Synthesis and biological evaluation of aminothiazoles against Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans.

The design and synthesis of a library of forty novel 2-aminoazole analogues as well as their evaluation as antifungal compounds against Histoplasma capsulatum and Cryptococcus neoformans is described. These structures were derived from N-[5-(1-naphthalenylmethyl)-2-thiazolyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide (41F5), a fungistatic agent previously identified through phenotypic screening (Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:4349). Modifications to improve potency and water-solubility of 41F5 focused primarily on the 5-naphthalenyl group, the thiazole core, and the methylene linker between these two structural elements. In general, compounds with lipophilic [5+6] bicyclic ring systems, such as the 7-benzothiophenyl- and 4-indanyl groups, at the 5-position were 2-3 times more active against both fungal species as compared to 41F5. Also, introduction of a carbonyl group at the methylene linker of 41F5 resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in potency. These highly active compounds also showed generally low toxicities against murine P388D1 macrophages resulting in selectivity indices ranging from 63 to >200. Compounds that were highly active against fluconazole-sensitive C. neoformans strains had almost identical activity against fluconazole-resistant variants of this fungus indicating that 14α-demethylase is not their molecular target. Highly active compounds also retained activity against H. capsulatum phagocytosed into P388D1 macrophages.

Structure-Activity Relationship of para-Carborane Selective Estrogen Receptor ß Agonists.

Selective agonism of the estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERß, has historically been difficult to achieve due to the high degree of ligand-binding domain structural similarity. Multiple efforts have focused on the use of classical organic scaffolds to model 17ß-estradiol geometry in the design of ERß selective agonists, with several proceeding to various stages of clinical development. Carborane scaffolds offer many unique advantages including the potential for novel ligand/receptor interactions but remain relatively unexplored. We synthesized a series of para-carborane estrogen receptor agonists revealing an ERß selective structure-activity relationship. We report ERß agonists with low nanomolar potency, greater than 200-fold selectivity for ERß over ERα, limited off-target activity against other nuclear receptors, and only sparse CYP450 inhibition at very high micromolar concentrations. The pharmacological properties of our para-carborane ERß selective agonists measure favorably against clinically developed ERß agonists and support further evaluation of carborane-based selective estrogen receptor modulators.

Synthesis and evaluation of thymidine kinase 1-targeting carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analogs for boron neutron capture therapy of cancer.

A library of sixteen 2nd generation amino- and amido-substituted carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analogs, designed as substrates and inhibitors of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) for potential use in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancer, was synthesized and evaluated in enzyme kinetic-, enzyme inhibition-, metabolomic-, and biodistribution studies. One of these 2nd generation carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analogs (YB18A [3]), having an amino group directly attached to a meta-carborane cage tethered via ethylene spacer to the 3-position of thymidine, was approximately 3-4 times superior as a substrate and inhibitor of hTK1 than N5-2OH (2), a 1st generation carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analog. Both 2 and 3 appeared to be 5'-monophosphorylated in TK1(+) RG2 cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Biodistribution studies in rats bearing intracerebral RG2 glioma resulted in selective tumor uptake of 3 with an intratumoral concentration that was approximately 4 times higher than that of 2. The obtained results significantly advance the understanding of the binding interactions between TK1 and carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analogs and will profoundly impact future design strategies for these agents.

Iodine monochloride facilitated deglycosylation, anomerization, and isomerization of 3-substituted thymidine analogues.

The reaction of thymidine, 3-mono-, and 3,3',5'-trialkylsubstitued thymidine analogues with iodine monochloride (ICl) was investigated. Treatment with ICl resulted in rapid deglycosylation, anomerization, and isomerization of thymidine and 3-substituted thymidine analogues under various reaction conditions leading to the formation of the nucleobases as the major products accompanied by minor formation of α-furanosidic-, α-pyranosidic-, and ß-pyranosidic nucleosides. On the other hand, 3,3',5'-trisubstitued thymidine analogues were only deglycosylated and anomerized. These results are similar to those observed for the acidic hydrolysis of the glycoside bond in nucleosides, but were presumably caused by the Lewis acid character of an iodine electrophile.

N3-substituted thymidine bioconjugates for cancer therapy and imaging.

The compound class of 3-carboranyl thymidine analogues (3CTAs) are boron delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), a binary treatment modality for cancer. Presumably, these compounds accumulate selectively in tumor cells via intracellular trapping, which is mediated by hTK1. Favorable in vivo biodistribution profiles of 3CTAs led to promising results in preclinical BNCT of rats with intracerebral brain tumors. This review presents an overview on the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of first- and second-generation 3CTAs. Boronated nucleosides developed prior to 3CTAs for BNCT and non-boronated N3-substituted thymidine conjugates for other areas of cancer therapy and imaging are also described. In addition, basic features of carborane clusters, which are used as boron moieties in the design and synthesis of 3CTAs, and the biological and structural features of TK1-like enzymes, which are the molecular targets of 3CTAs, are discussed.