ABSTRACT
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) continue to pose a threat to military personnel and the general public because of their toxicity and their potential use as weapons of mass destruction. An effective method for the detection of human exposure to OPNAs involves the refluoridation of nerve agents adducted to the serum protein butyrylcholinesterase. The regenerated agents are then enriched by solid-phase extraction and quantified by isotope-dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We have previously reported improvements that resulted in a 10-fold increase in sensitivity. We have now made further changes to the method that include the addition of confirmation ions, the addition of soman (GD) to the assay, the expansion of the linear range, and the elimination of high-volume injection to decrease background noise and run time while improving sensitivity. This report includes the standard operating procedures for this method for tabun, sarin, soman, cyclohexylsarin, and VX and validation studies. The method's limits of detection ranged from 5.5 to 16.5 pg/mL for the G analogue of VX and GD, respectively. Characterization of quality control (QC) materials resulted in an average coefficient of variation of 15.1% for the five analytes in low QC pools and 11.7% in high QC pools.
Subject(s)
Blood Proteins/metabolism , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/blood , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Fluorides/chemistry , Organophosphorus Compounds/blood , Potassium Compounds/chemistry , Biomarkers/blood , Blood Proteins/chemistry , Calibration , Chemical Warfare Agents/analysis , Chemical Warfare Agents/chemistry , Chemical Warfare Agents/metabolism , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/chemistry , Cholinesterase Inhibitors/metabolism , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Humans , Organophosphates/blood , Organophosphates/chemistry , Organophosphates/metabolism , Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry , Organophosphorus Compounds/metabolism , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/blood , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/chemistry , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/metabolism , Reproducibility of Results , Sarin/blood , Sarin/chemistry , Sarin/metabolism , Solid Phase Extraction/methods , Solvents/chemistry , Soman/blood , Soman/chemistry , Soman/metabolismABSTRACT
The lack of data in the open literature on human exposure to the nerve agent O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate (VX) gives a special relevance to the data presented in this study in which we report the quantification of VX-butyrylcholinesterase adduct from a relatively low-level accidental human exposure. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry using the fluoride ion regeneration method for the quantification of multiple nerve agents including VX. Six human plasma samples from the same individual were collected after the patient had been treated once with oxime immediately after exhibiting signs of exposure. Detection limits of approximately 5.5 pg/mL plasma were achieved for the G-analogue of VX (G-VX). Levels of the G-VX ranged from 81.4 pg/mL on the first day after the exposure to 6.9 pg/mL in the sample taken 27 days after the exposure. Based on the reported concentration of human butyrylcholinesterase in plasma of approximately 80 nM, it can be calculated that inhibition levels of >or= 0.05% of BuChE can be accurately quantified. These data further indicate that the fluoride ion regeneration method is a potentially powerful tool that can be used to assess low-level exposure to VX.