ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is characterized by profound, debilitating fatigue and a combination of several other symptoms resulting in substantial reduction in occupational, personal, social, and educational status. CFS is often misdiagnosed as depression. The objective of this study was to evaluate and discuss different etiologies, approaches, and management strategies of CFS and to present ways to differentiate it from the fatigue symptom of depression. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify existing information about CFS and depression using the headings chronic fatigue syndrome AND depression. The alternative terms major depressive disorder and mood disorder were also searched in conjunction with the term chronic fatigue syndrome. Additionally, MEDLINE was searched using the term chronic fatigue. All searches were limited to articles published within the last 10 years, in English. A total of 302 articles were identified by these searches. Also, the term chronic fatigue syndrome was searched by itself. This search was limited to articles published within the last 5 years, in English, and resulted in an additional 460 articles. Additional publications were identified by manually searching the reference lists of the articles from both searches. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: CFS definitions, etiologies, differential diagnoses (especially depression) and management strategies were extracted, reviewed, and summarized to meet the objectives of this article. DATA SYNTHESIS: CFS is underdiagnosed in more than 80% of the people who have it; at the same time, it is often misdiagnosed as depression. Genetic, immunologic, infectious, metabolic, and neurologic etiologies were suggested to explain CFS. A biopsychosocial model was suggested for evaluating, managing, and differentiating CFS from depression. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating and managing chronic fatigue is a challenging situation for physicians, as it is a challenging and difficult condition for patients. A biopsychosocial approach in the evaluation and management is recommended. More studies about CFS manifestations, evaluation, and management are needed.
ABSTRACT
The lipid kinase phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) has attracted attention as a potential target to treat a variety of autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis, due to its role in immune modulation and microglial activation. By minimizing the number of hydrogen bond donors while targeting a previously uncovered selectivity pocket adjacent to the ATP binding site of PI3Kγ, we discovered a series of azaisoindolinones as selective, brain penetrant inhibitors of PI3Kγ. This ultimately led to the discovery of 16, an orally bioavailable compound that showed efficacy in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis.
Subject(s)
Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Animals , Binding Sites , Biological Availability , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/chemistry , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Phthalimides/chemistry , Structure-Activity RelationshipSubject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy , Dementia, Vascular/prevention & control , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Dementia, Vascular/epidemiology , Dementia, Vascular/etiology , Disease Progression , Humans , Morbidity/trends , Risk Factors , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is an attractive target to potentially treat a range of disease states. Herein, we describe the evolution of a reported phenylthiazole pan-PI3K inhibitor into a family of potent and selective benzothiazole inhibitors. Using X-ray crystallography, we discovered that compound 22 occupies a previously unreported hydrophobic binding cleft adjacent to the ATP binding site of PI3Kγ, and achieves its selectivity by exploiting natural sequence differences among PI3K isoforms in this region.
Subject(s)
Benzothiazoles/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors , Benzothiazoles/chemistry , Benzothiazoles/metabolism , Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/chemistry , Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism , Crystallography, X-Ray , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism , Humans , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors , Isoenzymes/chemistry , Isoenzymes/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Protein Binding , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of high affinity second-generation thiazolopiperidine inhibitors of PI3Kγ were designed based on some general observations around lipid kinase structure. Optimization of the alkylimidazole group led to inhibitors with higher levels of PI3Kγ selectivity. Additional insights into PI3K isoform selectivity related to sequence differences in a known distal hydrophobic pocket are also described.