Comparison of Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality Following Spontaneous and Medically Indicated Preterm Births: A Retrospective Population-Based Study Using Data from the Slovenian National Perinatal Information System 2013-2018.

BACKGROUND This retrospective population-based study analyzed data from the Slovenian National Perinatal Information System (NPIS) between 2013 and 2018 to compare neonatal morbidity and mortality following spontaneous and medically indicated preterm births. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective population-based cohort. Entries to the NPIS database were searched by gestational age (GA) <37 weeks in Slovenia between 2013 and 2018. Of 9200 (6252 following spontaneous birth, 2948 following medically indicated) neonates included, 1358 were born at extremely to very preterm GA (998 following spontaneous birth, 360 following medically indicated). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between neonatal mortality and composite severe neonatal morbidity and preterm birth type (spontaneous vs medically indicated) controlling for potential confounding variables. Analysis was first performed for all preterm births (GA 22 0/7 to 36 6/7) and later only for extremely to very preterm births (GA 22 0/7 to 31 6/7). RESULTS Neonatal mortality was significantly lower following spontaneous preterm birth at extremely to very preterm GA (odds ratio [OR] 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.14, 0.81]), while there was no association in all preterm births group (OR 0.56; 95% CI [0.26, 1.20]). No significant correlation between preterm birth type and neonatal morbidity was found (OR 0.76; 95% CI [0.54, 1.09] for all preterm births and OR 0.71; 95% CI [0.47, 1.07] for extremely to very preterm births). CONCLUSIONS In this population study from Slovenia between 2013 and 2018, medically indicated preterm births at <32 weeks of GA were associated with significantly increased neonatal mortality but not neonatal morbidity.

Association between colonization of the respiratory tract with Ureaplasma species and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborns with extremely low gestational age: a retrospective study.

AIM: To ascertain the incidence of respiratory tract colonization in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs) with Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum and determine if there is a difference in the severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) between ELGANs with and without Ureaplasma species (spp) colonization. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of ELGANs 23 0/7-27 6/7 weeks of gestation, tested for U. parvum and U. urealyticum in our Center from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2019. Ureaplasma spp were identified with the Mycofast Screening Revolution assay based on liquid broth cultures or with polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: This study enrolled 196 preterm newborns. Fifty (25.5%) newborns had Ureaplasma spp respiratory tract colonization, with U. parvum being the predominant species. The incidence rate of respiratory tract colonization with Ureaplasma spp slightly increased in the studied period. The incidence rate for 2019 was 16.2 per 100 infants. BPD severity significantly correlated with Ureaplasma spp colonization (P = 0.041). After controlling for other risk factors for BPD in a regression model, preterm infants colonized with Ureaplasma spp had 4.32 times (95% confidence interval, CI 1.20-15.49) higher odds for developing moderate-to-severe BPD. CONCLUSIONS: U. parvum and U. urealyticum could be associated with the development of BPD in ELGANs.

What Constitutes a "Good Death"?-A Representative Cross-Sectional Survey Among the General Public in Croatia.

Understanding the attitudes of a particular society on a "good death" is important when it comes to end-of-life decision-making and palliative care. In the Republic of Croatia no systematic research has been done on the attitudes of the general population about the concept of a "good death". This cross sectional survey was conducted on a three-stage random sample, stratified by regions, counties and locations within those counties (N = 1203) during November and December, 2019. ANOVA, to determine differences, factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were used. The most important characteristics of a good death outlined by the respondents were: the absence of pain, the presence and unencumberedness of family and loved ones, the importance of a sense of fulfilment and meaning in life in this regard, reconciliation with God, the presence of awareness and sobriety, and the possibility of treatment.

Experiences and attitudes of medical professionals on treatment of end-of-life patients in intensive care units in the Republic of Croatia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Decisions about limitations of life sustaining treatments (LST) are made for end-of-life patients in intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of this research was to explore the professional and ethical attitudes and experiences of medical professionals on treatment of end-of-life patients in ICUs in the Republic of Croatia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among physicians and nurses working in surgical, medical, neurological, and multidisciplinary ICUs in the total of 9 hospitals throughout Croatia using a questionnaire with closed and open type questions. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to reduce data to a smaller set of summary variables. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyse the differences between two groups and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyse the differences between more than two groups. RESULTS: Less than third of participants (29.2%) stated they were included in the decision-making process, and physicians are much more included than nurses (p < 0.001). Sixty two percent of participants stated that the decision-making process took place between physicians. Eighteen percent of participants stated that 'do-not-attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitations' orders were frequently made in their ICUs. A decision to withdraw inotropes and antibiotics was frequently made as stated by 22.4% and 19.9% of participants, respectively. Withholding/withdrawing of LST were ethically acceptable to 64.2% of participants. Thirty seven percent of participants thought there was a significant difference between withholding and withdrawing LST from an ethical standpoint. Seventy-nine percent of participants stated that a verbal or written decision made by a capable patient should be respected. Physicians were more inclined to respect patient's wishes then nurses with high school education (p = 0.038). Nurses were more included in the decision-making process in neurological than in surgical, medical, or multidisciplinary ICUs (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.023 respectively). Male participants in comparison to female (p = 0.002), and physicians in comparison to nurses with high school and college education (p < 0.001) displayed more liberal attitudes about LST limitation. CONCLUSIONS: DNACPR orders are not commonly made in Croatian ICUs, even though limitations of LST were found ethically acceptable by most of the participants. Attitudes of paternalistic and conservative nature were expected considering Croatia's geographical location in Southern Europe.

No increase in GFAP and S-100B in very preterm infants with mild periventricular leukomalacia or intraventricular hemorrhage: a pilot study.

AIM: To determine the serum levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100B in very preterm infants with and without periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) and/or intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). METHODS: The study enrolled preterm infants born between 23 and 32 weeks of gestation admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Medical Center Ljubljana. PVL and IVH were determined with cranial ultrasound. Peripheral blood was collected in the first 24 hours after delivery and once between days 4 to 7. GFAP and S-100B concentrations were measured in serum samples. Infants with PVL or IVH were compared with infants without PVL or IVH. RESULTS: Of 40 patients (mean gestational age 29.4 weeks), 7 had IVH and/or PVL. S-100B was detectable in peripheral blood in all patients at every measurement. In the group with IVH or PVL, the median S-100B at the first sampling was 0.43 (IQR 0.29-0.60) ng/mL, and 0.40 (IQR 0.33-1.01) ng/mL at the second sampling. In the group without PVL or IVH, it was 0.40 (IQR 0.29-0.6) ng/mL at the first sampling and 0.43 (IQR 0.34-0.62) ng/mL at the second sampling. The median GFAP was 0 regardless of the group and sampling time. The groups did not significantly differ in serum GFAP or S-100B levels. CONCLUSION: Peripheral blood levels of GFAP and S-100B were not significantly increased in very preterm infants that developed PVL or IVH. The predictive value of GFAP and S-100B as biomarkers of neonatal brain injury should be further explored in a larger cohort of neonates with more extensive IVH or PVL.

How health care professionals confront and solve ethical dilemmas - a tale of two countries: Slovenia and Croatia.

AIM: To assess the differences in the way how Slovenian and Croatian health care professionals (HCPs) confront ethical dilemmas and perceive the role of hospital ethics committees (HECs). METHODS: This cross-sectional, survey-based study involved HCPs from three Slovenian and five Croatian university medical centers (UMC). The final sample sizes were 308 (244 or 79.2% women) for Slovenia and 485 (398 or 82.1% women) for Croatia. RESULTS: Compared with Croatian physicians, Slovenian physicians reported a higher share of ethical dilemmas regarding waiting periods for diagnostics or treatment, suboptimal working conditions due to interpersonal relationships in the ward, and end-of-life treatment withdrawal, and a lower share regarding access to palliative care and patient information protection. Compared with Croatian nurses, Slovenian nurses reported a lower share of ethical dilemmas regarding the distribution of limited resources, recognizing the patient's best interests, and access to palliative care. Compared with Croatian other HCPs, Slovenian other HCPs reported a lower burden of ethical dilemmas regarding waiting periods for diagnostics or treatment, distribution of limited resources, and access to palliative care. When encountering an ethical dilemma, all HCPs in both countries would first consult their colleagues. Slovenian and Croatian HCPs recognized the importance of the HECs to a similar extent, but viewed their role differently. CONCLUSION: Croatian and Slovenian HCPs are confronted with different ethical dilemmas and perceive the role of HECs differently.

Genomic and phenotypic characterisation of invasive neonatal and colonising group B Streptococcus isolates from Slovenia, 2001-2018.

BACKGROUND: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of invasive neonatal disease in the industrialized world. We aimed to genomically and phenotypically characterise invasive GBS isolates in Slovenia from 2001 to 2018 and contemporary colonising GBS isolates from screening cultures in 2018. METHODS: GBS isolates from 101 patients (invasive isolates) and 70 pregnant women (colonising isolates) were analysed. Basic clinical characteristics of the patients were collected from medical records. Antimicrobial susceptibility and phenotypic capsular serotype were determined. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to assign multilocus sequence types (STs), clonal complexes (CCs), pathogenicity/virulence factors, including capsular genotypes, and genome-based phylogeny. RESULTS: Among invasive neonatal disease patients, 42.6% (n = 43) were females, 41.5% (n = 39/94) were from preterm deliveries (< 37 weeks gestation), and 41.6% (n = 42) had early-onset disease (EOD). All isolates were susceptible to benzylpenicillin with low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs; ≤0.125 mg/L). Overall, 7 serotypes were identified (Ia, Ib, II-V and VIII); serotype III being the most prevalent (59.6%). Twenty-eight MLST STs were detected that clustered into 6 CCs. CC-17 was the most common CC overall (53.2%), as well as among invasive (67.3%) and non-invasive (32.9%) isolates (p < 0.001). CC-17 was more common among patients with late-onset disease (LOD) (81.4%) compared to EOD (47.6%) (p < 0.001). The prevalence of other CCs was 12.9% (CC-23), 11.1% (CC-12), 10.5% (CC-1), 8.2% (CC-19), and 1.8% (CC-498). Of all isolates, 2.3% were singletons. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of hypervirulent CC-17 isolates, with low genomic diversity and characteristic profile of pathogenicity/virulence factors, was detected among invasive neonatal and colonising GBS isolates from pregnant women in Slovenia. This is the first genomic characterisation of GBS isolates in Slovenia and provides valuable microbiological and genomic baseline data regarding the invasive and colonising GBS population nationally. Continuous genomic surveillance of GBS infections is crucial to analyse the impact of IND prevention strategies on the population structure of GBS locally, nationally, and internationally.

Rezidivierende fulminante Myokarditis mit wiederholtem Einsatz der ECMO bei einem Kind.

Recurrent myocarditis is rare with only few reports having been published for paediatric cases. Repeated use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is also uncommon. In this paper we will present a very rare case of a 7-year old girl with recurrent fulminant myocarditis with heart failure requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mechanical circulatory support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Both episodes were precipitated by a viral upper respiratory tract infection, and in both cases the cardiac function eventually completely recovered. The second episode of fulminant myocarditis was particularly complex with markedly elevated markers of myocardiocytolysis, multiorgan dysfunction and the need for prolonged mechanical circulatory support. Nevertheless, the patient made a remarkable recovery. A comprehensive diagnostic workup pointed towards an aberrant immune response as the likely cause of the girl's susceptibility for fulminant myocarditis.

Prolonged hospitalization is a risk factor for delirium onset: one-day prevalence study in Slovenian INTENSIVE CARE UNITS.

Delirium is a clinical syndrome often underestimated in the intensive care units (ICU). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors that influence the onset of delirium. A questionnaire was sent to intensivists in Slovenian ICUs, who estimated the prevalence of delirious patients. The questionnaire consisted of demographic data, type of ICU, diagnosis, reason for admission to the ICU, type of anesthesia and surgery, clinical condition, type of supportive therapy, presence of delirium, data on discharge, transfers between departments or patient outcome on day 30. Patient consciousness was assessed by the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) and the presence of delirium by the validated delirium-screening Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). Replies received from intensivists included data on 103 patients. According to RASS ≥-3, the prevalence of delirium was 9.5% (7 out of 74 patients). There was no difference in the prevalence of delirium between surgical and medical ICU patients (p=0.388). Delirious patients had longer hospital stay (p=0.002) and ICU stay (p=0.032) compared to patients without delirium. All delirious patients survived until day 30, whereas 19 patients without delirium died (p=0.092). Logistic regression analysis dismissed any association of delirium with patient mortality (p=0.998). Age, gender, anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, and type of surgical procedure could not be evaluated as risk factors for delirium. In Slovenian ICUs, a lower proportion of delirium was observed, as reported from similar studies. Risk factors such as gender, age, mechanical ventilation, sedation, anesthesia, or department could not predict delirium. However, prolonged hospitalization of ICU patients could predict the onset of delirium, but the presence of delirium did not increase patient mortality.

Notes on the Development of the Slovenian Ethical Recommendations for Decision-Making on Treatment and Palliative Care of Patients at the End of Life in Intensive Care Medicine.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the process of development of "Slovenian Ethical Recommendations for Decision-Making on Treatment and Palliative Care of Patients at the End of Life in Intensive Care Medicine" and its final outcomes. DATA SOURCES: Personal experience and reflection, complemented by published data. STUDY SELECTION: Not applicable. DATA EXTRACTION: Not applicable. DATA SYNTHESIS: Narrative, experiential reflection, literature review. CONCLUSIONS: Slovenian ethical recommendations bring a small piece to a long tradition of ethical practice in a small European country. Despite the availability of informative international guiding documents on the issue, there are several specific good reasons for a small country or a region to develop its own unique guidelines (i.e., lack of local directives and legislation, unique cultural and political situation, need for development of professional expertise and terminology, and to educate healthcare providers). The authors strongly believe that our recommendations positively impact practice and will support best possible integrated palliative and end-of-life quality care with the ICU.

Passive therapeutic hypothermia during ambulance and helicopter secondary neonatal transport in neonates with hypoxic brain injury: a 10-year retrospective survey.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic hypothermia is a method of treatment in newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Hypothermia should be initiated no later than 6 h after birth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of the passive therapeutic cooling during neonatal transport. PURPOSE: The study aims to evaluate the efficiency of our transport in maintenance of target body temperature during transport. METHODS: We conducted a 10-year retrospective study in neonates, transported by helicopter or ambulance, who received therapeutic passive-induced hypothermia during transport to the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Therapy at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana between September 1, 2006, and December 31, 2016. RESULTS: Out of 68 transported newborns, 57 met the criteria for therapeutic induced hypothermia. Eight out of 51 (15.7%) were within therapeutic temperature zone before start of transport while 30 out of 57 (52.6%) were within therapeutic temperature zone at the end of transport. There was a negative correlation between the duration of transport and temperature at the admission (ρ = - 0.306; p = 0.026). A positive correlation was found between the body temperature before and at the end of transport (ρ = 0.410; p = 0,003). A positive correlation between axillary and rectal temperature on admission was found (ρ = 0,832; p < 0,0005). The type of transport, meteorological season, or gender differences did not affect any of measured parameters. Newborns who received chest compression had lower temperature. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic temperature zone during transport was achieved in 52.6% of transported neonates. Axillary temperature positively correlated with rectal temperature on admission.

Health, integrity, and doping in sports for children and young adults. A resolution of the European Academy of Paediatrics.

The European Academy of Paediatrics (EAP) is dedicated to promoting healthy lifestyles for children from birth into young adulthood. Physical exercise and leisure are essential to the development of healthy bodies, strong minds, and social skills. All children, without regard to their physical or mental capacities, should be provided with the time, the leadership, the facilities, and the equipment needed to exercise through sports while enjoying playing, even competing, in an environment appropriate to their capacities and aspirations. During exercise and sports, children should be assured of a safe and an appropriate environment that protects and promotes their human rights. Top sports that engage the best competitive athletes in an age group, in a region, in a country, or in the world should provide role models and even dreams for all children. These top sports, however, are also most usually surrounded by large political, economic, and/or business interests where only the best can compete while at times exacting a too high physical and/or psychological cost for those who have survived the cut, made the grade. Alongside this more and more children are being raised in environments with fewer open spaces as well as inside a media and digital culture making significantly less room for the enjoyment of physical exercise and leisure. Children's diets have also been changed dramatically by a significant intake of calorierich foods, which often have little nutritional value and which even a child's high metabolism rates not able to burn off efficiently. Conclusion With this Resolution, the EAP is calling for a renewed look at the role of sports and leisure in the lives of children and, by implication, at the way we structure, finance, and promote sports in Europe. The EAP is also asking that this Resolution be adopted by all organizers of sports involving children and young adults in Europe (and beyond), be that on the playground, in schools, in clubs, or in professional sporting organizations. The EAP would like that every child, throughout his or her childhood years and into young adulthood, can fully participate in sports in a safe environment where winning is playing and playing is winning.

Attitudes of Slovene paediatricians to end-of-life care.

AIMS: The aims of this study were to assess the attitudes of Slovene paediatricians to aspects of end-of-life (EOL) care and compare these attitudes between paediatric intensivists, paediatric specialists and paediatric residents. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional survey, using a specifically designed 43-item anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS: We included 323 out of 586 Slovene paediatricians and residents, while 46.7% (151 of 323) of them responded to our questionnaire. More than half of intensivists (54.2%) had sought counsel from the Committee for Medical Ethics in the past as compared with 12.0% and 12.1% of specialists and residents, respectively (P < 0.001). The decision to limit life-sustaining treatment (LST) was found to be ethically acceptable in all groups of respondents. The highest level of agreement was found in residents (90.2%), followed by 83.3% among intensivists and 73.8% among specialists (P = not statistically significant (NS)). Disagreement with termination of hydration was highest among residents (85%) and intensivists (79.2%) while it was lower among specialists (66.7%) (P = NS). Patient's best interest, good clinical practice and patient's autonomous decision were graded as the top three aspects of the EOL care, while cost effectiveness and availability of patient's bed in intensive care were the least important. CONCLUSIONS: The decision to limit LST measures was found to be ethically acceptable for Slovene paediatricians. No major differences were found among paediatric intensivists, specialist paediatricians and paediatric residents in the attitudes towards the EOL care.

Experiences of Slovene ICU physicians with end-of-life decision making: a nation-wide survey.

BACKGROUND: Advances in intensive care medicine have enormously improved ability to successfully treat seriously ill patients. However, intensive treatment and prolongation of life is not always in the patient's best interest, and many ethical dilemmas arise in end-of-life (EOL) situations. We aimed to assess intensive care unit (ICU) physicians' experiences with EOL decision making and to compare the responses according to ICU type. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was performed in all 35 Slovene ICUs, using a questionnaire designed to assess ICU physician experiences with EOL decision making, focusing on limitations of life-sustaining treatments (LST). RESULTS: We distributed 370 questionnaires (approximating the number of Slovene ICU physicians) and 267 were returned (72% response rate). The great majority of ICU physicians reported using do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders (97%), withholding LST (94%), and withdrawing antibiotics (86%) or inotropes (95%). Fewer ICU physicians reported withdrawing mechanical ventilation (52%) or extubating patients (27%). Hydration was reported to be only rarely terminated (76% of participants reported never terminating it). In addition, 63% of participants had never encountered advance directives, and 39% reported to "never" or "rarely" participating in decision making with relatives of patients. Nurses were reported to be "never" or "rarely" involved in the EOL decision making process by 84% of participants. CONCLUSIONS: Limitation of LST was regularly used by Slovene ICU physicians. DNR orders and withholding of LST were the most commonly used measures. Hydration was only rarely terminated. In addition, use of advance directives was almost non-existent in practice, and the patients' relatives and nurses only infrequently participated in the decision making.

Mediastinal teratoma with hydrops fetalis in a newborn and development of chronic respiratory insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Mediastinal fetal teratoma can be detected as a mass in the chest during a routine prenatal ultra-sound screening. Because of the pressure on mediastinal structures it can be the cause of non-immune hydrops fetalis and polyhydramnion. The development of hydrops fetalis leads to fetal death or premature delivery in most reported cases. Early surgical removal is important, but, the result of treatment depends on the stage of development of mediastinal organs and complications in the postoperative period. CASE REPORT: A 31-year-old gravida carrying twins, with spontaneous membrane rupture at 32 weeks gestation underwent urgent caesarean section after antenatal ultrasound revealed severe polyhydramnion and hydrops fetalis in geminus A. The child was intubated immediately after birth due to severe respiratory distress. Ultrasound and X-ray revealed a tumour mass in the right hemithorax. Tumour resection was performed at the age of 7 days. Histology examination revealed an encapsulated immature teratoma. The postoperative course was complicated with respiratory insufficiency which turned into chronic at the age of eight months. CONCLUSION: This is the fifth reported child with fetal mediastinal teratoma and severe hydrops fetalis that survived the neonatal period. Additional diagnostic search revealed abnormal course of both pulmonary arteries, which was probably one of the main causes of respiratory insufficiency.

Neonatal Thyrotoxicosis in Infants of Mothers with Graves' Disease Treated for Radioiodine-Induced Hypothyroidism: A Literature Review.

Fetal and neonatal thyrotoxicosis occurs in up to 5% of pregnancies in mothers with Graves' disease (GD). This condition is caused by stimulating antibodies against the thyrotropin receptor (TRAbs) that cross the placenta and may stimulate the fetal thyroid, typically in the second half of pregnancy. GD is often treated with radioiodine, resulting in hypothyroidism in most patients, but TRAbs can persist for several years. Even if a pregnant mother is hypothyroid after radioiodine therapy or surgery, her TRAbs can still, although rarely, induce fetal hyperthyroidism. In this review, we first present two cases of neonatal hyperthyroidism in mothers with GD who became hypothyroid after prior radioiodine therapy, identified through a 10-year analysis of the National Perinatal System in Slovenia. Based on these cases, we provide an overview of existing data on this rare clinical condition in neonates. We also discuss the underlying mechanisms and clinical outcomes based on currently available data. In conclusion, our review highlights the importance of careful monitoring during pregnancy in all women with GD, even in those well managed after radioiodine therapy or surgery.

Navigating the shadows: medical professionals' values and perspectives on end-of-life care within pediatric intensive care units in Croatia.

Background and aim: This study explores healthcare professionals' perspectives on end-of-life care in pediatric intensive care units (ICUs) in Croatia, aiming to illuminate their experiences with such practices, underlying attitudes, and major decision-making considerations. Amid the high variability, complexity, and emotional intensity of pediatric end-of-life decisions and practices, understanding these perspectives is crucial for improving care and policies. Methods: The study utilized a cross-sectional survey intended for physicians and nurses across all pediatric ICUs in Croatia. It included healthcare professionals from six neonatal and four pediatric ICUs in total. As the data from neonatal and pediatric ICUs were examined jointly, the term pediatric ICU was used to denominate both types of ICUs. A statistical analysis was performed using Python and JASP, focusing on professional roles, professional experience, and regional differences. Results: The study included a total of 103 participants (with an overall response rate-in relation to the whole target population-of 48% for physicians and 29% for nurses). The survey revealed diverse attitudes toward and experiences with various aspects of end-of-life care, with a significant portion of healthcare professionals indicating infrequent involvement in life-sustaining treatment (LST) limitation discussions and decisions, as well as somewhat ambiguous attitudes regarding such practices. Notably, discrepancies emerged between different professional roles and, in particular, regions, underscoring the high variability of LST limitation-related procedures. Conclusions: The findings highlight a pressing need for more straightforward guidelines, legal frameworks, support mechanisms, and communication strategies to navigate the complex terrain of rather burdensome end-of-life pediatric care, which is intrinsically loaded with profound ethical quandaries.

Diagnostics of Metabolic Bone Disease in Extremely Preterm Infants-Clinical Applicability of Bone Turnover Biochemical Markers and Quantitative Ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: Significant improvement in neonatal care has enabled increasing survival of preterm infants. Metabolic bone disease of prematurity is often overlooked due to other comorbidities of preterm birth. The best approach is screening and prevention of the disease in high-risk infants such as preterm infants. AIM: We followed up the clinical, radiological, and serum biochemical markers of metabolic bone disease in extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks of gestation). The clinical applicability and validation of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) as a novel bone turnover marker were assessed. Standard and novel biochemical bone turnover markers and quantitative ultrasound were compared. METHOD: Patients' data were collected from medical records. Assessments of calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, bone-alkaline phosphatase, CTX-I, and quantitative ultrasound were prospectively performed twice in 42 extremely preterm infants at postmenstrual ages of 30-32 weeks and 36-40 weeks. Bone mineral density was measured by quantitative ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, bone alkaline phosphatase, calcium, or ionized calcium are not related to gestational age, but bone mineral density, measured by quantitative ultrasound, is related. There is no correlation between standard and novel biochemical markers and quantitative ultrasound for the identification of metabolic bone disease.

Detection of human coronaviruses in simultaneously collected stool samples and nasopharyngeal swabs from hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis.

BACKGROUND: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are a well-known cause of respiratory infections but their role in gastrointestinal infections is unclear. The objective of our study was to assess the significance of HCoVs in the etiology of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children <6 years of age. METHODS: Stool samples and nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs collected from 260 children hospitalized for AGE (160 also had respiratory symptoms) and 157 otherwise healthy control children admitted for elective surgery were tested for the presence of four HCoVs using real time RT-PCR. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (reg. NCT00987519). RESULTS: HCoVs were more frequent in patients with AGE than in controls (23/260, 8.8% versus 4/151, 2.6%; odds ratio, OR 3.3; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.3-10.0; P = 0.01). Three of four HCoV-positive members in the control group, asymptomatic when sampled, recalled gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms within the previous 14 days. In patients with AGE, HCoVs were present in NP samples more often than in stools (22/256, 8.6%, versus 6/260, 2.3%; P = 0.0004). In 5/6 children with HCoVs detected in stools, the viruses were also detected in NP swabs. Patients had a significantly higher probability of HCoV detection in stool (OR 4; 95% CI 1.4-15.3; P = 0.006) and also in stool and/or NP (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.3-10.0; P = 0.01) than healthy controls. All four HCoVs species were detected in stool and NP samples. CONCLUSIONS: Although HCoVs were more frequently detected in patients with AGE than in the control group, high prevalence of HCoVs in NP swabs compounded by their low occurrence in stool samples and detection of other viruses in stool samples, indicate that HCoVs probably play only a minor role in causing gastrointestinal illness in children <6 years old.