TIPE2: A Candidate for Targeting Antitumor Immunotherapy.

TNF-α-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2 or TNFAIP8L2) is a recently discovered negative regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. TIPE2 is expressed in a wide range of tissues, both immune and nonimmune, and is implicated in the maintenance of immune homeostasis within the immune system. Furthermore, TIPE2 has been shown to play a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammation and the development of tumor. This review focuses on the structural characteristics, expression patterns, and functional roles of TIPE proteins, with a particular emphasis on the role and underlying mechanisms of TIPE2 in immune regulation and its involvement in different diseases. However, the current body of evidence is still limited in providing a comprehensive understanding of the complex role of TIPE2 in the human body, warranting further investigation to elucidate the possible mechanisms and functions of TIPE2 in diverse disease contexts.

GAPDH facilitates homologous recombination repair by stabilizing RAD51 in an HDAC1-dependent manner.

Homologous recombination (HR), a form of error-free DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, is important for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Here, we identify a moonlighting protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), as a regulator of HR repair, which is mediated through HDAC1-dependent regulation of RAD51 stability. Mechanistically, in response to DSBs, Src signaling is activated and mediates GAPDH nuclear translocation. Then, GAPDH directly binds with HDAC1, releasing it from its suppressor. Subsequently, activated HDAC1 deacetylates RAD51 and prevents it from undergoing proteasomal degradation. GAPDH knockdown decreases RAD51 protein levels and inhibits HR, which is re-established by overexpression of HDAC1 but not SIRT1. Notably, K40 is an important acetylation site of RAD51, which facilitates stability maintenance. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the importance of GAPDH in HR repair, in addition to its glycolytic activity, and they show that GAPDH stabilizes RAD51 by interacting with HDAC1 and promoting HDAC1 deacetylation of RAD51.

Targeting the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in neurological manifestations of Covid-19.

The diverse and severe nature of neurological manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has garnered increasing attention. Exploring the potential to decrease neurological complications in Covid-19 patients involves targeting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway as a therapeutic strategy. The mTOR pathway, widely recognised for its central role in essential cellular processes like synthesising proteins, facilitating autophagy, and modulating immune responses, has implications in various neurological disorders. Drawing parallels between these disorders and the observed neurological complications in Covid-19, we present a comprehensive review on the current understanding of mTOR signalling in the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and neuroinflammation.

YTHDF1's grip on CRC vasculature: insights into LINC01106 and miR-449b-5p-VEGFA axis.

BACKGROUND: Investigating the unexplored territory of lncRNA m6A modification in colorectal cancer (CRC) vasculature, this study focuses on LINC01106 and YTHDF1. METHODS: Clinical assessments reveal upregulated LINC01106 promoting vascular generation via the miR-449b-5p-VEGFA pathway. RESULTS: YTHDF1, elevated in CRC tissues, emerges as an adverse prognostic factor. Functional experiments showcase YTHDF1's inhibitory effects on CRC cell dynamics. Mechanistically, Me-CLIP identifies m6A-modified LINC01106, validated as a YTHDF1 target through Me-RIP. CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on the YTHDF1-mediated m6A modification of LINC01106, presenting it as a key player in suppressing CRC vascular generation.

A pomegranate seed-structured nanozyme-based colorimetric immunoassay for highly sensitive and specific biosensing of Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are a serious threat to human health. The development of rapid and sensitive detection methods for pathogenic bacteria is crucial for accurate drug administration. In this research, by combining the advantages of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we synthesized nanozymes with high catalytic performance, namely pomegranate seed-structured bimetallic gold-platinum nanomaterials (Ps-PtAu NPs), which can catalyze a colorless TMB substrate into oxidized TMB (oxTMB) with blue color to achieve colorimetric analysis of S. aureus. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed biosensor could quantitatively detect S. aureus at levels ranging from 1.0 × 101 to 1.0 × 106 CFU mL-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.9 CFU mL-1. Then, an integrated color picker APP on a smartphone enables on-site point-of-care testing (POCT) of S. aureus with LOD as low as 1 CFU mL-1. Meanwhile, the proposed biosensor is successfully applied to the detection of S. aureus in clinical samples with high sensitivity and specificity.

Anthropocene 129I Record in the Yellow Sea Sediments and Its Indication for River-Delivered Radioactive Pollution to Marginal Seas.

As the number of coastal nuclear facilities rapidly increases and the wastewater from the Fukushima Nuclear Plant has been discharged into the Pacific Ocean, the nuclear environmental safety of China's marginal seas is gaining increased attention along with the heightened potential risk of nuclear accidents. However, insufficient work limits our understanding of the impact of human nuclear activities on the Yellow Sea (YS) and the assessment of their environmental process. This study first reports the 129I and 127I records of posthuman nuclear activities in the two YS sediments. Source identification of anthropogenic 129I reveals that, in addition to the gaseous 129I release and re-emission of oceanic 129I discharged from the European Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants (NFRPs), the Chinese nuclear weapons testing fallout along with the global fallout is an additional 129I input for the continental shelf of the YS. The 129I/127I atomic ratios in the North YS (NYS) sediment are significantly higher than those in the other adjacent coastal areas, attributed to the significant riverine input of particulate 129I by the Yellow River. Furthermore, we found a remarkable 129I latitudinal disparity in the sediments than those in the seawaters in the various China seas, revealing that sediments in China's marginal seas already received a huge anthropogenic 129I from terrigenous sources via rivers and thus became a significant sink of anthropogenic 129I. This study broadens an insight into the potential impacts of terrigenous anthropogenic pollution on the Chinese coastal marine radioactive ecosystem.

Excessive iron inhibits insulin secretion via perturbing transcriptional regulation of SYT7 by OGG1.

Although iron overload is closely related to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the specific mechanism is unclear. Here, we found that excessive iron inhibited the secretion of insulin (INS) and impaired islet ß cell function through downregulating Synaptotagmin 7 (SYT7) in iron overload model in vivo and in vitro. Our results further demonstrated that 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), a key protein in the DNA base excision repair, was an upstream regulator of SYT7. Interestingly, such regulation could be suppressed by excessive iron. Ogg1-null mice, iron overload mice and db/db mice exhibit reduced INS secretion, weakened ß cell function and subsequently impaired glucose tolerance. Notably, SYT7 overexpression could rescue these phenotypes. Our data revealed an intrinsic mechanism by which excessive iron inhibits INS secretion through perturbing the transcriptional regulation of SYT7 by OGG1, which suggested that SYT7 was a potential target in clinical therapy for T2DM.

The role of ferroptosis in cardio-oncology.

With the rapid development of new generations of antitumor therapies, the average survival time of cancer patients is expected to be continuously prolonged. However, these therapies often lead to cardiotoxicity, resulting in a growing number of tumor survivors with cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a new interdisciplinary subspecialty called "cardio-oncology" has emerged, aiming to detect and treat cardiovascular diseases associated with tumors and antitumor therapies. Recent studies have highlighted the role of ferroptosis in both cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. The balance between intracellular oxidative stress and antioxidant defense is crucial in regulating ferroptosis. Tumor cells can evade ferroptosis by upregulating multiple antioxidant defense pathways, while many antitumor therapies rely on downregulating antioxidant defense and promoting ferroptosis in cancer cells. Unfortunately, these ferroptosis-inducing antitumor therapies often lack tissue specificity and can also cause injury to the heart, resulting in ferroptosis-induced cardiotoxicity. A range of cardioprotective agents exert cardioprotective effects by inhibiting ferroptosis. However, these cardioprotective agents might diminish the efficacy of antitumor treatment due to their antiferroptotic effects. Most current research on ferroptosis only focuses on either tumor treatment or heart protection but rarely considers both in concert. Therefore, further research is needed to study how to protect the heart during antitumor therapies by regulating ferroptosis. In this review, we summarized the role of ferroptosis in the treatment of neoplastic diseases and cardiovascular diseases and also attempted to propose further research directions for ferroptosis in the field of cardio-oncology.

Trends and patterns of antibiotic using from 2014 to 2018 in stomatology hospitals of China.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze trends of antibiotic consumption and expenditure in Chinese stomatology hospitals between 2014 and 2018 with a longitudinal study design, and show the impacts of the comprehensive policy on dental antibiotic use in China. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Consumption was quantified as the number of daily defined doses (DDDs) and expenditure as the procurement costs, using medical institutions' drug procurement data from the Chinese Monitoring Network for Rational Use of Drugs. Descriptive statistics was employed and the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was calculated to show the average annual growth rate. RESULTS: Between 2014 and 2018, overall antibiotic consumption increased from 842.6 thousand DDDs to 1376.7 thousand DDDs (p < 0.001) and expenditure increased from 11.6 million RMB to 20.9 million RMB (p < 0.001), where other ß-lactam antibacterials accounted for the largest proportion of total consumption (37.1%-50.1%) and expenditure (52.9%-66.6%), and also increase the largest (CAGR = 18.4%, p < 0.001). The proportion of oral antibiotics was nearly 9 times of parenteral antibiotics in consumption (CAGR = 0.3%, p = 0.023) and only 2 times in expenditure (CAGR = -1.7%, p = 0.112). The non-restricted group accounted for more than 90% of consumption (CAGR = 0.6%, p < 0.001). In 2018, oral first-generation cephalosporins (22.8%), oral imidazole derivatives (22.3%), and oral second-generation cephalosporins (19.2%) were the most frequently used antibiotic classification, while parenteral second-generation cephalosporins were top one (19.8%) for expenditure. At chemical substance levels, the consumption of oral cefradine ranked top one (21.4%) and parenteral cefuroxime accounted for the largest proportion of expenditure (14.5%) in 2018. Oral cefradine, oral metronidazole, and oral cefaclor were the top three frequently consumed antibiotics throughout the five years. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the potential antibiotic overuse, the comprehensive antibiotic stewardship regulations of China got a satisfactory and better performance in dental practices. More effort is needed to establish more explicit guidelines to improve antibiotic stewardship, such as priority recommending amoxicillin and its derivatives for endodontic infections.

T-cell exhaustion in CAR-T-cell therapy and strategies to overcome it.

Tumour immunotherapy has achieved good therapeutic effects in clinical practice and has received increased attention. Cytotoxic T cells undoubtedly play an important role in tumour immunotherapy. As a revolutionary tumour immunotherapy approach, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T-cell) therapy has made breakthroughs in the treatment of haematological cancers. However, T cells are easily exhausted in vivo, especially after they enter solid tumours. The exhaustion of T cells can lead to poor results of CAR-T-cell therapy in the treatment of solid tumours. Here, we review the reasons for T-cell exhaustion and how T-cell exhaustion develops. We also review and discuss ways to improve CAR-T-cell therapy effects by regulating T-cell exhaustion.

FEN1 inhibitor SC13 promotes CAR-T cells infiltration into solid tumours through cGAS-STING signalling pathway.

It is well known that chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy (CAR-T-cell immunotherapy) has excellent therapeutic effect in haematological tumours, but it still faces great challenges in solid tumours, including inefficient T-cell tumour infiltration and poor functional persistence. Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), highly expressed in a variety of cancer cells, plays an important role in both DNA replication and repair. Previous studies have reported that FEN1 inhibition is an effective strategy for cancer treatment. Therefore, we hypothesized whether FEN1 inhibitors combined with CAR-T-cell immunotherapy would have a stronger killing effect on solid tumours. The results showed that low dose of FEN1 inhibitors SC13 could induce an increase of double-stranded broken DNA (dsDNA) in the cytoplasm. Cytosolic dsDNA can activate the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon gene signalling pathway and increase the secretion of chemokines. In vivo, under the action of FEN1 inhibitor SC13, more chemokines were produced at solid tumour sites, which promoted the infiltration of CAR-T cells and improved anti-tumour immunity. These findings suggest that FEN1 inhibitors could enable CAR-T cells to overcome poor T-cell infiltration and improve the treatment of solid tumours.

Anti-mesothelin CAR-T immunotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer.

Recently, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has received increasing attention as an adoptive cellular immunotherapy that targets tumors. However, numerous challenges remain for the effective use of CAR-T to treat solid tumors, including ovarian cancer, which is an aggressive and metastatic cancer with a poor therapeutic response. We screened for an effective anti-MSLN single-chain Fv antibody with comparable binding activity and non-off-target properties using human phage display library. A second-generation of anti-MSLN CAR was designed and generated. We demonstrated the efficacy of our anti-MSLN CAR-T cells for ovarian cancer treatment in an in vitro experiment to kill ovarian tumor cell lines. The anti-MSLN CAR-T cells impeded MSLN-positive tumor growth concomitant with a significant increase in cytokine levels compared with the control. Then, we demonstrated the efficacy of anti-MSLN CAR-T cells in an in vivo experiment against ovarian cancer cell-derived xenografts. Furthermore, we herein report three cases with ovarian cancer who were treated with autologous anti-MSLN CAR-T cells and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of adoptive cell therapy. In this investigator-initiated clinical trials, no patients experienced cytokine release syndrome or neurological symptoms over 2 grads. Disease stabilized in two patients, with progression-free survival times of 5.8 and 4.6 months. Transient CAR expression was detected in patient blood after infusion each time. The tumor partially subsided, and the patient's condition was relieved. In conclusion, this work proves the efficacy of the anti-MSLN CAR-T treatment strategy in ovarian cancer and provides preliminary data for the development of further clinical trials.

Whole-genome resequencing and transcriptome analyses of four generation mutants to reveal spur-type and skin-color related genes in apple (Malus domestica Borkh. Cv. Red delicious).

BACKGROUND: Bud sport is a kind of somatic mutation that usually occurred in apple. 'Red Delicious' is considered to be a special plant material of bud sport, whereas the genetic basis of plant mutants is still unknown. In this study, we used whole-genome resequencing and transcriptome sequencing to identify genes related to spur-type and skin-color in the 'Red Delicious' (G0) and its four generation mutants including 'Starking Red' (G1), 'Starkrimson' (G2), 'Campbell Redchief' (G3) and 'Vallee Spur' (G4). RESULTS: The number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions and deletions (InDels) and structural variations (SVs) were decreased in four generation mutants compared to G0, and the number of unique SNPs and InDels were over 9-fold and 4-fold higher in G1 versus (vs.) G2 and G2 vs. G3, respectively. Chromosomes 2, 5, 11 and 15 carried the most SNPs, InDels and SVs, while chromosomes 1 and 6 carried the least. Meanwhile, we identified 4,356 variation genes by whole-genome resequencing and transcriptome, and obtained 13 and 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to spur-type and skin-color by gene expression levels. Among them, DELLA and 4CL7 were the potential genes that regulate the difference of spur-type and skin-color characters, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified potential genes associated with spur-type and skin-color differences in 'Red Delicious' and its four generation mutants, which provides a theoretical foundation for the mechanism of the apple bud sport.

Association between Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System-recommended Post-Coronary CT Angiography Management and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Stable Chest Pain from a Chinese Registry.

Background Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) was developed to standardize and optimize disease management in patients after coronary CT angiography (CCTA), but the impact of CAD-RADS management recommendations on clinical outcomes remains unclear. Purpose To retrospectively assess the association between the appropriateness of post-CCTA management according to CAD-RADS version 2.0 and clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods From January 2016 to January 2018, consecutive participants with stable chest pain referred for CCTA were prospectively included in a Chinese registry and followed for 4 years. Retrospectively, CAD-RADS 2.0 classification and the appropriateness of post-CCTA management were determined. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to adjust for confounding variables. Hazard ratios (HRs) for a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), relative risks for invasive coronary angiography (ICA), and the corresponding number needed to treat were estimated. Results Of the 14 232 included participants (mean age, 61 years ± 13 [SD]; 8852 male), 2330, 2756, and 2614 were retrospectively categorized in CAD-RADS 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Only 26% of participants with CAD-RADS 1-2 disease and 20% with CAD-RADS 3 received appropriate post-CCTA management. After PSM, appropriate post-CCTA management was associated with lower risk of MACEs (HR, 0.34; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.51; P < .001), corresponding to a number needed to treat of 21 in CAD-RADS 1-2 but not CAD-RADS 3 (HR, 0.86; 95% CI: 0.49, 1.85; P = .42). Appropriate post-CCTA management was associated with decreased use of ICA in CAD-RADS 1-2 (relative risk, 0.40; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.55; P < .001) and 3 (relative risk, 0.33; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.39; P < .001), resulting in a number needed to treat of 14 and 2, respectively. Conclusion In this retrospective secondary analysis, appropriate disease management after CCTA according to CAD-RADS 2.0 was associated with lower risk of MACEs and more prudent use of ICA. ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT04691037 © RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Leipsic and Tzimas in this issue.

Bioinspired, Anticoagulative, 19 F MRI-Visualizable Bilayer Hydrogel Tubes as High Patency Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts.

The clinical patency of small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) (ID < 6 mm) is limited, with the formation of mural thrombi being a major threat of this limitation. Herein, a bilayered hydrogel tube based on the essential structure of native blood vessels is developed by optimizing the relation between vascular functions and the molecular structure of hydrogels. The inner layer of the SDVGs comprises a zwitterionic fluorinated hydrogel, avoiding the formation of thromboinflammation-induced mural thrombi. Furthermore, the position and morphology of the SDVGs can be visualized via 19 F/1 H magnetic resonance imaging. The outer poly(N-acryloyl glycinamide) hydrogel layer of SDVGs provides matched mechanical properties with native blood vessels through the multiple and controllable intermolecular hydrogen-bond interactions, which can withstand the accelerated fatigue test under pulsatile radial pressure for 380 million cycles (equal to a service life of 10 years in vivo). Consequently, the SDVGs exhibit higher patency (100%) and more stable morphology following porcine carotid artery transplantation for 9 months and rabbit carotid artery transplantation for 3 months. Therefore, such a bioinspired, antithrombotic, and visualizable SDVG presents a promising design approach for long-term patency products and great potential of helping patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Insights on the stem elongation of spur-type bud sport mutant of 'Red Delicious' apple.

MAIN CONCLUSION: The decreased capacity of auxin-, CTK-, and BR-mediated cell division and cell enlargement pathways, combined with the enhanced capacity of GA and ETH-, JA-, ABA-, SA-mediated stress-resistant pathways were presumed to be the crucial reasons for the formation of spur-type 'Red Delicious' mutants. Vallee Spur', which exhibit short internodes and compact tree shape, is the fourth generation of the spur-type bud sport mutant of 'Red Delicious'. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of these properties remains unclear. Here, comparative phenotypic, full-length transcriptome and phytohormone analyses were performed between 'Red Delicious' (NSP) and 'Vallee Spur' (SP). The new shoot internode length of NSP was ˃ 1.53-fold higher than that of the SP mutant. Cytological analysis showed that the stem cells of the SP mutant were smaller and more tightly arranged relative to the NSP. By Iso-Seq, a total of 1426 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, including 808 upregulated and 618 downregulated genes in new shoot apex with 2 leaves of the SP mutant. Gene expressions involved in auxin, cytokinin (CTK), and brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction were mostly downregulated in the SP mutant, whereas those involved in gibberellin (GA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonate (JA), ABA, and salicylic acid (SA) signal transduction were mostly upregulated. The overall thermogram analysis of hormone levels in the shoot apex carrying two leaves detected by LC-MS/MS absolute quantification showed that the levels of IAA-Asp, IAA, iP7G, OPDA, and 6-deoxyCS were significantly upregulated in the SP mutant, while the remaining 28 hormones were significantly downregulated. It is speculated that the decreased capacity of auxin, CTK, and BR-mediated cell division and cell enlargement pathways is crucial for the formation of the SP mutant. GA and stress-resistant pathways of ETH, JA, ABA, and SA also play vital roles in stem elongation. These results highlight the involvement of phytohormones in the formation of stem elongation occurring in 'Red Delicious' spur-type bud sport mutants and provide information for exploring its biological mechanism.

Melatonin alleviates pyroptosis by regulating the SIRT3/FOXO3α/ROS axis and interacting with apoptosis in Atherosclerosis progression.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis (AS), a significant contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD), is steadily rising with the aging of the global population. Pyroptosis and apoptosis, both caspase-mediated cell death mechanisms, play an essential role in the occurrence and progression of AS. The human pineal gland primarily produces melatonin (MT), an indoleamine hormone with powerful anti-oxidative, anti-pyroptotic, and anti-apoptotic properties. This study examined MT's anti-oxidative stress and anti-pyroptotic effects on human THP-1 macrophages treated with nicotine. METHODS: In vitro, THP-1 macrophages were induced by 1 µM nicotine to form a pyroptosis model and performed 30 mM MT for treatment. In vivo, ApoE-/- mice were administered 0.1 mg/mL nicotine solution as drinking water, and 1 mg/mL MT solution was intragastric administrated at 10 mg/kg/day. The changes in pyroptosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress were detected. RESULTS: MT downregulated pyroptosis, whose changes were paralleled by a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reversal of sirtuin3 (SIRT3), and Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3α) upregulation. MT also inhibited apoptosis, mainly caused by the interaction of caspase-1 and caspase-3 proteins. Vivo studies confirmed that nicotine could accelerate plaque formation. Moreover, mice treated with MT showed a reduction in AS lesion area. CONCLUSIONS: MT alleviates pyroptosis by regulating the SIRT3/FOXO3α/ROS axis and interacting with apoptosis. Importantly, our understanding of the inhibitory pathways for macrophage pyroptosis will allow us to identify other novel therapeutic targets that will help treat, prevent, and reduce AS-associated mortality.

Short-Term Starvation Weakens the Efficacy of Cell Cycle Specific Chemotherapy Drugs through G1 Arrest.

Short-term starvation (STS) during chemotherapy can block the nutrient supply to tumors and make tumor cells much more sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs than normal cells. However, because of the diversity of starvation methods and the heterogeneity of tumors, this method's specific effects and mechanisms for chemotherapy are still poorly understood. In this study, we used HeLa cells as a model for short-term starvation and etoposide (ETO) combined treatment, and we also mimicked the short-term starvation effect by knocking down the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH to explore the exact molecular mechanism. In addition, our study demonstrated that short-term starvation protects cancer cells against the chemotherapeutic agent ETO by reducing DNA damage and apoptosis due to the STS-induced cell cycle G1 phase block and S phase reduction, thereby diminishing the effect of ETO. Furthermore, these results suggest that starvation therapy in combination with cell cycle-specific chemotherapeutic agents must be carefully considered.

Characterizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on road dusts in Shenzhen, China: implications for road stormwater reuse safety.

Urban road stormwater reuse is one of the most effective ways to mitigate water resource shortage. However, due to a diversity of human activities such as traffic, various toxic pollutants can be deposited on road surfaces during dry periods and washed off during wet periods, threatening stormwater reuse safety. Among these pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been widely found in road stormwater. This study selected twelve road sites in Shenzhen, China, and investigated PAHs deposited on urban roads and their influential factors (traffic characteristics, land use and road surface condition). The research outcomes showed that high-molecular-weight PAH species (5-6 benzene rings) had higher concentrations and variability on spatial distributions than light-molecular-weight ones (2-4 benzene rings). Additionally, more PAHs were attached to dusts with small particle sizes (< 150 µm), and among influential factors, commercial land use showed a stronger correlation with PAHs distributions, regardless of particle sizes. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that traffic volume did not have an important influence on PAH generations on roads, while the source tracking results did indicate that traffic activities were the main contributor of PAHs. This implies that other traffic characteristics such as frequent go-and-stop activities might also contribute PAHs on roads. This means that areas with frequent traffic congestions could be the "hot spot" areas of PAHs, although the traffic volume might be not high. These research outcomes can provide useful insight into effective stormwater management and ensuring their reuse safety.

Metformin ameliorates ferroptosis in cardiac ischemia and reperfusion by reducing NOX4 expression via promoting AMPKα.

CONTEXT: Metformin (Met) has a protective effect against cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. OBJECTIVE: This study uncovered the Met effect on ferroptosis in cardiac I/R. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent cardiac I/R treatment (ischaemia 30 min; reperfusion 24 h) (I/R group), and administered intravenously with Met (200 mg/kg) (I/R + Met group). Haematoxylin-eosin staining, Prussian blue staining, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscope were conducted on cardiac tissues. H9c2 cells underwent oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R group) and treated by Met (0.1 mM) (OGD/R + Met group). Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) siRNA was transfected into OGD/R-induced H9c2 cells. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and JC-1 staining were conducted on H9c2 cells. Ferroptosis-related indicators and gene expression were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS: In cardiac I/R rat, Met decreased heart and serum MDA, cardiac and serum non-heme iron, and serum CK-MB and LDH (inhibition rate: 50.0%, 48.8%, 47.6%, 29.5%, 30.6% and 34.7%, respectively), relieved cardiac tissue ferroptosis and mitochondria damage, increased fraction shortening and ejection fraction (157.5% and 146.2% on day 28, respectively), up-regulated AMPKα and down-regulated NOX4 in cardiac tissues. In OGD/R-induced H9c2 cells, Met (0.1 mM) increased cell viability (promotion rate: 170.0%), decreased non-heme iron and MDA (inhibition rate: 30.1% and 47.9%, respectively), relieved ferroptosis, up-regulated AMPKα and down-regulated NOX4. AMPKα silencing abrogated these effects of Met on the OGD/R-induced H9c2 cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Met shows effectiveness in relieving ferroptosis in cardiac I/R. In the future, Met may be an effective drug for relieving ferroptosis in cardiac I/R patients clinically.