Longevity of preserved Solanum lycopersicum L. seeds: physicochemical characteristics.

Ex situ conservation of plant biodiversity has been increasingly used to prevent further loss of genetic resources. Seed banks, for example, shelter the passport data of germplasm, preserved in detail, and made available for easy access, actions included in the FAO's Second Global Plan. We examined the deterioration of tomato seeds of different varieties stored for 10-year intervals at COMAV's genebank. Samples were analyzed using the conventional Germination and Tetrazolium tests, as well as the non-conventional Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry techniques, to quickly identify the physiological status of the accessions. Fatty acid profile was also determined. The relationship observed between lipid behavior and seed deterioration under long time storage conditions was the same for both non-conventional and conventional techniques. The viability of the samples was not affected by storage time, however, all the employed methods permitted identifying differences between varieties or accessions of the same variety. The complementary methods helped us interpret a complex data set with many interacting factors, leading to rapid identification of seed quality, increasing processing efficiency in tomato seeds conservation. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01157-9.

Population pharmacokinetic modelling and evaluation of different dosage regimens for darunavir and ritonavir in HIV-infected individuals.

OBJECTIVES: Darunavir is a protease inhibitor that is administered with low-dose ritonavir to enhance its bioavailability. It is prescribed at standard dosage regimens of 600/100 mg twice daily in treatment-experienced patients and 800/100 mg once daily in naive patients. A population pharmacokinetic approach was used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of both drugs and their interaction in a cohort of unselected patients and to compare darunavir exposure expected under alternative dosage regimens. METHODS: The study population included 105 HIV-infected individuals who provided darunavir and ritonavir plasma concentrations. Firstly, a population pharmacokinetic analysis for darunavir and ritonavir was conducted, with inclusion of patients' demographic, clinical and genetic characteristics as potential covariates (NONMEM(®)). Then, the interaction between darunavir and ritonavir was studied while incorporating levels of both drugs into different inhibitory models. Finally, model-based simulations were performed to compare trough concentrations (Cmin) between the recommended dosage regimen and alternative combinations of darunavir and ritonavir. RESULTS: A one-compartment model with first-order absorption adequately characterized darunavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics. The between-subject variability in both compounds was important [coefficient of variation (CV%) 34% and 47% for darunavir and ritonavir clearance, respectively]. Lopinavir and ritonavir exposure (AUC) affected darunavir clearance, while body weight and darunavir AUC influenced ritonavir elimination. None of the tested genetic variants showed any influence on darunavir or ritonavir pharmacokinetics. The simulations predicted darunavir Cmin much higher than the IC50 thresholds for wild-type and protease inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 strains (55 and 550 ng/mL, respectively) under standard dosing in >98% of experienced and naive patients. Alternative regimens of darunavir/ritonavir 1200/100 or 1200/200 mg once daily also had predicted adequate Cmin (>550 ng/mL) in 84% and 93% of patients, respectively. Reduction of darunavir/ritonavir dosage to 600/50 mg twice daily led to a 23% reduction in average Cmin, still with only 3.8% of patients having concentrations below the IC50 for resistant strains. CONCLUSIONS: The important variability in darunavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics is poorly explained by clinical covariates and genetic influences. In experienced patients, treatment simplification strategies guided by drug level measurements and adherence monitoring could be proposed.

Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for the therapeutic drug monitoring of cytotoxic anticancer drugs: An update.

In the era of precision medicine, there is increasing evidence that conventional cytotoxic agents may be suitable candidates for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)- guided drug dosage adjustments and patient's tailored personalization of non-selective chemotherapies. To that end, many liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays have been developed for the quantification of conventional cytotoxic anticancer chemotherapies, that have been comprehensively and critically reviewed. The use of stable isotopically labelled internal standards (IS) of cytotoxic drugs was strikingly uncommon, accounting for only 48 % of the methods found, although their use could possible to suitably circumvent patients' samples matrix effects variability. Furthermore, this approach would increase the reliability of cytotoxic drug quantification in highly multi-mediated cancer patients with complex fluctuating pathophysiological and clinical conditions. LC-MS/MS assays can accommodate multiplexed analyses of cytotoxic drugs with optimal selectivity and specificity as well as short analytical times and, when using stable-isotopically labelled IS for quantification, provide concentrations measurements with a high degree of certainty. However, there are still organisational, pharmacological, and medical constraints to tackle before TDM of cytotoxic drugs can be more largely adopted in the clinics for contributing to our ever-lasting quest to improve cancer treatment outcomes.

In vivo skin leptin modulation after 14 MeV neutron irradiation: a molecular and FT-IR spectroscopic study.

This paper discusses gene expression changes in the skin of mice treated by monoenergetic 14 MeV neutron irradiation and the possibility of monitoring the resultant lipid depletion (cross-validated by functional genomic analysis) as a marker of radiation exposure by high-resolution FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) imaging spectroscopy. The irradiation was performed at the ENEA Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG), which is specifically dedicated to biological samples. FNG is a linear electrostatic accelerator that produces up to 1.0 × 10(11) 14-MeV neutrons per second via the D-T nuclear reaction. The functional genomic approach was applied to four animals for each experimental condition (unirradiated, 0.2 Gy irradiation, or 1 Gy irradiation) 6 hours or 24 hours after exposure. Coregulation of a subclass of keratin and keratin-associated protein genes that are physically clustered in the mouse genome and functionally related to skin and hair follicle proliferation and differentiation was observed. Most of these genes are transiently upregulated at 6 h after the delivery of the lower dose delivered, and drastically downregulated at 24 h after the delivery of the dose of 1 Gy. In contrast, the gene coding for the leptin protein was consistently upregulated upon irradiation with both doses. Leptin is a key protein that regulates lipid accumulation in tissues, and its absence provokes obesity. The tissue analysis was performed by monitoring the accumulation and the distribution of skin lipids using FT-IR imaging spectroscopy. The overall picture indicates the differential modulation of key genes during epidermis homeostasis that leads to the activation of a self-renewal process at low doses of irradiation.

A simple model to assess nitrogen and phosphorus contamination in ungauged surface drainage networks: application to the Massaciuccoli Lake Catchment, Italy.

Modeling is a common practice to evaluate factors affecting water quality in environmental systems impaired by point and nonpoint losses of N and P. Nevertheless, in situations with inadequate information, such as ungauged basins, a balance between model complexity and data availability is necessary. In this paper, we applied a simplified analytical model to an artificially drained floodplain in central-western Italy to evaluate the importance of different nutrient sources and in-stream retention processes and to identify critical source areas. We first considered only a set of chemical concentrations in water measured from February through May 2008 and from November 2008 through February 2009. We then broadened available data to include water discharge and hydraulic-head measurements to construct a hydrogeological model using MODFLOW-2000 and to evaluate the reliability of the simplified method. The simplified model provided acceptable estimates of discharge (ranging from 0.03-0.75 m s) and diffuse nutrient inputs from water table discharge and in-stream retention phenomena. Estimates of PO-P and total P retention (ranging from 1.0 to 0.6 µg m s and from 1.18 to 0.95 µg m s for PO-P and total P, respectively) were consistent with the range of variability in literature data. In contrast, the higher temporal variability of nitrate concentrations decreased model accuracy, suggesting the need for more intensive monitoring. The model also separated the dynamics of different reaches of the drainage network and identified zones considered critical source areas and buffer zones where pollutant transport is reduced.

Dosage optimization of treatments using population pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation.

Pharmacokinetic variability in drug levels represent for some drugs a major determinant of treatment success, since sub-therapeutic concentrations might lead to toxic reactions, treatment discontinuation or inefficacy. This is true for most antiretroviral drugs, which exhibit high inter-patient variability in their pharmacokinetics that has been partially explained by some genetic and non-genetic factors. The population pharmacokinetic approach represents a very useful tool for the description of the dose-concentration relationship, the quantification of variability in the target population of patients and the identification of influencing factors. It can thus be used to make predictions and dosage adjustment optimization based on Bayesian therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). This approach has been used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine (NVP) in 137 HIV-positive patients followed within the frame of a TDM program. Among tested covariates, body weight, co-administration of a cytochrome (CYP) 3A4 inducer or boosted atazanavir as well as elevated aspartate transaminases showed an effect on NVP elimination. In addition, genetic polymorphism in the CYP2B6 was associated with reduced NVP clearance. Altogether, these factors could explain 26% in NVP variability. Model-based simulations were used to compare the adequacy of different dosage regimens in relation to the therapeutic target associated with treatment efficacy. In conclusion, the population approach is very useful to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs in a population of interest. The quantification and the identification of the sources of variability is a rational approach to making optimal dosage decision for certain drugs administered chronically.

Targeted therapies and checkpoint inhibitors in sarcoma.

Sarcomas are defined as a group of mesenchymal malignancies with over 100 heterogeneous subtypes. As a rare and difficult to diagnose entity, micrometastasis is already present at the time of diagnosis in many cases. Current treatment practice of sarcomas consists mainly of surgery, (neo)adjuvant chemo- and/or radiotherapy. Although the past decade has shown that particular genetic abnormalities can promote the development of sarcomas, such as translocations, gain-of-function mutations, amplifications or tumor suppressor gene losses, these insights have not led to established alternative treatment strategies so far. Novel therapeutic concepts with immunotherapy at its forefront have experienced some remarkable success in different solid tumors while their impact in sarcoma remains limited. In this review, the most common immunotherapy strategies in sarcomas, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapy and cytokine therapy are concisely discussed. The programmed cell death (PD)-1/PD-1L axis and apoptosis-inducing cytokines, such as TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), have not yielded the same success like in other solid tumors. However, in certain sarcoma subtypes, e.g. liposarcoma or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, encouraging results in some cases when employing immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with other treatment options were found. Moreover, newer strategies such as the targeted therapy against the ancient cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) may represent an interesting approach worth investigation in the future.

A crystallinity study of dental tissues and tartar by infrared spectroscopy.

In this paper we report a study of an important property of biomineralized phases, crystallinity, on the basis of previous results for synthetic apatite. Crystallinity is not only important for understanding biomineralization, it is also related to the maturation and mechanisms of growth of calcium phosphates in biological surroundings. We studied two kinds of sample, teeth as an example of biomineralized tissues and dental calculi (adhering) as an example of mineralization without participation of biological agents, except possibly bacteria. The investigation focused on study of ν(1)-ν(3) infrared absorption bands of PO(4)(3-) phosphates. We used ATR (attenuated total reflection) analysis to examine human dental tissues and tartar on several samples. The results confirm for the first time previous assumptions about the growth and maturation of dental calculi, i.e., crystallinity progresses from regions of high crystallinity to regions of lower crystallinity, and, in addition, its quantification with spatial resolution in the sample. A gradual pattern was observed in dental calculus. Another result from this study was that cementum and dentine had similar crystallinity, despite their different biological and mechanical functions.

Oral cavity defect reconstruction using anterolateral thigh free flaps.

BACKGROUND: It is estimated that about 92,000 new cases of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer occurred in Europe in 2008. During the past 30 years in the USA and Western Europe, the prognosis for oral cancer has clearly improved thanks to the possibility of reconstruction with microvascular free flaps, resulting in broader and safer resections. The anterolateral thigh flap is now being increasingly employed for this goal. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the anterolateral thigh free flap in the reconstruction of oral cavity defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between July 2004 and February 2009, we harvested 73 free flaps for the reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the oral cavity of 70 patients at our institution. The oncological and functional results in these 70 patients were evaluated, particularly in those patients reconstructed with anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap. We also evaluated the quality of life using the FACT-H&N questionnaire. RESULTS: We observed no significant differences in functional and oncological results between patients reconstructed by ALT and patients reconstructed with other flaps. Swallowing may be more difficult in patients who undergo adjuvant irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion, the very low morbidity at the donor site, great versatility, and very long pedicle make the ALT free flap the first choice for reconstructing soft tissue defects in the oral cavity (particularly mobile tongue).

Application of micro-FTIR imaging in the Earth sciences.

In this paper we describe recent applications of micro-infrared imaging in the Earth sciences. We address, in particular, the use of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in characterizing the zoning and speciation of H and C in a variety of geological materials, including microporous minerals, nominally anhydrous volcanic minerals (NAMs), and crystal inclusions. These investigations show that use of the modern techniques of FTIR imaging enables detection of the zoning of volatile species across the studied samples, and possible configuration changes of structurally-bound carbon molecular species (e.g., CO(2) vs CO(3)) during crystal growth. Such features, which are not accessible with other micro-analytical techniques, may provide information about the physicochemical properties which act as constraints in the genesis of the samples, and important information about the evolution of the geological system. Tests performed with focal-plane-array detectors (FPA) show that resolution close to the diffraction limit can be achieved if the amounts of the target molecules in the sample are substantially different. We also point out the possibility of using FTIR imaging for investigations under non-ambient conditions.

Synchrotron radiation FTIR imaging in minutes: a first step towards real-time cell imaging.

FTIR microscopy with a focal plane array (FPA) of detectors enables routine chemical imaging on individual cells in only a few minutes. The brilliance of synchrotron radiation (SR) IR sources may enhance the signal obtained from such small biosamples containing small amounts of organic matter. We investigated individual cells obtained from a cell culture specifically developed for transmission FTIR imaging using either a Globar or an SR source coupled to the same instrumentation. SR-IR source focussing was optimized to control the energy distribution on the FPA of detectors. Here we show that accessing the IR absorption distribution from all the organic contents of cells at 1 x 1 microm pixel resolution was possible only with high circulating current (> or = 1.2 A) illuminating a limited number of the FPA's detectors to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of IR images. Finally, a high-current SR ring is mandatory for collecting FTIR images of biosamples with a high contrast in minutes.

A cryogenic magneto-optical device for long wavelength radiation.

We present here a small-scale liquid helium immersion cryostat with an innovative optical setup suitable to work in long wavelength radiation ranges and under an applied magnetic field. The cryostat is a multi-stage device with several shielding in addition to several optical stages. The system has been designed with an external liquid nitrogen boiler to reduce liquid bubbling. The optical and mechanical properties of the optical elements were calculated and optimized for the designed configuration, while the optical layout has been simulated and optimized among different configurations based on the geometry of the device. The final design has been optimized for low-noise radiation measurements of proximity junction arrays under an applied magnetic field in the wavelength range λ = 250 µm-2500 µm.

End-to-side innervated sensate radial forearm flap in the hand: A 5-year follow-up.

Optimal functional reconstruction of the palmar surface of the hand requires good sensibility especially for the thumb and the radial side of the fingers. We report the long-term results of a distally based radial forearm flap (RFF) used for soft tissue coverage in the palm, index and middle finger and an end-to-side neurorrhaphy between the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) and the proper palmar digital nerve of the middle finger to restore sensation. At 5 years' follow-up, the patient's sensory recovery was assessed through static and moving two-point discrimination, light touch sensation, pain perception, hot and cold temperature perception, an electrophysiological study and sweat test. An S3+ sensory recovery on the British Medical Research Council scale, as modified by Mackinnon and Dellon, was noted together with a good perception in the palm compared to decreased perception in the volar surface of the proximal phalanx. These findings prove that the RFF can provide good functional coverage of the palm together with good sensitivity by end-to-side reinnervation.

[Radioprotection: doctrinaire references and medical surveillance]. / Radioprotezione: riferimenti dottrinari e sorveglianza medica.

The current statement of radioprotection, as formulated in the 60/90 ICRP Publication and confirmed in the recent 103/07 ICRP Publication, strengths the conceptual principle of the optimization, justification and limitation of doses, it analyses the risk and proposes the values of dose limitation, according to socio-medical considerations. The medical radioprotection's aim moved from the limitation of deterministic damages ("tissue reactions" according to ICRP 103/07) to the probability's reduction of stochastic effects appearance. The "tissue reaction problem" was solved maintaining the exposition limits under the threshold. All the Radiological Protection System is orientated toward the reduction of stochastic effects appearence based on epidemiological evidences (if findable) and caution: caution is represented by LNT (Linear No-Threshold Hypotesis). This hypothesis permits to apply criteria of risk's evaluation by mathematics intruments. Even if sometimes this hypothesis was scientifically criticized recently (ICRP 103/07) it's been considered valid for the prevention in the radiological protection sphere. The medical radioprotection is interested in worker's general state of health. This state of health should be compatible with specific work's conditions and permit to formulated a judgement of fitness. This compatibility (without contraindication) shall be kept and checked time by bringing about preventive measures and, in the same time, picking out the first signs of any pathologies. Therefore with the radioprotection we can talk about genetic individual susceptibility to neoplasia. Especially with the moleculer genetics we can recognize a quite big number of hereditary defects combined with family predisposition to cancer. The medical surveillance therefore has to be a prevention activity for each individual worker considering his ipersusceptibility, his specific working risk, his particular state of health, his habits, his family predisposition, his aspirations and his socio-cultural context.

The levels of vancomycin in the blood and the wound after the local treatment of bone and soft-tissue infection with antibiotic-loaded calcium sulphate as carrier material.

AIMS: Calcium sulphate (CaSO4) is a resorbable material that can be used simultaneously as filler of a dead space and as a carrier for the local application of antibiotics. Our aim was to describe the systemic exposure and the wound fluid concentrations of vancomycin in patients treated with vancomycin-loaded CaSO4 as an adjunct to the routine therapy of bone and joint infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 680 post-operative blood and 233 wound fluid samples were available for analysis from 94 implantations performed in 87 patients for various infective indications. Up to 6 g of vancomycin were used. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the data from 37 patients treated for an infection of the hip. RESULTS: The overall systemic exposure remained within a safe range, even in patients with post-operative renal failure, none requiring removal of the pellets. Local concentrations were approximately ten times higher than with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as a carrier, but remained below reported cell toxicity thresholds. Decreasing concentrations in wound fluid were observed over several weeks, but remained above the common minimum inhibitory concentrations for Staphylococcus up to three months post-operatively. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first pharmacokinetic description of the local application of vancomycin with CaSO4 as a carrier, documenting slow release, systemic safety and a release profile far more interesting than from PMMA. In particular, considering in vitro data, concentrations of vancomycin active against staphylococcal biofilm were seen for several weeks. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1537-44.

Antinuclear antibodies giving the 'multiple nuclear dots' or the 'rim-like/membranous' patterns: diagnostic accuracy for primary biliary cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Serum antinuclear antibodies giving the 'multiple nuclear dots' or the 'rim-like/membranous' patterns are frequently detected by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. AIM: To assess the accuracy of multiple nuclear dot and rim-like/membranous antinuclear antibodies for the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. METHODS: Sera from 4371 consecutive patients referred to our laboratory were analysed under code for antinuclear antibodies testing by indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells. RESULTS: Review of the clinical records of the 4371 patients allowed identification of 101 patients with antimitochondrial antibody-positive primary biliary cirrhosis and 22 with antimitochondrial antibody-negative variant. Multiple nuclear dot and/or rim-like/membranous patterns were found in 59 (1.3%) of the 4371 patients: 31 antimitochondrial antibody-positive primary biliary cirrhosis, 17 antimitochondrial antibody-negative primary biliary cirrhosis and 11 non-primary biliary cirrhosis. The specificity for primary biliary cirrhosis of both the antinuclear antibodies pattern was 99%. Positive predictive value and likelihood ratio for a positive test were 86% (95% CI: 72.7-94) and 221 (95% CI: 91.7-544) for multiple nuclear dot, 79% (95% CI: 62.2-90.1) and 132 (95% CI: 56.8-312.7) for rim-like/membranous, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple nuclear dot and rim-like/membranous antinuclear antibodies are rare findings. Their positivity strongly suggests the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis, irrespective of antimitochondrial antibody status. The high specificity for primary biliary cirrhosis makes them a useful diagnostic tool especially in antimitochondrial antibody-negative patients.

Antibodies to filamentous actin (F-actin) in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis.

AIMS: To evaluate the diagnostic significance of anti-filamentous actin antibodies (A-FAA) assessed with a commercial ELISA in comparison with immunofluorescence reactivity and patterns of anti-smooth muscle antibodies (SMA); and to correlate A-FAA positivity with clinical, immunogenetic, laboratory, and histological features in patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 1 (AIH-1). METHODS: We studied 78 consecutive untreated AIH-1 patients and 160 controls: 22 with autoimmune hepatitis type 2 (AIH-2), 51 with hepatitis C, 17 with coeliac disease (CD), 20 with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 50 blood donors. SMA was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on frozen sections of rat tissues, and A-FAA with a modified commercial ELISA. RESULTS: SMA was detected by IIF in 61 (78%) of 78 AIH-1 patients, of whom 47 (60%) had the SMA-T/G and 14 (18%) the SMA-V pattern. Of the pathological controls, 32 (20%) had the SMA-V pattern (25 with hepatitis C, 2 with AIH-2, 2 with PBC, 3 with CD). A-FAA were present in 55 AIH-1 patients (70.5%; 46 with SMA-T/G, 7 with SMA-V, and 2 SMA-negative), and in 10 controls (6%), of whom five had hepatitis C, two AIH-2, two PBC and one CD. The association between A-FAA and the SMA-T/G pattern was statistically significant (p<0.0001). A-FAA levels were higher in SMA-T/G positive than SMA-V positive AIH-1 patients and controls (p<0.0001). A-FAA positivity was significantly associated with higher gamma-globulin and IgG levels, but did not correlate with other considered parameters. CONCLUSION: The modified A-FAA ELISA strictly correlates with the SMA-T/G pattern and is a reliable and operator independent assay for AIH-1. Detection of A-FAA, even if devoid of prognostic relevance, may be useful when interpretative doubts of standard IIF arise.