A novel three-plasmid packaging system for chimeric SFV/SIN VRPs derived from Semliki Forest virus and Sindbis virus as a candidate gene delivery vector.

Semliki Forest virus (SFV) viral replicon particles (VRPs) have been frequently used in various animal models and clinical trials. Chimeric replicon particles offer different advantages because of their unique biological properties. We here constructed a novel three-plasmid packaging system for chimeric SFV/SIN VRPs. The capsid and envelope of SIN structural proteins were generated using two-helper plasmids separately, and the SFV replicon contained the SFV replicase gene, packaging signal of SIN, subgenomic promoter followed by the exogenous gene, and 3' UTR of SIN. The chimeric VRPs carried luciferase or eGFP as reporter genes. The fluorescence and electron microscopy results revealed that chimeric VRPs were successfully packaged. The yield of the purified chimeric VRPs was approximately 2.5 times that of the SFV VRPs (1.38 × 107 TU/ml vs. 5.41 × 106 TU/ml) (p < 0.01). Furthermore, chimeric VRPs could be stored stably at 4°C for at least 60 days. Animal experiments revealed that mice immunized with chimeric VRPs (luciferase) had stronger luciferase expression than those immunized with equivalent amount of SFV VRPs (luciferase) (p < 0.01), and successfully expressed luciferase for approximately 12 days. Additionally, the chimeric VRPs expressed the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 efficiently and induced robust RBD-specific antibody responses in mice. In conclusion, the chimeric VRPs constructed here met the requirements of a gene delivery tool for vaccine development and cancer therapy.

Quality of life among people with eye cancer: a systematic review from 2012 to 2022.

BACKGROUND: Eye cancer is a serious eye disease that threatens patients' lives. In the past decade, there have been more and more studies on eye cancer. From the recently published eye cancer literature review, it can be seen that the two most popular research hotspots are retinoblastoma (RB) and uveal melanoma (UM) [1, 2]. Although several studies have assessed QOL in different types of eye cancer patients, a study that synthesizes the factors influencing QOL in eye cancer patients is yet to be undertaken. This study aimed to review and evaluate the literature related to the QOL of RB and UM survivors, and provide a synthesis of the current evidence on the impact of the two types of eye cancer on the overall QOL of patients. METHODS: Eight databases (APA Psych Articles, CINAHL Complete, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, Scopus, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Registers (Clinicaltrials.gov.)) were searched between January 2012 and December 2022 for English, peer-reviewed quantitative original studies within this review. All publications were screened using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses reporting guidelines. The methodological quality of the reviews was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. The findings were summarised and tabulated accordingly. RESULTS: Seventeen articles were analysed. Among them, 14 articles on patients with UM, and three articles on patients with RB using 18 different types of measurement tools were included. Eight researchers claimed that the overall QOL of patients with eye cancer was better than or similar to that of the general healthy population. However, nine studies indicated that these patients had poorer QOL than others. Many factors affect QOL, including treatment, sex, and age. CONCLUSION: This systematic review identified the QOL levels and several factors that influence the QOL of ocular cancer patients worldwide, due to the variability in quality of the studies, it also showed the need for further research to assess factors affecting long-term QOL outcomes in RB and UM survivors. Simultaneously, it clarified the necessity and importance of developing standardized and complete assessment tools to compare QOL in different countries. Early interventions can be developed to improve the survivors' QOL by identifying potential deficits in specific areas.

Liquid nitric oxide donor for adjuvant therapy of acute ischemic stroke via nasal administration.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize a novel NO donor, PEI-PO-NONOate, using propylene oxide and to investigate its biosafety and therapeutic efficacy via nasal administration in vitro and vivo. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES: The PEI-PO-NONOate was synthesized based on polyethylenimine (PEI) with different molecular weights and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity assays were performed on mouse fibroblast cells L929 and human nasal mucosa epithelial cells (HNEpC), and a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of PEI-PO-NONOate via nasal administration. RESULTS: The PEI-PO-NONOate was found to be stable under dark, dry, and airproof conditions, and its release was accelerated in an aqueous phase or acidic environment, while it was slowed down in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixture system. The NO donor released approximately 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 µmol of gaseous NO from 1.0 mg of the polymer based on PEI600, PEI1800, and PEI10K, respectively. Cytotoxicity assays showed that the PEI-PO-NONOates had a cryoprotective effect as compared with PEI and PEI-PO. Furthermore, nasal administration of PEI-PO-NONOates resulted in a significant reduction in overall necrotic ratio as compared with the control group (16.4% versus 24.6%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that PEI-PO-NONOates may have potential as an adjuvant therapy for acute ischemic stroke when administered via the nasal route.

Extracellular vesicles derived from astrocytes facilitated neurite elongation by activating the Hippo pathway.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes severe neurological dysfunction, and facilitating neurite elongation is particularly important in its treatment. Astrocytes (AS) play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS), and their high plasticity and versatility provide a feasible entry point for relevant research. Our purpose was to explore whether extracellular vesicles (EVs) from astrocytes (AS-EVs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-preactivated astrocytes (LPAS-EVs) facilitate neurite elongation, to explore the underlying mechanism, and to verify whether these EVs promote locomotor recovery in rats. We used LPS to preactivate astrocytes and cocultured them with PC12 cells to observe neurite changes, then extracted and identified AS-EVs and LPAS-EVs and the role and mechanism of these EVs in facilitating neurite elongation was examined in vivo and vitro. We demonstrated that AS-EVs and LPAS-EVs facilitated the elongation of neurites and the recovery of rats with SCI. LPAS-EVs had a stronger effect than AS-EVs, by activating the Hippo pathway, promoting monopole spindle binding protein 1 (MOB1) expression, and reducing Yes-associated protein (YAP) levels. The data also suggest a feedback regulation between MOB1 and p-YAP/YAP. In sum, AS-EVs and LPAS-EVs can play an active role in facilitating neurite elongation by activating the Hippo pathway. These findings provide a new strategy for treating SCI and other CNS-related injuries.

Endoclip papillaplasty (ECPP) versus limited EST plus EPLBD for a decrease in recurrent choledocholithiasis: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Limited EST plus EPLBD has been widely used for the therapy of large CBDS; however, long-term complication-relevant studies suggested that it damaged the function of the sphincter of Oddi (SO) and resulted in recurrent choledocholithiasis. Thus, we designed Endoclip papillaplasty (ECPP) and previous studies have shown that it successfully restored the function of SO. In this study, we designed a prospective cohort and aimed to verify the safety and effectiveness of ECPP. METHODS: Eligible patients were divided into the ECPP group and the limited EST plus EPLBD group based on papillary morphology and the ratio of maximum size of stones to length of intramural segments of CBD. All participants in the ECPP group received endoscopy at 3 weeks to retrieve the biliary stent, perform SOM, and were divided into grade A and grade B based on the healing grade of SO. All patients were followed up every 6 months until recurrent choledocholithiasis, patient death, or at the 36-month follow-up end. The primary outcome was the incidence of recurrent choledocholithiasis. The secondary outcomes included mechanical lithotrip usage and adverse events. RESULTS: The incidences of recurrent choledocholithiasis in the ECPP group and limited EST plus EPLBD group were 13.6 and 22.1%, respectively (P = 0.204). The ECPP-A group had a lower incidence of recurrent choledocholithiasis than the limited EST plus EPLBD groups (5.1 vs. 22.1%, P = 0.020*), and certified the function of SO successfully restored in the ECPP-A group. CONCLUSION: The ECPP-A group had a decrease in recurrent choledocholithiasis, and ECPP was safe and effective for CBDS.

Automatic Modulation Classification Based on CNN-Transformer Graph Neural Network.

In recent years, neural network algorithms have demonstrated tremendous potential for modulation classification. Deep learning methods typically take raw signals or convert signals into time-frequency images as inputs to convolutional neural networks (CNNs) or recurrent neural networks (RNNs). However, with the advancement of graph neural networks (GNNs), a new approach has been introduced involving transforming time series data into graph structures. In this study, we propose a CNN-transformer graph neural network (CTGNet) for modulation classification, to uncover complex representations in signal data. First, we apply sliding window processing to the original signals, obtaining signal subsequences and reorganizing them into a signal subsequence matrix. Subsequently, we employ CTGNet, which adaptively maps the preprocessed signal matrices into graph structures, and utilize a graph neural network based on GraphSAGE and DMoNPool for classification. Extensive experiments demonstrated that our method outperformed advanced deep learning techniques, achieving the highest recognition accuracy. This underscores CTGNet's significant advantage in capturing key features in signal data and providing an effective solution for modulation classification tasks.

Transradial versus Transfemoral Access for Patients with Liver Cancer Undergoing Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy: Patient Experience and Procedural Complications.

PURPOSE: To determine whether transradial access (TRA) is a more favorable and safe method for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) than transfemoral access (TFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective and prospective cohorts of patients with liver cancer were included. Sixty-seven patients in the retrospective cohort were divided into 2 groups: (a) TRA-HAIC (n = 24) and (b) TFA-HAIC (n = 43). Another 33 patients were prospectively enrolled to receive both TRA and TFA for HAIC in a crossover design. Prolonged arterial access was required for up to 48 hours. The primary endpoint was quality of life (QOL) using the visual analog scale. The secondary endpoints mainly included procedural success, adverse events, and operation time. RESULTS: Patient QOL measures revealed significantly lower scores of indices in the TRA-HAIC group than in the TFA-HAIC group in the retrospective cohort (all P < .001). The significant improvement of the QOL indices by TRA-HAIC, such as overall discomfort (P = .019) and pain at the access site (P = .018), was validated in the prospective cohort. The satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the TRA-HAIC group than in the TFA-HAIC group, and patients preferred TRA-HAIC (P < .001). Radial artery occlusion (RAO) as an access-related adverse event occurred more frequently in both the retrospective and prospective cohorts (38% and 33%, P < .001 and P = .001, respectively). Notably, the multivariate analysis of RAO-associated factors showed that enoxaparin use was significantly correlated with a reduced risk of postprocedural RAO (P = .036). CONCLUSIONS: TRA was superior to TFA in patient experience. However, because of the high incidence of access-related adverse events, especially for RAO with a total incidence of 35%, strategies should be optimized for patients to benefit from TRA in future procedures.

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of hemodynamic changes in a hemodialysis patient with central venous stenosis treated with stent.

BACKGROUND: It has not been demonstrated that computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to model central venous stenosis (CVS), nor that hemodynamic changes in CVS treated with stent placement can be anticipated. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the hemodynamic performance of CVS patients treated with stent placement. METHODS: Patient-specific geometric models were constructed using computed tomography images of veins from hemodialysis patients treated with stent placement. CFD simulation based on geometry was performed using ANSYS-15 to compare pressure quantitatively, wall shear stress (WSS), and flow velocity in the brachial vein before and after stent placement. RESULTS: Following a covered stent placement, the swelling of the left upper extremity was relieved. Prior to stent implantation, the maximum and mean brachial vein wall pressures were 465.2 Pa and 224.609 Pa, respectively. It was determined that the maximum WSS value was 8.449 Pa and that the mean WSS value was 0.743 Pa. The maximum and mean flow velocities were 1.16 and 0.173 m/s, respectively. After stent placement, the maximum wall pressure, maximum WSS, and maximum flow velocity dropped by 59.4%, 71.2%, and 57.8%, respectively. The mean wall pressure, mean WSS, and mean flow rate decreased by 43.5%, 52.7%, and 17.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Hemodynamics of CVS in hemodialysis patients exhibited turbulent, imbalances and disorders, which can be improved by stent placement.

Enteral extended biliary stents versus conventional plastic biliary stents for the treatment of extrahepatic malignant biliary obstruction: a single-center prospective randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The main limitation of plastic stents is the relatively short stent patency due to occlusion. We designed enteral extended biliary stents with lengths of 26 cm (EEBS-26 cm) and 30 cm (EEBS-30 cm) to prolong stent patency. This study aimed to compare patency among EEBS-26 cm, EEBS-30 cm, and conventional plastic biliary stent (CPBS). METHODS: A single-center prospective randomized controlled study was conducted. Eligible patients were randomized into the EEBS-26 cm, EEBS-30 cm, and CPBS groups, respectively. All patients were followed up every 3 months until stent occlusion, patient death, or at 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome was stent patency. The secondary outcomes included stent occlusion rate, patient survival, mortality, the rate of technical success, and adverse events. RESULTS: Totally 117 patients were randomized into the three groups. There were no significant differences among the three groups in technical success rate, hospital stay, mortality, patient survival, and adverse events (P = 1.000, 0.553, 0.965, 0.302, and 0.427, respectively). Median stent patency durations in the EEBS-26 cm, EEBS-30 cm, and CPBS groups were 156.0 (95% CI 81.6-230.4) days, 81.0 (95% CI 67.9-94.1) days, and 68.0 (95% CI 20.0-116.0) days, respectively (P = 0.002). The EEBS-26 cm group had longer stent patency compared with the CPBS (P = 0.007) and EEBS-30 cm (P < 0.001) groups. The EEBS-26 cm group had lower stent occlusion rates compared with the other groups at 6 months (48.1% vs. 90.5% vs. 82.8%, P = 0.001) and 9 months (75.0% vs. 100.0% vs. 92.9%, P = 0.022). CONCLUSION: EEBS-26 cm has prolonged stent patency and is safe and effective for the alleviation of unresectable extrahepatic malignant biliary obstruction.

Efficacy of oral steroid gel in preventing esophageal stricture after extensive endoscopic submucosal dissection: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Esophageal stricture is a distressing issue for patients with early esophageal cancer following extensive endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), and the current steroid-based approaches are unsatisfactory for stricture prophylaxis. We evaluated the efficacy of oral hydrocortisone sodium succinate and aluminum phosphate gel (OHA) for stricture prophylaxis after extensive ESD. METHODS: Patients undergoing > 3/4 circumferential ESD were randomized to either the endoscopic loco-regional triamcinolone acetonide injection (ETI) plus oral prednisone group or the OHA group. The primary endpoint was incidence of esophageal stricture, and the secondary endpoints included adverse events (AEs) and endoscopic balloon dilations (EBDs). RESULTS: The incidence of esophageal stricture in OHA group (per-protocol analysis, 9.4%, 3/32; intention-to-treat analysis, 12.1%, 4/33) was significantly less than that of control group (per-protocol analysis, 35.5%, 11/31, P = 0.013; intention-to-treat analysis, 39.4%, 13/33, P = 0.011). Two sessions of EBD were necessary to release all strictures in the OHA group, while the similar EBDs (median 2, range 1-4) for 11 of the control. Operation-related AEs included infection (control vs. OHA group = 9.7% vs. 31.3%, P = 0.034), operation-related hypokalemia (19.4% vs. 31.3%, P = 0.278), perforation (3.2% vs. 3.1%), post-ESD hemorrhage (6.5% vs. 0%), and cardiac arrhythmia (0% vs. 6.3%). Steroid-related AEs included steroid-related hypokalemia (16.1% vs. 25%) and bone fracture (3.2% vs. 0%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that OHA was an independent protective factor for stricture (OR 0.079; 95%CI 0.011, 0.544; P = 0.01) and mucosal defect > 11/12 circumference was an independent risk factor (OR 49.91; 95%CI 6.7, 371.83; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: OHA showed significantly better efficacy in preventing esophageal stricture after > 3/4 circumferential ESD compared to ETI plus oral prednisone.

microRNA-375 inhibits the malignant behaviors of hepatic carcinoma cells by targeting NCAPG2.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Emerging evidence has revealed the vital functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer malignant progressions. miR-375 has been verified to serve as an antioncogene in tumorigenesis and a potential therapeutic target in various types of cancer. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of miR-375 in the regulation of chemoresistance and metastasis of HCC. Differentially expressed miR-375 and NCAPG2 were externally validated using expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression levels of miR-375 in HCC tissues and cell lines. miR-375 mimics and NCAPG2-overexpression were transfected into HepG2 and Huh7 cells to establish miR-375 overexpression models. Cell Counting Kit-8, Transwell, and flow cytometry experiments were conducted to monitor cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. The targeting relationship between miR-375 and non-SMC condensin II complex subunit G 2 (NCAPG2) was determined by qRT-PCR, western blot, and luciferase reporter gene assay. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were conducted using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The pathway enrichment analysis was used to predict the potential pathways for further study. miR-375 was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues and cells compared to adjacent tissue and normal hepatocyte cell line respectively while NCAPG2 was upregulated. The targeting relationship was verified by luciferase reporting assay, and miR-375 could target the 3'UTR of NCAPG2 mRNA and effectively suppress NCAPG2 protein expression. Replenishing of miR-375 significantly repressed HCC cell proliferation and migration, and induced cell apoptosis. Overexpression of NCAPG2 recovered those biological abilities in miR-375 overexpressed cells. Collective data suggested that miR-375 served as a tumor suppressor via regulating NCAPG2. Replenishing of miR-375 or knockout of NCAPG2 could be therapeutically exploited for HCC.

2D-DOA Estimation in Switching UCA Using Deep Learning-Based Covariance Matrix Completion.

In this paper, we study the two-dimensional direction of arrival (2D-DOA) estimation problem in a switching uniform circular array (SUCA), which means performing 2D-DOA estimation with a reduction in the number of radio frequency (RF) chains. We propose a covariance matrix completion algorithm for 2D-DOA estimation in a SUCA. The proposed algorithm estimates the complete covariance matrix of a fully sampled UCA (FUCA) from the sample covariance matrix of the SUCA through a neural network. Afterwards, the MUSIC algorithm is performed for 2D-DOA estimation with the completed covariance matrix. We conduct Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm in various scenarios; the performance of 2D-DOA estimation in the SUCA gradually approaches that in the FUCA as the SNR or the number of snapshots increases, which means that the advantages of a FUCA can be preserved with fewer RF chains. In addition, the proposed algorithm is able to implement underdetermined 2D-DOA estimation.

Multi-Signal Detection Framework: A Deep Learning Based Carrier Frequency and Bandwidth Estimation.

Multi-signal detection is of great significance in civil and military fields, such as cognitive radio (CR), spectrum monitoring, and signal reconnaissance, which refers to jointly detecting the presence of multiple signals in the observed frequency band, as well as estimating their carrier frequencies and bandwidths. In this work, a deep learning-based framework named SigdetNet is proposed, which takes the power spectrum as the network's input to localize the spectral locations of the signals. In the proposed framework, Welch's periodogram is applied to reduce the variance in the power spectral density (PSD), followed by logarithmic transformation for signal enhancement. In particular, an encoder-decoder network with the embedding pyramid pooling module is constructed, aiming to extract multi-scale features relevant to signal detection. The influence of the frequency resolution, network architecture, and loss function on the detection performance is investigated. Extensive simulations are carried out to demonstrate that the proposed multi-signal detection method can achieve better performance than the other benchmark schemes.

Gridless Underdetermined Direction of Arrival Estimation in Sparse Circular Array Using Inverse Beamspace Transformation.

Underdetermined DOA estimation, which means estimating more sources than sensors, is a challenging problem in the array signal processing community. This paper proposes a novel algorithm that extends the underdetermined DOA estimation in a Sparse Circular Array (SCA). We formulate this problem as a matrix completion problem. Meanwhile, we propose an inverse beamspace transformation combined with the Gridless SPICE (GLS) algorithm to complete the covariance matrix sampled by SCA. The DOAs are then obtained by solving a polynomial equation with using the Root-MUSIC algorithm. The proposed algorithm is named GSCA. Monte-Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate the GSCA algorithm, the spatial spectrum plots and RMSE curves demonstrated that the GSCA algorithm can give reasonable results of underdetermined DOA estimation in SCA. Meanwhile, the performance of the algorithm under various configurations of SCA is also evaluated. Numerical results indicated that the GSCA algorithm can provide access to solve the DOA estimation problem in Uniform Circular Array (UCA) when random sensor failures occur.

The role of Acpbs2 in the asexual sporulation, stress response and carbon metabolism of Aspergillus cristatus.

Aspergillus cristatus is the dominant fungus during the fermentation of Fuzhuan brick tea, hypotonic conditions only induced its sexual development to produce ascospores, while hypertonic conditions only induced its asexual development to produce conidia, indicating that osmotic stress can regulate spore production in A. cristatus. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism is unclear. In this study, the roles of Acpbs2, which is homologous to pbs2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in sporulation, stress responses, the color of colonies, and carbon metabolism were explored in A. cristatus. Deletion mutants of Acpbs2 were obtained by homologous recombination. The time required to produce conidia was delayed, and the number of conidia produced was significantly reduced in hypertonic media in ΔAcpbs2 by phenotypic observations, indicating that Acpbs2 plays a positive role in asexual development. Stress sensitivity tests showed that the order of the sensitivity of ΔAcpbs2 to different osmotic regulators was 3 M NaCl > 3 M sucrose > 3 M sorbitol. Moreover, the deletion mutants were sensitive to high oxidative stress. The growth of the Acpbs2 deletion mutant was inhibited under alkaline-pH stress, indicating that Acpbs2 is involved in high pH stress tolerance. Additionally, compared with the wild type, the colony color of the Acpbs2 deletion mutant became lighter. All the above developmental defects were reversed by the reintroduction of the Acpbs2 gene in ΔAcpbs2. Transcriptome data showed that Acpbs2 regulated the expression of several genes related to conidial development, osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and carbon metabolism. More importantly, the interaction between Acpbs2 and its downstream gene Achog1 was verified by yeast two-hybrid assays. We speculated that this interaction might regulate the osmotic stress response, the oxidative stress response, and asexual sporulation in A. cristatus, which will be one of the focuses of our future research.

Metabolomics integrated with transcriptomics reveals the changes during developmental stages in Shiraia bambusicola.

Shiraia bambusicola is a fungus with high economic value widely used in medicine, agriculture, and food. We wished to understand the genes and metabolites changes involved in the different developmental stages of S. bambusicola. So, to reveal key genes and metabolites in the main active metabolite, the  were analyzed in different developmental stages of S. bambusicola fruiting body. A total of 29,137 Unigenes were annotated. In the whole growth process, differentially expressed genes were involved in the pathways of cytochrome P450, transcription factors, transporters, and so on, while in the early stage of growth, genes enriching to synthesis pathways of basic substances. In the middle stage of growth, genes with more prominent changes were involved in the pathways of the cell cycle, cancer mechanisms, and aminobenzoate degradation; in the later stage of growth, differentially expressed genes that enriched synthesis pathways of secondary metabolites. A total of 612 metabolites were detected from different growth stages of S. bambusicola. Among them, coumarins, alkaloids, rutin, liquiritigenin, quercetin, and other medically relevant metabolites were detected for the first time. We have identified 31 secondary metabolites,  relevantly only accumulated in the early and middle stage, but not detected in the later stage, such as flavonols, coumarins, nucleotides and its derivates and hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives. The differential genes and metabolites of the same group were enriched in 127 pathways, and more significantly in ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinone biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The correlation networks of several significantly enriched pathways were analyzed, and the relationships within and between these pathways, genes, and metabolites, were analyzed. The synthetic pathway of hypocrellin has been speculated upon. We believe that hypocrellin is synthesized in S. bambusicola via the shikimic acid pathway followed by phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathway, then the ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinone biosynthesis pathway, and finally a series of polymerization and modification reactions. Several genes and metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of hypocrellin have been identified. This study provides a reference for further research on S. bambusicola, by providing a basis for its use and development.

[Clinical Effect of Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion on Single-segment Lumbar Stenosis with Instability].

Objective To compare the early clinical effects of unilateral biportal endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion (ULIF) and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF)on single-segment lumbar stenosis with instability. Methods The patients who had single-segment lumbar spinal stenosis with instability and were treated in our hospital from August 2020 to May 2021 were selected.According to the operation methods,they were classified into ULIF group and MIS-TLIF group.The operation duration,hospital stay after operation,perioperative blood loss (drainage volume 48 h after operation,total blood loss),creatine kinase,inflammatory cytokines (C-reactive protein,interleukin-6),D-dimer,and the incidence of lower-extremity venous thrombosis were compared between the two groups.The visual analogue scale and Oswestry disability index were used to evaluate the functional recovery of the two groups in 1 week,1 month,and 3 months after operation. Results The ULIF group had longer operation duration (P<0.001) and shorter hospital stay after operation (P=0.022)than the MIS-TLIF group.The drainage volume 48 h after operation and total blood loss in ULIF group were lower than those in MIS-TLIF group (all P<0.001).The levels of creatine kinase (all P<0.001),C-reactive protein (P<0.001,P=0.002),and interleukin-6 (P=0.003,P<0.001) in ULIF group were lower than those in MIS-TLIF group on the 1st and 3rd day after operation.However,the D-dimer in ULIF group was insignificantly different from that in MIS-TLIF group on the 1st and 3rd day after operation (P=0.117,P=0.683).Lower-extremity venous thrombosis occurred in neither group.The score of visual analogue scale showed no significant difference between the two groups 1 week,1 month,and 3 months after operation (P=0.447,P=0.578,P=0.538),so did the Oswestry disability index (P=0.832,P=0.797,P=0.619). Conclusion ULIF shows similar clinical effect on single-segment lumbar stenosis with instability to MIS-TLIF,which features less bleeding,mild inflammation,mild muscle injury,but long operation duration.

Endoscopic endoclip papilloplasty preserves sphincter of oddi function.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) can destroy sphincter of Oddi (SO) structure and function. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of endoscopic endoclip papilloplasty (EEPP) in restoring SO function after EST. METHODS: Seven 26-week-old domestic pigs were divided into control and EEPP groups. Necropsy and haematoxylin-eosin staining plus anti-α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining of papilla and sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) were conducted in animals at three independent time points. RESULTS: EST and EEPP were safely performed in all 7 pigs without serious adverse events. For primary outcome, compared to the controls, EEPP generated smaller dilation and less inflammation. Fibrous repair of the papilla was observed at 24 weeks after EEPP. For secondary outcome, in the control group, SO basal pressure (17.25 ± 18.14 to 5.50 ± 0.71 mmHg), SO contraction amplitude (46.00 ± 19.20 to 34.50 ± 48.79 mmHg), peak (4.50 ± 4.04 to 1.50 ± 2.12) and frequency (3.05 ± 3.29 to 1.41 ± 2.19/min) were reduced after EST. Further reductions to almost 0 of these SOM parameters were observed 3 weeks later, including common bile duct pressure and SO contraction period. In contrast, in the EEPP group, these manometric data were recovered to pre-EST levels, including CBD pressure (11.5 ± 7.31 vs 11 ± 2.16 mmHg), SO pressure (17.50 ± 17.75 vs 18.20 ± 21.39 mmHg) and SO contraction amplitude (53.67 ± 21.54 vs 60.00 ± 36.08 mmHg). However, no significant differences were observed between control and EEPP groups by Student t test. CONCLUSIONS: In this porcine study, EEPP accelerated and improved papillary healing after EST, further preserved SO function.

Endoclip papillaplasty restores sphincter of Oddi function: Pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) damaged the sphincter of Oddi (SO) function. This study aimed to explore the feasibility and efficacy of endoclip papillaplasty in restoring SO function. METHODS: This prospective pilot study included consecutive patients with choledocholithiasis (stone size ≥10 mm) who underwent large-EST for stone removal, followed by endoclip papillaplasty, between May 2018 and March 2019. RESULTS: Thirty patients were enrolled in this trail. Overall, 80% of the patients had a SO basal pressure of >10 mmHg after endoclip papillaplasty. Manometric parameters, including SO basal pressure, phasic wave contraction amplitude, phasic waves per minute, recovered after endoclip papillaplasty (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the manometric parameters of SO between healing grades A and B. Six patients developed mild post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis, including three that had pancreatic stenting. Bile duct stone recurrence developed in 3.3% of the patients (1/30) during an 18-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Endoclip papillaplasty might restore SO function and possibly prevented biliary stone and cholangitis recurrence.

An Accurate Image Measurement Method Based on a Laser-Based Virtual Scale.

Image measurement methods have been widely used in broad areas due to their accuracy and efficiency. However, current techniques usually involve complex calibration, an elaborate optical design, or sensitivity to the test environment. In this paper, a simple optical device was designed to emit parallel beams to obtain a virtual scale for measurement purposes. The proposed theory ensures the robustness of the system when obtaining each scale in the presence of uncertainty. The scale creates a mapping from image coordinates to world coordinates. By using the moving least squares (MLS) method, a full-field scale map can be reconstructed to achieve high-precision measurement at the sub-pixel level. Experimental verifications are carried out, showing that the proposed method provides very accurate and reliable results. The proposed approach is simple in terms of equipment, and the scale can be automatically calculated. Therefore, the system proposed in this paper is a promising candidate as a tool for non-contacting measurements (e.g., the crack development, geometric size) in the inaccessible structures such as high-rise buildings and long-span bridges.