Human papillomavirus and World Health Organization type III nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Multicenter study from an endemic area in Southern China.

BACKGROUND: The current study was conducted to study the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Southern China and the corresponding treatment outcome. METHODS: A retrospective chart review with a level of evidence of 4 was performed. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2015, a total of 1328 patients with NPC were treated in 3 study institutes in Hong Kong and Foshan City in Guangdong Province, China. All tumors were undifferentiated, nonkeratinizing carcinoma, of which 91.9% were positive for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV+) and 7.7% were positive for HPV/p16 (HPV+). Although coinfection with both viruses occurred only in 8 patients (0.6%), 94 patients had tumors that were EBV negative (EBV-) and HPV+. All patients were treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy alone for American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I and II disease, and concurrent chemoradiotherapy for stage III and IV disease. With a median follow-up of 72.8 months, the authors found that the local recurrence rate was significantly lower for patients with tumors that were EBV-/HPV+ compared with patients with tumors that were EBV+/HPV- (6.4% vs 13.8%; P = .03). Similar trends were observed for the 5-year disease-free survival rate (89.8% vs 70.8%; P =.03) and 5-year overall survival rate (86% vs 72%; P =.03). CONCLUSIONS: In regions that are endemic for NPC, the prevalence of EBV and HPV coinfection in patients with NPC is extremely low. Conversely, patients with EBV-/HPV+ NPC demonstrate significantly better local tumor control and survival after radiotherapy. Cancer 2018;124:530-6. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

Epidemiology and clinical presentation of the four human parainfluenza virus types.

BACKGROUND: Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are important causes of upper respiratory tract illness (URTI) and lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI). To analyse epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the four types of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), patients with acute respiratory tract illness (ARTI) were studied in Guangzhou, southern China. METHODS: Throat swabs (n=4755) were collected and tested from children and adults with ARTI over a 26-month period, and 4447 of 4755 (93.5%) patients' clinical presentations were recorded for further analysis. RESULTS: Of 4755 patients tested, 178 (3.7%) were positive for HPIV. Ninety-nine (2.1%) samples were positive for HPIV-3, 58 (1.2%) for HPIV-1, 19 (0.4%) for HPIV-2 and 8 (0.2%) for HPIV-4. 160/178 (88.9%) HPIV-positive samples were from paediatric patients younger than 5 years old, but no infant under one month of age was HPIV positive. Seasonal peaks of HPIV-3 and HPIV-1 occurred as autumn turned to winter and summer turned to autumn. HPIV-2 and HPIV-4 were detected less frequently, and their frequency of isolation increased when the frequency of HPIV-3 and HPIV-1 declined. HPIV infection led to a wide spectrum of symptoms, and more "hoarseness" (p=0.015), "abnormal pulmonary breathing sound" (p<0.001), "dyspnoea" (p<0.001), "pneumonia" (p=0.01), and "diarrhoea" (p<0.001) presented in HPIV-positive patients than HPIV-negative patients. 10/10 (100%) HPIV-positive adult patients (≥14 years old) presented with systemic influenza-like symptoms, while 90/164 (54.9%) HPIV-positive paediatric patients (<14 years old) presented with these symptoms (p=0.005). The only significant difference in clinical presentation between HPIV types was "Expectoration" (p<0.001). Co-infections were common, with 33.3%-63.2% of samples positive for the four HPIV types also testing positive for other respiratory pathogens. However, no significant differences were seen in clinical presentation between patients solely infected with HPIV and patients co-infected with HPIV and other respiratory pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: HPIV infection led to a wide spectrum of symptoms, and similar clinical manifestations were found in the patients with four different types of HPIVs. The study suggested pathogenic activity of HPIV in gastrointestinal illness. The clinical presentation of HPIV infection may differ by patient age.

Efficacy and Safety of Methylprednisolone for Lung Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

INTRODUCTION: The administration of methylprednisolone (MP) is a component of perioperative multimodal analgesia that mitigates the potentially deleterious effects of postoperative pain and opioid consumption. However, a systematic evaluation of the efficacy and safety of MP is lacking. The present systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to quantify the potential clinical benefits and risks of perioperative MP in lung surgery. METHODS: We searched seven electronic databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing MP with placebo. Coprimary outcomes were rest pain scores, dynamic pain scores, and cumulative morphine equivalent consumption within 24 h postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 11 trials including 643 participants were selected for our meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that the MP group had a significant difference in coprimary outcomes (rest pain scores, dynamic pain scores, and cumulative morphine equivalent consumption) compared with the placebo group; nevertheless, the improvement was not clinically meaningful based on minimum clinically important differences (MCID). Notably, MP administration reduced serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6 at 6 h (weighted mean difference -20.49 pg/mL; 95% CI -29.94 to -11.04), and decreased the incidence rate of acute lung injury (rate ratio 0.18; 95% CI 0.03-0.98) and cognitive dysfunction (rate ratio 0.43; 95% CI 0.21-0.88) compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the administration of MP contributed to an insignificant relief in acute postoperative pain for lung surgery in a clinical setting. Future studies should focus on exploring the role of MP in reducing pulmonary and surgical-related complications after lung surgery. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: PROSPERO registration number CRD42022314224.

Role of surgery in the treatment of osteoradionecrosis and its complications after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to review the efficacy of surgery for patients with osteoradionecrosis (ORN) after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS: Between 2000 and 2016, we identified 162 patients with skull base ORN, among which 58 patients required surgery. A retrospective medical chart review was performed and the indications and results of surgical interventions were recorded. RESULTS: All surgeries were performed for the treatment of secondary complications of ORN, including central nervous system (CNS) infection (48.4%), blowout bleeding (24.1%), and severe pain (17.2%). Endoscopic debridement was done in 12 patients, whereas the rest required either maxillary swing or mandibulotomy, depending on the location of the necrosis. The majority of the patients required free vastus lateralis flap (72.5%) for reconstruction. Surgery was effective in the control of infection, bleeding, and pain. Multivariate analysis identified reirradiation and bone exposure on MRI as the significant independent risk factors predicting the future need of surgery. CONCLUSION: Surgery is effective in the treatment of secondary complications of skull base ORN after previous radiotherapy for NPC.

Comparison of in vitro antiviral activity of tea polyphenols against influenza A and B viruses and structure-activity relationship analysis.

Influenza poses a particular risk of severe outcomes in the elderly, the very young and those with underlying diseases. Tea polyphenols are the natural phenolic compounds in teas, and principally consist of catechins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, and theaflavins, which antiviral activities have been reported recently. This study is to gain a further insight into potential of various tea polyphenols for inhibiting influenza virus infection. Five tea polyphenols exhibited inhibitory activity against influenza A virus in the trend of theaflavin>procyanidin B-2>procyanidin B-2 digallate>(-)-epigallocatechin(EGC)>(-)-epigallocatechingallate(EGCG) with IC50 values in the range of 16.2-56.5 µg/ml. Six of the tested compounds showed anti-influenza B virus activity in the order of kaempferol>EGCG>procyanidin B-2>(-)-EGC~methylated EGC>theaflavin with IC50 values in the range of 9.0-49.7 µg/ml. Based on these results, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) was explained as follows. First, the dimeric molecules, such as theaflavin and procyanidin B-2, generally displayed more potent antiviral activity against both influenza A and B viruses than the catechin monomers. Second, the kaempferol for inhibition of influenza B virus indicated that the more planar flavonol structure with only one C-4' phenolic hydroxyl group in the B ring is necessary for the anti-influenza B virus activity. A similar SAR can be drawn from the assays of another enveloped RNA virus, such as respiratory syncytial virus. These results are expected to provide guides for rational design of antiviral drugs based on polyphenols.