Quality metrics in cardiac catheterization for congenital heart disease: utility of 30-day mortality.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the frequency and attributability of death among patients who died within 30 days of their cardiac catheterization (30-day mortality). BACKGROUND: 30-day postprocedure mortality is commonly used as a quality outcome metric in national cardiac catheterization registries. It is unclear if this parameter is sufficiently specific to meaningfully capture mortality attributable to cardiac catheterization in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Multicenter cohort study with 3 participating centers. Records were retrospectively reviewed for patients who died within 30 days of catheterization (06/2007-06/2012). Attributability of death was assigned to each case. RESULTS: A total of 14,707 cardiac catheterization procedures were performed during the study period. Death occurred within 30 days in 279/14,707 (1.9%) of cases. Among the patients who died, 53% of cases were emergent or urgent cases. The median age was 4 mos (1 day-45 years). Death was attributable to the catheterization procedure in 29/279 (10%) of cases. Death was attributable to cardiac surgery in 14%, precatheterization clinical status in 34%, postcatheterization clinical status in 22%, and noncardiac comorbidity in 19%. In 1%, death attributability could not be established. CONCLUSIONS: While valuable in adult settings, 30-day mortality is inadequate as a quality metric among patients with CHD undergoing cardiac catheterization. To derive the optimal benefit from catheterization registry data, more robust methodologies to capture procedure-related mortality are needed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A Proactive Approach to Neonates Born at 23 Weeks of Gestation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in-hospital survival, survival without major morbidity, and neurodevelopmental impairment for neonates born at 23 weeks of gestation provided proactive, coordinated, and comprehensive perinatal and neonatal management. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at a single, tertiary care center between 2004 and 2013. Enrollment was limited to mother-neonate dyads at 23 weeks of gestation who were provided a proactive approach defined as documented evidence of antenatal corticosteroid administration, willingness to provide cesarean delivery for fetal distress, and neonatal resuscitation and intensive care. Among survivors, major morbidities (predischarge) and neurodevelopmental assessments at corrected ages of 18-22 months were examined. RESULTS: Among 152 live births identified, 101 neonates received proactive care, of whom 60 (59%) survived to hospital discharge. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.09-0.94), fetal growth restriction (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03-0.89), delivery room cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR 0.07, 95% CI 0.02-0.32), and prolonged intubation sequence (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.45) were associated with lower neonatal survival. Among neonatal intensive care unit survivors, 62% had at least one major morbidity. Among 50 survivors with assessment at 18-22 months, six (12%) were unimpaired, 20 (40%) had mild impairment, and 24 (48%) had moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment. CONCLUSION: Proactive, interdisciplinary care enabled more than half of the neonates born at 23 weeks of gestation to survive, and approximately half of children evaluated at 18 months exhibited no or mild impairment. This information should be considered when providing prognostic advice to families with threatened preterm birth at 23 weeks of gestation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Placental transfusion strategies in very preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of interventions promoting placental transfusion at delivery (delayed cord clamping or umbilical cord milking) compared with early cord clamping on outcomes among premature neonates of less than 32 weeks of gestation. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was conducted of PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases (January 1965 to December 2013) for articles relating to placental transfusion strategies in very preterm neonates. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Literature searches returned 369 articles with 82 considered in full. We only included data from studies with an average gestational age of less than 32 weeks of gestation enrolled in randomized trials of enhanced placental-fetal transfusion interventions (delayed cord clamping or umbilical cord milking) compared with early cord clamping. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: We identified 12 eligible studies describing a total of 531 neonates with an average gestation of 28 weeks. Benefits of greater placental transfusion were decreased mortality (eight studies, risk ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19-0.95, 3.4% compared with 9.3%, P=.04), lower incidence of blood transfusions (six studies, risk ratio 0.75, 95% CI 0.63-0.92, 49.3% compared with 66%, P<.01), and lower incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (nine studies, risk ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.43-0.91, 16.7% compared with 27.3%, P=.01). There was a weighted mean difference of -1.14 blood transfusions (six studies, 95% CI -2.01-0.27, P<.01) and a 3.24-mmHg increase in blood pressure at 4 hours of life (four studies, 95% CI 1.76-4.72, P<.01). No differences were observed between the groups across all available safety measures (5-minute Apgar scores, admission temperature, incidence of delivery room intubation, peak serum bilirubin levels). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this meta-analysis suggest that enhanced placental transfusion (delayed umbilical cord clamping or umbilical cord milking) at birth provides better neonatal outcomes than does early cord clamping, most notably reductions in overall mortality, lower risk of intraventricular hemorrhage, and decreased blood transfusion incidence. The optimal umbilical cord clamping practice among neonates requiring immediate resuscitation remains uncertain.