus monkey.

Human chorionic gonadotropin and 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate promote an acute increase in cytochrome P450scc and adrenodoxin messenger RNAs in cultured human granulosa cells by a cycloheximide-insensitive mechanism.

Treatment of human granulosa cells with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or an analogue of its second messenger, cyclic AMP (cAMP), promotes a rapid accumulation of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (scc) and adrenodoxin. A twofold increase in the cellular content of these mRNAs was observed within 4 h of exposure to 8-bromo-cAMP, and was maintained for up to 48 h. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide did not prevent the hCG- or 8-bromo-cAMP-stimulated accumulation of either cytochrome P450scc or adrenodoxin mRNAs. We conclude that human granulosa cells respond rapidly to hCG and cAMP analogues with a coordinate increase in levels of the mRNAs encoding two key proteins of the steroidogenic machinery, and that this stimulation does not require synthesis of a protein intermediate.

Microarray analysis of BeWo and JEG3 trophoblast cell lines: identification of differentially expressed transcripts.

Trophoblast cell lines are important research tools used as a surrogate for primary trophoblast cells in the study of placental function. Because the cellular origins of transformed trophoblasts are likely to be diverse, it would be of value to understand the unique and shared phenotypes of the cells on a global scale. We have compared two widely used cell lines, BeWo and JEG3, by microarray analysis in order to identify differentially expressed genes. Results indicated that approximately 2700 genes were differentially expressed between the cell lines, with principal differences observed in the biological processes of response to stress, cell adhesion, signal transduction, and protein and nucleobase metabolisms. These data suggest that BeWo and JEG3 cell lines, and perhaps other trophoblast cell lines, are sufficiently dissimilar from each other such that they will be differentially suited for specific experimental paradigms.

Selective distribution and pregnancy-specific expression of DC-SIGN at the maternal-fetal interface in the rhesus macaque: DC-SIGN is a putative marker of the recognition of pregnancy.

We performed immunohistochemical analysis of DC-SIGN expression at the maternal-fetal interface at different stages of pregnancy in the rhesus monkey. Natural killer cells, monocytes and macrophages were observed in the nonpregnant endometrium, particularly in the luteal phase, and were increased in pregnant endometrium. No DC-SIGN+ cells were observed in the nonpregnant uterus. We observed decidual DC-SIGN+ cells within 1 week of implantation, and they increased in number during the first 5 weeks of gestation. DC-SIGN+ cells showed a clear differential distribution in the decidua in the first 2 weeks of pregnancy, being found only adjacent to the implantation site, in marked contrast to the widespread distribution of CD68+ macrophages and CD56+ NK cells throughout the endometrium. DC-SIGN+ cells also showed a more dendritic morphology than the general CD68+ cell population, and analysis of serial sections indicated an overlapping but not identical localization of these markers. Mature dendritic cells could not be detected as judged by total absence of immunostaining for CD83, CD86, DEC-205, or CD1a. DC-SIGN+ cells were defined as MHC class II+ and CD14+ by flow cytometry. We conclude that DC-SIGN expression is an early response by the primate maternal immune system to the implanting embryo. The selectively distributed population of DC-SIGN+ decidual leukocytes may represent a morphologically and phenotypically distinct subpopulation of decidual macrophages of early pregnancy that could contribute to the establishment of maternal-fetal immune tolerance.

Regulation of low density lipoprotein receptor gene expression in cultured human granulosa cells: roles of human chorionic gonadotropin, 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and protein synthesis.

Treatment of human granulosa cells with human CG (hCG) or an analog of its second messenger, cAMP, promotes a rapid increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mRNA content. After 1 h of treatment with 8-bromo-cAMP, an appreciable increase in hybridizable LDL receptor mRNA was found which increased to apparently maximal levels within 4-6 h. Treatment of the granulosa cells with 25-hydroxycholesterol, in the presence of aminoglutethimide, resulted in a reduction in LDL receptor mRNA content within 6 h of treatment. However, hCG or 8-bromo-cAMP were able to stimulate an increase in LDL receptor mRNA content in the presence of this inhibitory signal. We further investigated the mechanism by which tropic agents increased mRNA content. While inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin D blocked the hCG or cAMP-induced rise in LDL receptor mRNA content, inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide augmented basal or hCG- or cAMP-stimulated LDL receptor mRNA levels. We conclude that human steroidogenic cells possess a cAMP-mediated mechanism for rapid upregulation of LDL receptor mRNA which is distinct from, and supercedes, cholesterol negative feedback of LDL receptor gene expression. The actions of hCG and 8-bromo-cAMP do not require ongoing protein synthesis. Indeed, a cycloheximide-sensitive mechanism modulates receptor mRNA levels in these cells such that the effects of hCG and 8-bromo-cAMP are enhanced when cells are pretreated with this drug.

SP1/SP3-binding sites and adjacent elements contribute to basal and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-stimulated transcriptional activation of the rhesus growth hormone-variant gene in trophoblasts.

Transcriptional activation of the rhesus monkey GH-variant gene in syncytiotrophoblasts is developmentally regulated by trophoblast-specific and cAMP-responsive mechanisms. Progressive deletions of 5'-flanking DNA defined the most proximal 140 bp as the minimal region retaining full cAMP-stimulated mGH-V transcription. To identify the regions of this promoter critical for transcription, transient transfections of reporter plasmids containing systematic 10 base mutations throughout this proximal region were performed. Mutation of the region from -140/-131 decreased transcription in syncytiotrophoblasts by 50%, and gel mobility-shift analyses demonstrated that Sp1 and Sp3 bound to a region containing a GGGAGG motif at -136/-131. Mutation of the -62/-53 region decreased transcriptional activation by 66-99%, and Sp1 and Sp3 bound to a GGTGGG motif overlapping this region (at -65/-60). Selective mutation of this Sp1/Sp3 site decreased basal transcription by approximately 80%, and cAMP-stimulated transcription by up to 75% (with the greatest effect in primary syncytiotrophoblast cultures), indicating that the Sp1/Sp3 site is critical for transcriptional activation. Mutations in the regions adjacent to the Sp1/Sp3 sites (-130/-111 and -52/-43) also dramatically reduced (by 75%) transcriptional activation in trophoblasts. We conclude that two Sp1/Sp3 sites as well as additional elements directly adjacent to these sites contribute to trophoblast-specific cAMP-responsiveness of the mGH-V proximal promoter.

IFPA meeting 2014 workshop report: Animal models to study pregnancy pathologies; new approaches to study human placental exposure to xenobiotics; biomarkers of pregnancy pathologies; placental genetics and epigenetics; the placenta and stillbirth and fetal growth restriction.

Workshops are an important part of the IFPA annual meeting as they allow for discussion of specialized topics. At IFPA meeting 2014 there were six themed workshops, five of which are summarized in this report. These workshops related to various aspects of placental biology but collectively covered areas of animal models, xenobiotics, pathological biomarkers, genetics and epigenetics, and stillbirth and fetal growth restriction.

Control of corpus luteum function during the second half of pregnancy in the rat: a direct relationship between conceptus number and both serum and ovarian relaxin levels.

The effects of conceptus or fetus removal on several parameters of luteal activity (serum and ovarian relaxin immunoactivity levels, serum progesterone immunoactivity levels, and corpus luteum weights) were investigated during the second half of pregnancy in the rat. Conceptuses were aspirated from the uteri of pregnant rats on day 8 (d8) of pregnancy so that they carried 0, 1, 2, 5, or 10 or more conceptuses until they were autopsied on d10, d12, d14, d16, d18, or d20 of pregnancy. A direct relationship existed between the number of conceptuses and the rate and/or degree of increase in all of the parameters of corpus luteum activity. The conceptuses had no local effect on ovarian relaxin levels or on luteal weights when the conceptus side ovary was compared with the nonconceptus side ovary. In pregnant rats in which all but two fetuses were removed (all placentas were left undisturbed), there were no significant differences on d18 or d20 in any parameter of corpus luteum activity between fetectomized and sham-operated rats. It appears, therefore, that the placenta plays the dominant role in the regulation of all of the above parameters of corpus luteum activity during the second half of pregnancy in the rat. The specific factor(s) or mechanism(s) by which the placenta promotes relaxin synthesis, progesterone secretion, and corpus luteum growth have yet to be clearly and unequivocally characterized in the rat. The fact that conceptus number and the rate and/or degree of increase of all of the parameters of luteal activity measured from d12 through d18 are directly related is consistent with the possibility that the placental support of these activities is mediated through a common mechanism during this period in the rat.

Evidence that the maternal pituitary suppresses the secretion of relaxin in the pregnant rat.

The role of the pituitary in regulating relaxin synthesis and secretion by the corpus luteum during the second half of pregnancy was investigated by hypophysectomizing rats carrying either one conceptus (1C) or a full complement (FC) of conceptuses (n greater than or equal to 8) on day 13 of pregnancy. Serum and luteal relaxin levels, serum progesterone levels, and luteal weights in 1C rats were markedly lower during the period from days 14 through 20 of pregnancy than those in FC rats, as has been previously reported. After hypophysectomy of 1C rats (H1C), serum relaxin levels, serum progesterone levels, and corpus luteum weights increased to values that were not significantly different from those of FC rats. Additionally, hypophysectomized FC rats (HFC) had higher serum relaxin levels than FC rats. Luteal relaxin content was unaffected by hypophysectomy in spite of increased relaxin secretion. Other workers have suggested that placental testosterone may support luteal function during the second half of pregnancy. Serum testosterone levels in 1C rats were markedly lower than those in FC rats, but did not increase after hypophysectomy in either H1C or HFC rats. It is concluded that the putuitary has a suppressive effect on relaxin secretion (and perhaps synthesis) as well as progesterone secretion and corpus luteum growth, and that increased luteal function after hypophysectomy is not due to increased placental testosterone secretion.

Cloning of four growth hormone/chorionic somatomammotropin-related complementary deoxyribonucleic acids differentially expressed during pregnancy in the rhesus monkey placenta.

The close homology of the chorionic somatomammotropin (CS) genes with pituitary GH is unique to primates. Southern blots of rhesus genomic DNA probed with a human CS cDNA demonstrated that the rhesus gene family consists of at least five EcoRI fragments between 2.3-9.5 kilobases. Rhesus pituitary and placental cDNA libraries were screened for hCS-hybridizing clones. A pituitary GH cDNA was isolated that was 95% and 96% identical to human GH at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Thirteen placental clones representing four different cDNAs were identified and sequenced. The relationships of the rhesus placental clones among themselves were similar to those among human placental mRNAs. Two cDNAs (mCS1 and mCS2) differed by two bases and coded for identical proteins. A third cDNA (mCS3) was 94% homologous to mCS1/2 in mRNA sequence as well as in deduced amino acid sequence. A fourth cDNA (mGH-V) was 84-86% homologous to the other placental cDNAs at the mRNA and protein levels, similar to the homology between human placental GH-V and CS mRNAs. To determine the relative expression of placental mRNAs, we developed a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay using diagnostic NlaIV restriction enzyme sites in cDNAs amplified from the placental mRNAs. All four mRNAs were expressed in the placenta throughout most of pregnancy, with the mCS1 and mGH-V mRNAs generally expressed at 2- to 10-fold higher levels than mCS2 and mCS3. Additionally, mCS3 and mGHV were expressed at relatively higher levels during the second and third trimesters than during the first trimester.

Influence of the conceptuses and the maternal pituitary on the distribution of multiple components of serum relaxin immunoactivity during pregnancy in the rat.

Relaxin isolated from the ovaries of pregnant rats has a mol wt of 6,500; however, relaxin immunoactivity (RI) in the peripheral serum of pregnant rats is associated with three major components. Essentially all RI is associated with a large component (C1, mol wt approximately 60,000) on day 15 of pregnancy (day 15), but the distribution shifts progressively so that about 50% of the RI is associated with two smaller components (C2, mol wt approximately 13,000; C3, mol wt approximately 6,500) by day 19. The present study examined factors that might influence the distribution of RI among these three components. The distribution of RI in sera from ovarian vein and abdominal aorta on days 16 and 19 was compared after gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200. The distribution of RI among the three major components was similar for sera collected from the two sources. It is concluded that the progressive shift in the distribution of RI among the three major components during late pregnancy is attributable to dynamic changes in their secretion, rather than peripheral metabolism of relaxin after its release from the ovary. This study also determined the influence of the conceptuses and the maternal pituitary on the distribution of RI. The distribution of RI in peripheral sera obtained on days 16 and 19 from intact and hypophysectomized full complement-bearing rats as well as pituitary-intact and hypophysectomized one conceptus-bearing rats was compared after filtration through Sephacryl S-200. The shift in distribution of RI from C1 to smaller components C2 and C3 was markedly attenuated in rats bearing one conceptus, whereas hypophysectomy was without effect. It is concluded that the progressive shift in the distribution of serum RI among the three major components during late pregnancy is influenced by the number of conceptuses but not the maternal pituitary.

Regulation of chorionic gonadotropin-alpha and chorionic somatomammotropin messenger ribonucleic acid expression by 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and dexamethasone in cultured rhesus monkey syncytiotrophoblasts.

We wished to establish an in vitro culture system to examine gene expression in the context of differentiated function with rhesus monkey syncytiotrophoblasts. Chorionic villous tissue from placentas obtained at cesarean section was dispersed with trypsin and DNase and fractionated on a 5-70% Percoll gradient. When placed in culture, cells from a mononuclear fraction demonstrated to be very highly enriched (95-97% pure) for cytotrophoblasts aggregated and began to form syncytia within 24 h in culture, reminiscent of placental syncytiotrophoblast formation. The migration and fusion of individual cytotrophoblasts to form multinuclear syncytia were documented with time-lapse video microscopy. Incorporation studies with tritiated thymidine supported the conclusion from videomicroscopy that syncytia form by the fusion of individual cells and the addition of mononuclear cells to existing syncytia, rather than by endomitosis. The syncytiotrophoblast marker pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) was immunocytochemically identified in both intact placenta and cultured syncytiotrophoblast cells. With cells isolated from placentas obtained on day 28, 50, 70, or 140 of pregnancy, treatment with 8-bromo-cAMP increased both rhesus monkey CG alpha-subunit (mCG alpha) and chorionic somatomammotropin (mCS) mRNA levels by an average of 4-fold. Increases of up to 2.5-fold were seen with mCG alpha mRNA in as little as 2 h after treatment, with a statistically significant average response seen within 6 h. The response with mCS required at least 24 h before a significant effect was seen. Actin mRNA levels were generally unchanged or suppressed by this treatment, indicating that the effect of 8-bromo-cAMP is relatively specific for the hormone mRNAs. Treatment of syncytiotrophoblasts with dexamethasone, but not progesterone or androstenedione, resulted in an approximately 4-fold increase in mCG alpha mRNA levels within 6 h of treatment. Steroid treatment did not affect mCS mRNA levels. Treatment with 4.5-400 nM GnRH or 0.1 to 100 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor likewise had no effect on the level of either mRNA, suggesting that any actions of these factors on hormone secretion are not effected via changes in steady state mRNA. These results communicate that the expression of the mRNAs for rhesus monkey CG alpha and CS in syncytiotrophoblast are regulated by steroid hormone- and cAMP-mediated pathways.

Influence of light-dark cycle on antepartum serum relaxin and progesterone immunoactivity levels and on birth in the rat.

Relaxin and progesterone are produced by the corpora lutea in the pregnant rat. Relaxin immunoactivity levels are elevated in peripheral sera during the last 12 days of pregnancy. In rats maintained under a conventional photoperiod of 14 h of light (0600-2000 h) and 10 h of darkness (2000-0600 h), there is an antepartum elevation in serum relaxin to maximal levels coincident with the rapid decline in serum progesterone to basal levels during the light phase of the photoperiod 1 day before birth. Therefore, we postulated that this maximal elevation in serum relaxin levels may be temporally associated with functional luteolysis and linked to the photoperiod. In the present study the photoperiod was advanced near midpregnancy in order to examine further the relationship of the antepartum elevation in serum relaxin levels with both functional luteolysis and the photoperiod. Three groups of rats were maintained under a conventional photoperiod of 14 h of light (0500-1900 h) and 10 h of darkness until days 7 and 8 of pregnancy when the photoperiod was advanced 8 h in group 2 (G2) and advanced 18 h in G3 relative to the conventional photoperiod that was maintained in G1. Serum relaxin and progesterone levels were determined in blood samples obtained at 4-h intervals from 2000 h on day 19 of pregnancy until birth. The times of occurrence of birth, maximal relaxin levels, and decline of progesterone to basal levels in G2 and G3 were generaly advanced 50-60% of the advancement of the photoperiod. There was a close temporal association between the attainment of maximal relaxin levels and basal progesterone levels; they both occurred during the light phase of the photoperiod, approximately 24 h before birth in all three groups. We conclude that the antepartum elevation of serum relaxin to maximal levels may be associated with functional luteolysis and that its time of occurrence is influenced by the photoperiod. This study also provides evidence that the antepartum elevation of relaxin levels consists of two phases which occur at a 24-h interval. It is proposed that these two phases in the elevation of relaxin levels may be indicative of an increasingly effective endogenous circadian luteolytic process whose time of occurrence is influenced by the light-dark schedule.

Pit-1/growth hormone factor 1 splice variant expression in the rhesus monkey pituitary gland and the rhesus and human placenta.

We have examined the expression of Pit-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) splice variants in the nonhuman primate pituitary and in rhesus and human placenta. Full-length complementary DNAs (cDNAs) representing Pit-1 and the Pit-1 beta splice variants were cloned from a rhesus monkey pituitary cDNA library and were readily detectable by RT-PCR with rhesus pituitary gland RNA. The Pit-1T variant previously reported in mouse pituitary tumor cell lines was not detectable in normal rhesus pituitary tissue, although two novel splice variants were detected. A cDNA approximating the rat Pit-1 delta 4 variant was cloned but coded for a truncated and presumably nonfunctional protein. Only by using a nested RT-PCR approach were Pit-1 and Pit-1 beta variants consistently detectable in both human and rhesus placental tissue. The Pit-1 beta variant mRNA was not detectable in JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells unless the cells were stimulated with 8-Br-cAMP. Immunoblot studies with nuclear extracts from primary rhesus syncytiotrophoblast cultures or JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells indicated that although mRNA levels were very low, Pit-1 protein was detectable in differentiated cytotrophoblasts, and levels increased after treatment with 8-Br-cAMP. Two major species of Pit-1 protein were detected that corresponded to the two major bands in rat pituitary GH3 cell nuclear extracts. Low levels of slightly larger bands also were seen, which may represent Pit-1 beta protein or phosphorylated species. We conclude that Pit-1 splice variants expressed in the primate pituitary gland differ from those in the rodent gland and that the Pit-1 and Pit-1 beta mRNAs expressed in the placenta give rise to a pattern of protein expression similar to that seen in pituitary cells, which is inducible by treatment with 8-Br-cAMP.

Human chorionic gonadotropin and 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate stimulate [125I]low density lipoprotein uptake and metabolism by luteinized human granulosa cells in culture.

In nonsteroidogenic cells, cellular cholesterol requirements and sterol availability determine low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expression and LDL metabolism. We wished to learn if hCG and cAMP increase LDL metabolism by cultured luteinized human granulosa cells and whether this increase is dependent on enhanced metabolism of cellular cholesterol stores to steroid. Granulosa cells were cultured for 48 h in medium containing 20% human male serum and then for 48 h in serum- and hormone-free medium. The cells then received either fresh medium (no additions) or one of the following treatments: 500 mIU hCG/ml, 1.5 mM 8-bromo-cAMP, 100 micrograms aminoglutethimide (AG)/ml to inhibit cholesterol metabolism to steroid hormones, hCG plus AG, or 8-bromo-cAMP plus AG. After 6-48 h of exposure to tropic agents, specific metabolism of [125I]LDL was determined. hCG and 8-bromo-cAMP significantly increased (P less than 0.05) the amount of [125I]LDL bound (2.2-fold), internalized (2.3-fold), and degraded (2.9-fold) by the luteinized granulosa cells. The apparent Km values for LDL degradation in control and hCG-treated cells were similar (2.0 and 2.6 micrograms/ml, respectively). As little as 10 mIU hCG/ml stimulated LDL metabolism in a time-dependent fashion: a stimulatory effect was detected within 6 h of exposure to hCG and was greater after 24 h. AG attenuated but did not prevent the hCG- or 8-bromo-cAMP-stimulated increase in both LDL uptake and metabolism, although it completely inhibited the steroidogenic response. AG alone had no significant effect on [125I] LDL metabolism. We conclude that hCG and cAMP increase LDL metabolism by luteinized human granulosa cells. These effects are apparently not simply a consequence of enhanced cellular cholesterol metabolism to steroids.

8-Bromo-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate regulates expression of chorionic gonadotropin and fibronectin in human cytotrophoblasts.

Addition of 8-bromo-cAMP to primary cultures of human placental cytotrophoblasts results in significant alterations in the synthesis of secreted proteins, as detected by labeling with pulses of [35S]methionine. Using immunoprecipitation techniques, we demonstrated that exposure to 8-bromo-cAMP prevented the de novo synthesis and secretion of the extracellular matrix component fibronectin, but enhanced the production of hCG subunits. The effects of the cyclic nucleotide on synthesis and secretion of these proteins were evident within 24 h. 8-Bromo-cAMP increased the cellular content of mRNA encoding the hCG alpha- and beta-subunits and prevented the increase in fibronectin mRNA, as determined by blot hybridization analysis using specific cDNA probes. These findings demonstrate that cyclic nucleotides regulate the synthesis of several specific proteins in cultured human trophoblast by regulating levels of the mRNAs encoding the proteins. The actions of cyclic nucleotides in this regard may be essential for the normal expression of trophoblast endocrine function.

Identification and characterization of a novel luciferase-like protein in the human female reproductive tract.

A novel cDNA was cloned from human endometrium, matching a human gene with the interim name KIAA1463. An mRNA identified by 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends was found to be 3349 nt in length. PCR analysis also identified another transcript of 6626 nt, with an open reading frame encoding a 900 amino acid protein. A fold recognition program identified similarity to firefly luciferase containing an AMP-binding motif; hence, we refer to the predicted protein as the AMP binding/luciferase-like protein (ALLP). ALLP mRNA and protein were expressed throughout the female reproductive tract with the highest levels found in the ovary and uterus. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed predominant localization of the ALLP mRNA/protein in endometrial glandular epithelium and within the theca and granulosa cells in the ovary. In the endometrium expression of ALLP, mRNA and protein were higher during d 16-21 of the secretory phase of the cycle. Western blot analysis showed decreased expression of ALLP in the postmenopausal endometrium, and hormone replacement therapy increased the expression of ALLP. Endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines expressed more ALLP, compared with cultured primary endometrial cells or normal endometrial tissue. The ubiquitous expression of ALLP in reproductive and nonreproductive tissues suggests that this protein, which is probably regulated by ovarian steroids, plays an important metabolic role and may be involved in such processes as implantation and tumorigenesis.

Dynamic changes in primate endometrial leukocyte populations: differential distribution of macrophages and natural killer cells at the rhesus monkey implantation site and in early pregnancy.

The distribution of uterine leukocytes during the periimplantation period cannot be readily evaluated in human pregnancy. Using immunohistochemistry we examined the distribution of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells in the non-pregnant endometrium and in the decidua at early stages of implantation and pregnancy in the rhesus monkey. CD68+ macrophages, CD56+ lymphocytes and CD3+ T cells were present in the proliferative and secretory endometrium. The number of macrophages and CD56+ lymphocytes dramatically increased at implantation (day 14-15 of pregnancy) and continued to be high in early pregnancy decidua. Macrophages were conspicuously more numerous in proximity to implantation site (decidua basalis) as compared to sites peripheral to the developing placenta (decidua parietalis), and were found in close association with cytotrophoblasts adjacent to the decidua, as well as around arteries invaded by extravillous cytotrophoblasts. In contrast to macrophages, CD56+ lymphocytes were more evenly distributed throughout the decidua. Few CD3+ T cells were seen in pregnancy, being scattered in the endometrial stroma with occasional aggregate formation. The distribution of uterine leukocytes vis-à-vis trophoblasts at the rhesus monkey implantation site and in early pregnancy suggests different roles for macrophages and uterine NK cells in the response to trophoblast invasion.

Phenotypic and functional characterization of rhesus monkey decidual lymphocytes: rhesus decidual large granular lymphocytes express CD56 and have cytolytic activity.

In this study, we carried out a phenotypic and functional characterization of lymphocytes isolated from the uterine endometrium of the pregnant rhesus monkey. A majority (80%) of these cells were CD56(bright+), CD3- had typical large granular lymphocyte/uterine natural killer (NK) cell morphology and contained numerous cytoplasmic granules. Flow cytometric evaluation showed that rhesus decidual CD56(bright+) cells shared other phenotypic features of human uterine NK cells, including low levels of CD45RA and CD62L expression. A majority of the rhesus uterine CD56(bright+) cells expressed low levels of CD 16 but were CD2-. In contrast, most rhesus CD16+ peripheral blood cells were CD56-. In addition to the primary population of CD56(bright+) cells, a minor subset of smaller and less granular CD56(intermediate+) decidual lymphocytes was identified, the majority of which were CD16-, CD2(+). Decidual CD56+ cells did not express monocyte/macrophage markers, including CD14, CD64 and CD68. Decidual lymphocytes effectively lysed K562, Raji and particularly 721.221 targets in cytotoxicity assays. Together, these results suggest that as in human pregnancy, rhesus decidual CD56(bright+) cells represent a distinct lymphocyte subset that belongs to the NK cell lineage.