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1.
Glob Public Health ; 1(3): 264-77, 2006.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19153911

ABSTRACT

Issues of power and consent, confidentiality, trust, and benefit, risks to researchers, and potential harm to participants, are all contested when working with different cultures and within environments marked by violence and insecurity. Difficulty resolving these dilemmas may paralyse ethics committees, may fail to give the guidance sought by researchers, and will not help populations who are among the world's most vulnerable. Even where efforts are made to respond to ethical guidelines and to improve practice, considerable impediments are present in many developing countries, including lack of formal ethical review structures in unstable settings, lack of required skills, limited political and institutional recognition of ethical issues, competing interests, and limitations in clinical and research practice (Elsayed 2004, Macklin 2004). In conflict settings, these limitations are more marked, and the responsibilities of the researcher for ethical practice are greater, but the mechanisms for oversight are weaker. Moreover, the constant focus on vulnerabilities and problems, and the often almost total lack of recognition of strengths and resilience, can further disempower already exploited groups and individuals. The capacity of refugees and communities in conflict to take an active role in the research process is seldom acknowledged, and undermines the potential for more innovative research which can help generate the evidence for better policy and practice.


Subject(s)
Confidentiality/ethics , Ethics, Research , Relief Work/organization & administration , Vulnerable Populations , Warfare , Community Participation , Developing Countries , Ethics Committees/ethics , Humans , Informed Consent/ethics , International Cooperation , Negotiating , Researcher-Subject Relations/ethics
2.
Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol ; 67(3): 206-12, 1982.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7061151

ABSTRACT

Aging A/Jax female mice were compared with young controls for abilities throughout life to make IgG1 and IgE anaphylactic antibodies and precipitins to chicken conalbumin (CA) and methylated human serum albumin (MeHSA) injected in five different regimens of immunization. These regimens consisted of various combinations of injections of antigen in water-in-oil emulsion or in saline. CA induce those antibodies well, MeHSA poorly. The mice were able to respond nearly equally at all ages, a finding differing from earlier ones for at least two reasons: (1) neither antigen used is related to any in mouse food, and (2) the regimens of immunization caused sustained antigenic stimulation together with induction of T cell responses, which could have compensated for otherwise expected age-weakening of necessary TH cell functionings. We conclude that A/J female mice can make good anaphylactic and precipitating antibody responses to new antigens throughout life.


Subject(s)
Aging , Anaphylaxis/immunology , Precipitins/biosynthesis , Animals , Chickens , Conalbumin/immunology , Female , Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis , Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis , Mice , Mice, Inbred A , Serum Albumin/immunology
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