Resting energy expenditure in adolescents with Down syndrome: a comparison of commonly used predictive equations.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) are two to three times more likely to be obese than their typically developing peers. When preventing or treating obesity, it is useful for clinicians to understand an individual's energy intake needs. Predictive resting energy expenditure (REE) equations are often recommended for general use in energy intake recommendations; however, these predictive equations have not been validated in youth with DS. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of seven commonly used predictive equations for estimating REE in adolescents who are typically developing to REE measured by indirect calorimetry in adolescents with DS. METHODS: Adolescents with DS participated in a 90-min laboratory visit before 10:00 a.m. after a 12-h overnight fast and a 48-h abstention from aerobic exercise. REE was measured via indirect calorimetry, and estimated REE was derived using the Institute of Medicine, Molnar, Muller and World Health Organization equations. Mean differences between the measured and predicted REE for each equation were evaluated with equivalency testing, and P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Holm method. RESULTS: Forty-six adolescents with DS (age: 15.5 ± 1.7 years, 47.8% female, 73.9% non-Hispanic White) completed the REE assessment. Average measured REE was 1459.5 ± 267.8 kcal/day, and the Institute of Medicine equations provided the most accurate prediction of REE with a 1.7 ± 11.2% (13.9 ± 170.3 kcal/day) overestimation. This prediction was not statistically different from the measured REE [P-value = 0.582; 95% confidence interval (CI): -64.5, 36.7], and the difference between the measured and predicted REE was statistically equivalent to zero (P-value = 0.024; 90% CI: -56.1, 28.3). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the Institute of Medicine equation may be useful in predicting REE in adolescents with DS. Future research should confirm these results in a larger sample and determine the utility of the Institute of Medicine equation for energy intake recommendations during a weight management intervention.

Changes in physical activity across a 6-month weight loss intervention in adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents and young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have high rates of obesity and low levels of physical activity. This analysis examined changes in light, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time, and the association between changes in MVPA and weight loss in adolescents and young adults with IDD and overweight and obesity participating in a 6-month multi-component weight loss intervention. METHODS: Adolescents and young adults with IDD and overweight or obesity (body mass index ≥ 85 percentile, n = 110, age ~16 years, 52.7% female) and a parent were randomised to one of three intervention groups: face-to-face delivery/conventional reduced energy diet (n = 36), remote delivery (RD)/conventional reduced energy diet (n = 39), or RD/reduced energy enhanced stop light diet (eSLD) (n = 35.) Participants were asked to engage in 60 min/day of MVPA on 5 or more days/wk. Participants and a parent attended twice monthly education/behavioural counselling sessions with a health educator to assist participants in complying with dietary and MVPA recommendations. Education/counselling in the RD arms was delivered remotely using video conferencing, and self-monitoring of MVPA and daily steps was completed using a wireless activity tracker. Education/counselling in the face-to-face arm was delivered during home-visits and self-monitoring of MVPA and daily steps was completed by self-report using paper tracking forms designed for individuals with IDD. MVPA, light activity, and sedentary time were assessed over 7 days at baseline and 6 months using a portable accelerometer (ActiGraph wGT3x-BT). RESULTS: Mixed modelling analysis completed using participants with valid accelerometer data (i.e. ≥4-10 h days) at baseline (n = 68) and 6 months (n = 30) revealed no significant changes in light, moderate- MVPA, or sedentary time across the 6-month intervention (all P > 0.05). Participants obtained 15.2 ± 21.5 min/day of MVPA at baseline and 19.7 ± 19.7 min/day at 6 months (P = 0.119). Mixed modelling indicated no significant effects of group (P = 0.79), time (P = 0.10), or group-by-time interaction (P = 0.21) on changes in MVPA from baseline to 6 months. Correlational analysis conducted on participants with valid accelerometer data at both baseline and 6 months (n = 24) revealed no significant associations between baseline sedentary time (r = 0.10, P = 0.40) and baseline MVPA (r = -0.22, P = 0.30) and change in MVPA across the 6-month intervention. Additionally, attendance at education/counselling sessions (r = 0.26, P = 0.22) and frequency of self-monitoring of MVPA were not significantly associated with change in MVPA from baseline to 6 months (r = 0.26, P = 0.44). Baseline MVPA (r = 0.02, P = 0.92) and change in MVPA from baseline to 6 months (r = 0.13, P = 0.30) were not associated with changes in body weight across the 6-month intervention. CONCLUSION: We observed a non-significant increase in MVPA (30%), which was not associated with the magnitude of weight loss in a sample of adolescents and young adults with IDD who participated in a 6-month multi-component weight loss intervention. Additional strategies to increase MVPA in adolescents and young adults with IDD participating in weight loss interventions need to be developed and evaluated.

Intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental correlates of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time in adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Although correlates of physical activity (PA) have been extensively examined in both children and adolescents who are typically developing, little is known about correlates of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time in adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Therefore, we examined intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental factors and their association with device-based MVPA and sedentary time in adolescents with IDD. METHODS: MVPA and sedentary time was assessed using a hip-worn ActiGraph model wGT3x-BT tri-axial accelerometer across a 7-day period in adolescents with IDD and one of their parents. Pearson and point-biserial correlations were calculated to inspect the associations of PA (MVPA, sedentary time) with intrapersonal factors (demographic characteristic, BMI, waist circumference, motor ability, muscle strength, grip strength, cardiovascular fitness and self-efficacy for PA), interpersonal factors (parent demographics, parent BMI, parent MVPA and sedentary time, family social support for PA, parent barriers and support for PA, parent's beliefs/attitudes towards PA and number of siblings), and environmental factors (meteorologic season and COVID-19). Ordinary least squares regression was used to estimate the unique contributions of key factors to PA after controlling for participants' age, sex, race, waist circumference and total wear time. RESULTS: Ninety-two adolescents (15.5 ± 3.0 years old, 21.7% non-White, 6.5% Hispanic, 56.5% female) provided valid accelerometer data. Average sedentary time was 494.6 ± 136.4 min/day and average MVPA was 19.8 ± 24.2 min/day. Age (r = 0.27, P = 0.01), diagnosis of congenital heart disease (r = -0.26, P = 0.01) and parent sedentary time (r = 0.30, P = 0.01) were correlated with sedentary time. BMI (r = -0.24, P = 0.03), waist circumference (r = -0.28, P = 0.01), identifying as White (r = -0.23, P = 0.03) and parent MVPA (r = 0.56, P < 0.001) were correlated with MVPA. After adjusting for the adolescent's age, sex, race, waist circumference, and total wear time, the association between parent and adolescent MVPA remained significant (b = 0.55, P < 0.01, partial η2  = 0.11). CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide evidence that race, waist circumference and parental MVPA may influence the amount of MVPA in adolescents with IDD. The limited available information and the potential health benefits of increased MVPA highlight the need to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-component interventions targeting both intrapersonal and interpersonal levels to promote increased PA in adolescents with IDD.

Remote delivery of a weight management intervention for adults with intellectual disabilities: Results from a randomized non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Remote delivery of multi-component weight management interventions results in clinically meaningful weight loss in adults without intellectual disabilities (ID), but the effectiveness of remotely delivered weight management interventions in adults with ID has not previously been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To determine if a weight management intervention delivered remotely could achieve weight loss (kg) at 6 months that is non-inferior to in-person visits in adults with ID and overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2). METHODS: Participants were randomized to a 24-mo. trial (6 mos weight loss,12 mos weight maintenance, 6 mos. no-contact follow up) to compare weight loss achieved with the same multicomponent intervention delivered to individual participants in their home either remotely (RD) or during face-to-face home visits (FTF). RESULTS: One hundred twenty adults with ID (∼32 years of age, 53 % females) were randomized to the RD (n = 60) or the FTF arm (n = 60). Six-month weight loss in the RD arm (-4.9 ± 7.8 kg) was superior to 6-month weight loss achieved in the FTF arm (-2.1 ± 6.7 kg, p = 0.047). However, this may be partially attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic, since weight loss in the FTF arm was greater in participants who completed the intervention entirely pre-COVID (n = 33,-3.2 %) compared to post-COVID (n = 22, -0.61 %). Weight loss across did not differ significantly between intervention arms at 18 (p = 0.33) or 24 months (p = 0.34). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that remote delivery is a viable option for achieving clinically relevant weight loss and maintenance in adults with ID. NCT REGISTRATION: NCT03291509.