Oral-genital human papillomavirus infection in Polish couples: frequent detection of HPV 42.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) contributes to the development of cervical and oropharyngeal tumors. The increased incidence of HPV associated oropharyngeal tumors is lately being observed also in Polish population. The worldwide distribution of HPV varies and the studies rarely combine analysis of virus genotypes in both: genital and oropharyngeal locations. Therefore, in our study, we investigated HPV distribution in both anatomical sites of females with previous history of cervical cancer or with pre-cancerous lesion and their partners to establish the dominant types in Polish couples in genital and oropharyngeal areas, as they can be easily sexually transmitted. METHODS: The study group consisted of 197 females and their partners. Each female had current or previous cervical pathology and HPV detected in gynecological swab with the use of Anyplex™ II HPV28 Detection system. This system is based on multiplexed real time PCR and enables detection of 19 high-risk and 9 low-risk HPVs. RESULTS: Beside women, the virus was found in 114/197 of men in their foreskin swabs. Additionally, HPV was detected in oropharyngeal swabs of 39/197 female and 56/197 male participants. HPV 16/31/42/39/54 dominated in female and HPV 66/42/16/31/53 in male genital locations. The incidence of HPV in oropharynx was lower, top five genotypes included: HPV 6/39/42/35/16 in women compared to HPV 39/6/42/40/33 in men. HPV16 was the most frequently detected virus type, found in 70/197 examined cervical swabs. It was significantly more prevalent as single infection in females, previously treated for the cervical cancer (p = 0.035). Moreover, regular presence of low risk type 42 was noticeable in both sexes, in both kind of swabs. There was a trend observed towards its prevalence as single infectious agent in women with previous history of cervical cancer (p = 0.069). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed the distribution of HPV genotypes in Polish couples, in which each woman is HPV positive, indicating a common infection of HPV 42, regardless of sex and anatomical site. These findings shed new light on HPV 42 significance, however they should be verified on a larger group of Polish participants, followed regularly in 6 months intervals, in oral as well as in genital areas.

Voice improvement in patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis after combined treatment with cidofovir and CO2 laser surgery.

Mechanical debulking of laryngeal papillomas is associated with voice disorders due to impairment of the vocal fold's mucosa. Intraepithelial injection of cidofovir reduces damage to the laryngeal structures and thus improves vocal parameters. The aim of our study was to compare vocal quality before and after cidofovir and CO2 laser treatment by means of objective phoniatric parameters and to obtain evidence concerning voice outcomes. The vocal parameters of 42 patients with RRP were assessed before and after intralesional cidofovir and CO2 laser debulking treatment (Lumenis AcuPulse 40 CO2 laser, wavelength 10.6 µm; Lumenis Ltd., Yokneam, Israel). The laser was used in SuperPulse™ mode with power tailored on the target structures (average 7 W). The depth of tissue penetration was 1 mm with a single burst of energy lasting 0.3 ms. Most of the patients had previously undergone traditional surgery (1-105 procedures); in 7/42, the video stroboscopic examination revealed extensive scar tissue covering the mucosa of the vocal folds, limiting the mucosal wave. The significance level for all calculations was p < 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 10 by StatSoft Polska. The methodology included subjective voice evaluation (GRBAS), videostroboscopy, analysis of the acoustic laryngeal tone (MDVP), spectrographic analysis, and voice handicap index (VHI). The GRBAS scale during spontaneous conversation revealed better phonation results after cidofovir treatment in all 42 patients. Scars were not observed in the presented group. In the MDVP laryngeal tone analysis before surgery parameters defining the amplitude and frequency of laryngeal tone were significantly elevated compared to the state after surgery. After treatment, both jitter and shimmer were reduced in all subjects. Even more pronounced changes were observed in the spectrographic analysis. In all analyzed patients, there was a significant reduction in VHI scores showing improvement in voice self-assessment. A satisfactory improvement in voice quality was observed in all RRP patients treated with cidofovir and CO2 laser.

Outcomes of CO2 laser-assisted posterior cordectomy in bilateral vocal cord paralysis in 132 cases.

The purpose of the study was to assess the role of laser-assisted posterior cordectomy in the management of patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis. We aimed an analysis of 132 consecutive patients treated by CO2 laser posterior cordectomy, aged 38-91, 31% tracheotomized on admission. Cordectomy was performed under microlaryngoscopy using CO2 laser (Lumenis AcuPulse 40 CO2 laser, wavelength 10.6 µm, Lumenis Ltd., Yokneam, Israel). We looked at the number of laser glottic procedures necessary to achieve decannulation in tracheotomized patients and to achieve respiratory comfort in non-tracheotomized subjects and we evaluated the two groups for differences in patient characteristics. In tracheotomized patients, we also assessed factors affecting the success of decannulation and we evaluated the impact of tracheotomy on patients' lives. Decannulation was performed in 63% of tracheotomized patients. In terms of the number of procedures, 54% (14), 19% (5), and 27% (7) tracheotomized vs. 74% (61), 24% (20), and 2% (2) non-tracheotomized subjects underwent one, two, or three procedures, respectively. In the group of tracheotomized patients who were successfully decannulated, the number of multiple laser-assisted procedures was significantly higher than in the group of non-tracheotomized subjects with respiratory comfort after treatment (p = 0.04). Advanced age (> 66 years), comorbidities (diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)), multiple thyroid surgeries, and tracheotomy below the cricoid cartilage were found to decrease the likelihood of successful decannulation. Posterior cordectomy is a simple method allowing for airway improvement and decannulation in patients with bilateral vocal cord paralysis. It is less effective in tracheotomized subjects with diabetes or GERD, older than 66 years old, after two or more thyroidectomies.

Treatment of Parotid Malignancies­10 Years of Experience.

PURPOSE: Operative treatment is the main treatment option for parotid gland tumors. The purpose of this study was to present the authors' experience in the operative treatment of parotid gland malignant tumors, especially regarding feasibility and techniques in the most advanced cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of parotid malignancies. The study included patients treated at the authors' university clinic from 2000 through 2010. The primary predictor variable was stage of disease. The primary outcome variables were 3- and 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates. The secondary predictor variables were nodal status, distant metastases, status of the facial nerve (FN), tumor diameter, extraparotid tumor extension, histology, and surgical procedure. The outcome variable was survival rate. Data were analyzed by χ(2) tests. RESULTS: Of 867 parotid tumors, 103 patients with malignancies (47 female, 56 male; 12 to 88 yr old) underwent 24 partial lateral, 34 lateral, 39 total, and 6 extended parotidectomies. The 3- and 5-year overall survival and 3- and 5-year disease-free survival rates for stages T1 and T2 were 100, 99, 91, and 85%, respectively, and those for stages T3 and T4 were 100, 70, 48, and 34%, respectively. Overall and disease-free survival rates were influenced by FN paralysis and histologic type. CONCLUSIONS: Final oncologic outcomes, recurrence, and survival rates in parotid malignancies are considerably affected by local tumor stage, malignancy, and FN paralysis before treatment. Infiltration of adjacent structures is not connected with a poorer prognosis as long as an extended parotidectomy is performed.

Is there any interplay between human gut microbiota and upper airway susceptibility to recurrent respiratory papillomatosis exacerbations?

INTRODUCTION: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is a long-term disease caused by HPV 6 and 11, but there is still noconsensus on the factors that may influence its course. AIM: The aim of the study is the analysis of the recurrent activity of respiratory papillomatosis measured by the number ofsurgeries and recent disease activity, as well as an interview regarding intestinal symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our study involved 73 patients with confirmed papillomatosis (39 men, 34 women). The mainvariables of crucial importance for the severity of papilloma disease were: age of onset, number of operations, and currentdisease activity. Variables important for the analysis of the impact of intestinal dysbiosis on the course of papillomatosis wereas follows: intestinal symptoms and the number of antibiotic courses in the last year. The main outcome measure in this studywas the relationship between papilloma activity and indicators of intestinal microflora status. RESULTS: Our results showed that diet had a statistically significant effect on the last disease activity measured by the intervalrecurrence of RRP (P = 0.005). The remaining variables did not affect the number of surgeries performed during the patient'slifetime or the current RRP status. CONCLUSIONS: The acquired knowledge may contribute to further work on the discovery of the relationship between the stateof the intestinal microbiota and the course of recurrence of respiratory papillomatosis infection in patients with recurrentrespiratory papillomatosis.

The usefulness of narrow-band Imaging (NBI) in nasopharyngeal lesions-Validation of the Ni NBI classification dedicated for vascular pattern in the nasopharynx.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to explore the applicability of narrow-band imaging (NBI) involving the Ni classification for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mucosal lesions in order to distinguish malignant tumours (NPT) from non-malignant lesions. METHODS: Each patient (n = 53) with a suspected nasopharyngeal lesion underwent a trans-nasal flexible video endoscopy with an optical filter for NBI. We assessed the suspected area using white light imaging (WLI) in terms of location and morphology as well as the vascular pattern (using Ni classification of nasopharyngeal microvessels) and surrounding tissue by using NBI. Based on the results of the NBI and WLI, patients were classified into "positive" or "negative" groups. All lesions of the nasopharynx were biopsied and submitted for final histological evaluation. RESULTS: NBI showed higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy than WLI. There was a significant correlation between the final histological result and the NBI pattern of the NPT: Chi2(1) = 31.34; p = 0.000001 and the WLI assessment of the NPT: Chi2(1) = 14.78; p = 0.00012. CONCLUSIONS: The assessment of the NPT in NBI using Ni NBI classification proved valuable in suspected mucosa assessment. NBI not only confirms the suspicious areas in WLI, but it also shows microlesions beyond the scope of WLI and allows for proper sampling.

Vocal fold leukoplakia recurrence risk model.

The paper aims to define the variables that elevate the risk of VFL recurrence after adequate primary treatment, and to present the Recurrence Risk Model with practical conclusions to handle pVFL and rVFL. Out of 207 patients with primary vocal fold leukoplakia (pVFL), in 41 (19.8%) recurrent VFL (rVFL) was diagnosed. All patients were assessed by using a trans-nasal flexible video-endoscope using white light, and NBI. The primary measure of our study was to investigate whether morphological features of pVFL in WL, vascular pattern in NBI, and primary histological findings could predict VFL recurrence. To create a model of risk factors, two methods were used: logistic regression and a conditional inference decision tree. The study showed smoking was the factor that significantly and most strongly increased the likelihood of rVFL, as well as the older age groups have a greater odds of rVFL. Types IV, V and VI, according to Ni 2019 classification, were associated with a significantly higher risk of rVFL. The algorithm combining patients' dependent variables and the combination of two classifications improves the predictive value of the presented VFL Recurrence Risk Model.

Difficult glottis: Diagnostic dilemma in viewof the clinical presentation.

<br><b>Introduction:</b> The taxonomy of vocal fold lesions has been refined, and it serves as a common descriptive language for diagnosis, treatment algorithms, and reporting of outcomes. However, we observe rare cases when numerous pathologies overlap, resulting in an unclear and complicated clinical presentation of the glottis.</br> <br><b>Aim:</b> The aim of this paper is to present cases of overlapping etiopathological factors which poses a challenge when making a diagnosis and referring a patient for adequate treatment.</br> <br><b>Material and method:</b> The study presents different photographs of the glottis, including some unique and unusual images in which overlapping pathologies were captured. The photographs are accompanied by case descriptions, comments, and pathological analyses.</br> <br><b>Results:</b> Four selected photographs showed a bunch of exophytic growth lesions with foci of whitish plaques, covered by yellowish crusts, with thinned, reddened vocal folds presenting foci of leukoplakia. The study discussed possible causes of vocal folds edema, diffuse erythema, presence of crusts or exudate, whitish debris/plaques or development of leukoplakia, non-neoplastic ulceration, as well as injected and reddened mucous membrane. Chronic infectious laryngitis, idiopathic ulcerative laryngitis, and drug-induced laryngitis were also mentioned. The study also raised the issues concerning diabetics and patients treated with inhaled corticosteroids, including candidiasis and primary aspergillosis of the larynx.</br> <br><b>Conclusions:</b> To conclude, everyday clinical practice involves encountering cases of unclear onset and course, with complicated presentation of the glottis. Therefore, comprehensive history-taking and thorough investigation of systemic causes are of immense importance. Recommended management includes conducting the most meticulous differential diagnosis, implementing treatment for the most likely cause, and, whenever possible, refraining from biopsy in order to avoid permanent damage to vocal cords.</br>.

[Routine follow-up in patients treated of head and neck cancer]. / Problematyka monitorowania chorych leczonych z powodu nowotworów glowy i szyi.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of routine follow-up in group of patients with head and neck cancer and to present the recommended schedule taking into consideration the oncological safety and costefectivness. AIM: Retrospective cohort study with follow-up of 3 years for all patients. RESULTS: In Outpatient Department in 2010 there were examined 3012 patients treated of head and neck cancer. The biggest group comprised patients with larynx and oral cavity cancer. During routine ENT examination 70% of recurrences was detected. CONCLUSION: In patients with head and neck cancer routine follow up is indispensable. Introduced modern schedules make the monitoring work-up shorter and more sensible, although the benefit in improving patients survival is doubtful.

The importance of the gut microbiota in the promotion, development, and treatment outcomes of cancer with special regard to the gut-respiratory axis.

The role of oral and pharyngeal microbiota is important in the promotion and development of head and neck cancers, as discussed in detail in this publication. The object of this work is to gather scientific information on the importance of the gut- respiratory axis in the promotion, development, and treatment outcome of head and neck cancer (HNSCC). Scientific knowledge about the interaction of head and neck cancer tumor cells and gut microbiota is residual, so examples of the relationship between the gut microbiota and the promotion of development in cases of other malignancies are also discussed. The subject of this work is also to present the importance of the gut-respiratory axis in promotion, development, and its impact on treatment outcomes of head and neck cancers.

Lymphepithelial carcinoma - a rare tumor of the larynx. Case Report.

Lymphoepithelioma was described in 1921 separately by Regaud and Schmincke as nests of non-keratinizing squamous cells embedded in a lymphoid stroma (Regaud) and isolated transitional cells scattered in lymphoid tissue resembling sarcoma (Schmincke). Lymphoepithelial tumors are the most common lesions of the nasopharynx, although they have also been reported in other localizations, such as the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, the base of the tongue, parapharyngeal area, tonsils and thymus. Lymphoepithelioma of the larynx is extremely rare. We present a case of a 55-year-old patient treated due to this type of lesion to share our experience in the management of this type of malignancy and contribute to the field of rare laryngeal tumors diagnosis and treatment.

Anterolateral thigh free flap reconstruction of pharyngoesophageal defect caused by radiotherapy for laryngeal cancer: A case report.

Salvage total laryngectomy is a common treatment option for patients with recurrent or residual laryngeal cancer after primary radiotherapy. If the tumor is limited to the larynx at the time of surgery, there is usually sufficient mucosa for primary closure of the hypopharynx. We present an unusual case of pharyngoesophageal defect caused by radiotherapy. Since the remaining mucosa of the posterior wall was insufficient for primary closure, the defect was reconstructed with an anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap.

Endoluminal larynx anatomy model - towards facilitating deep learning and defining standards for medical images evaluation with artificial intelligence algorithms.

The pioneering nature of this work covers the answers to two questions: (1) Is an up-to-date anatomical model of the larynx needed for modern endoscopic diagnostics, and (2) can such a digital segmentation model be utilized for deep learning purposes. The idea presented in this article has never been proposed before, and this is a breakthrough in numerical approaches to aerodigestive videoendoscopy imaging. The approach described in this article assumes defining a process for data acquisition, integration, and segmentation (labeling), for the needs of a new branch of knowledge: digital medicine and digital diagnosis support expert systems. The first and crucial step of such a process is creating a digital model of the larynx, which has to be then validated utilizing multiple clinical, as well as technical metrics. The model will form the basis for further artificial intelligence (AI) requirements, and it may also contribute to the development of translational medicine.

Effectiveness of cidofovir intralesional treatment in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.

To present the results of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) treatment with surgical excision and adjuvant anti-viral cidofovir intralesional use and to examine the correlation between the cidofovir effectiveness and the patient previous history of multiple larynx procedures, age, extension of lesion and dose. 32 patients with laryngeal papillomas were treated with cidofovir in our Department between I.2009 and I.2011. The number of previous RRP debulking procedures ranged from 1 to 100. The intensity of papillomatosis differed from one anatomic site and moderate growth to four or five localizations with heavy extension. The number of injections per patient varied from 1 to 7, and the total volume of 5 mg/ml solution varied from 2 to 33 ml. The injections were combined with laser debulking of the lesions. In disperse papillomata, the injections were administered in particular anatomical sites in 4-6 weeks intervals, in massive lesions injections were repeated in the same anatomical site in 2-4 weeks. Complete remission was observed in 18 out of 32 patients. 13 patients showed remission in a place of cidofovir injection. One patient did not react to the drug. In four patients, new changes in injection places appeared. In two patients, hepatic toxic side effects were observed. Intralesional cidofovir injection has been shown to be an effective and safe therapy for laryngeal papillomatosis and should be considered in those patients who experienced disease relapse.

An Incidental Finding of a Double-Lumen Trachea.

The aim of this case report is to present an incidental finding of a firm tracheal septum in a 61-year-old woman. The patient was admitted to the hospital with mild dyspnea and a preliminary diagnosis of a tracheal subglottic stenosis. During microlaryngoscopy, just below the subglottic stenosis, a firm, vertical symphysis (septum), forming a double-lumen trachea was found. There was no record of any previous difficulties with intubation. A computed tomography scan performed after the microlaryngoscopy revealed an airway branch arising from the trachea at the level of thyroid gland and joining its lumen below. The radiological and endoscopic findings in the presented case hardly resemble the conditions described in the literature, as the discovered septum does not have a pseudomembranous nature, nor does it form a tracheal bronchus. Therefore, the finding is thought to be an unusual complication of multiple intubations in the past. This is an extremely rare finding and it is important to share our experience in managing a patient with the aforementioned post-intubation complications.

O objetivo deste relato de caso é apresentar um achado incidental de um septo traqueal numa mulher de 61 anos. A paciente foi internada no hospital com dispneia leve e diagnóstico preliminar de estenose subglótica traqueal. A microlaringoscopia realizada mostrou uma sínfise vertical firme (septo) logo abaixo da estenose subglótica, formando uma traqueia de duplo lúmen. Não houve registo de qualquer dificuldade prévia com a intubação. A tomografia computadorizada realizada após a microlaringoscopia revelou um ramo da via aérea originando-se a partir da traquéia ao nível da glândula tiróide e unindo-se ao seu lúmen em baixo. Os achados radiológicos e endoscópicos do caso apresentado dificilmente se assemelham aos descritos na literatura, pois o septo descoberto não é pseudomembranoso, nem forma um brônquio traqueal. Assim, julga-se que o achado seja uma complicação pouco comum no contexto de múltiplas intubações no passado. Este é um achado extremamente raro pelo que é importante partilhar a nossa experiência no tratamento de um doente com as complicações pós-intubação supra-citadas.

The Narrow Band Imaging as an essential complement to White Light Endoscopy in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis diagnostics and follow-up process.

The aim of the study is to discuss the role of NBI imaging in upper respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). In the available literature on the subject, as of 2009, there have been 117 publications on NBI imaging focusing on the diagnosis of the upper respiratory and digestive tract, especially the larynx. They discuss the following diagnostic and therapeutic problems: identifying an abnormal vascular pattern within the mucosa, differentiating benign and malignant lesions, assessing the nature of lesions under the leukoplakia plaque, pre-operative definition of laryngeal cancer margins, supporting laser procedures to obtain safe margins, postoperative monitoring after cancer treatment, detecting second simultaneous and metachronic neoplasms and primary tumors in the case of metastases from an unknown primary site. Few reports have been devoted to the assessment of the extent and recurrence of RRP. Due to its recurrent nature, this pathology deserves special attention as it requires multiple inspections and manipulation within the larynx. It also applies to the pediatric population, where there should be no margin for underestimating or overestimating changes, because any suspicion of recurrence results in subsequent general anesthesia. Hence the attempt to define an unambiguous picture of RRP recurrence and the criteria for referring for subsequent surgical treatment.

[The schedule of intralesional papillomatosis treatment with cidofovir]. / Schemat postepowania i wstepne wyniki leczenia brodawczakow krtani dotkankowym preparatem cidofovir.

INTRODUCTION: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare disease in children and adults. It is characterized by proliferation of benign squamous cell papillomas within the respiratory-digestive tract, predominantly the larynx. Standard treatment consists of surgical excision of papillomata to maintain airway patency and voice quality. For last several years cidofovir is the most contemporary adjuvant anti-viral treatment for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and its topical use is widely described. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Intralesional cidofovir therapy was given to 20 patients treated for laryngeal papillomas in the Department of Otolaryngology in Poznan between I-XII.2009. The character of the lesion differed: from one anatomical site and moderate growth to four or five localizations with heavy extension. The number of cidofovir injections per patient varied from one to six times and the volume of solution ranges from 1-12 ml. The cidofovir injections were combined with laser or mechanical excision of the lesions. In disperse papillomata the injections administered in particular anatomical sites in 4-6 weeks period. In massive lesions injections were repeated in the same anatomical site. RESULTS: Complete remission was observed in 3 out of 20 patients. 12 patients show remission in a place of cidofovir injection. In 4 patients during the 4 week observation new foci of papillomatosis occurred. In two patients hepatic toxic side effect were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Intralesional cidofovir injection has been shown to be an effective an safe therapy for laryngeal papilloma and should be considered in those patients who experienced disease relapse.

The usefulness of the narrow band imaging (NBI) in decision-making process regarding second look procedure (SL) in laryngeal cancer follow-up after transoral laser microsurgery.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic value of positive surgical margins after transoral laser microsurgery (TOLM) is still under debate. In case of positive superficial margins, some experts recommend a second-look surgery (SL) and some recommend wait and watch approach with close observation. Narrow band imaging (NBI) is an advanced imaging system used to enhance visualization of mucosal vascular pattern. In laryngology, NBI is used to improve the detection of premalignant, dysplastic and malignant lesions. AIM: To assess the usefulness of NBI imaging in guiding clinical decision making regarding follow-up plan and SL after TOLM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort of 127 patients was divided into three groups based on the histology results and NBI vascular pattern of the mucosa. Group A (24/127, 18.90%) consisted of patients with suspicious vascular pattern in NBI or/and with positive deep margin. Group B (52/127, 40.94%) consisted of patients with positive or uncertain superficial margins and non-suspicious vascular pattern in NBI. Group C (51/127, 40.15%) had non-suspicious vascular NBI pattern and all negative margins. RESULTS: After the first TOLM procedure, 9/24 (37.5%) patients had positive deep margins, 1/24 (4.2%) had uncertain deep margin and 1/24 patient (4.2%) had both positive deep margin and suspicious vascular pattern in NBI. The remaining 13 cases in Group A had a suspicious NBI finding only during the first follow-up. All of the 24 patients (Group A) underwent a second look surgery. The final histology after SL showed squamous cell carcinoma in 10/24 (41.7%) patients. All 10 patients had suspicious vascular pattern in NBI and one patient had both a positive deep margins after the first TOLM and positive NBI finding. None of Group B and C subjects developed an early recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence that NBI imaging will be a useful adjunct to margin status after TOLM and will facilitate clinical decision-making regarding performing the SL in patients with positive or uncertain superficial surgical margins in the first TOLM procedure. However, additional investigation with more subjects is required at this time to further validate this technique and change the standard of care.

The role of intraoperative narrow-band imaging in transoral laser microsurgery for early and moderately advanced glottic cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Trans-oral laser microsurgery is an established technique for the treatment of early and moderately advanced laryngeal cancer. OBJECTIVE: The authors intend to test the usefulness of narrow-band imaging in the intraoperative assessment of the larynx mucosa in terms of specifying surgical margins. METHODS: Forty-four consecutive T1-T2 glottic cancers treated with trans-oral laser microsurgery Type I-VI cordectomy were presented. Suspected areas (90 samples/44 patients) were biopsied under the guidance of narrow-band imaging and white light and sent for frozen section. RESULTS: Our study revealed that 75 of 90 (83.3%) white light and narrow-band imaging-guided samples were histopathologically positive: 30 (40%) were confirmed as carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma and 45 (60%) as moderate to severe dysplasia. In 6 patients mucosa was suspected only in narrow-band imaging, with no suspicion under white light. Thus, in these 6 patients 18/90 (20%) samples were taken. In 5/6 patients 16/18 (88.8%) samples were positive in frozen section: in 6/18 (33.3%) carcinoma (2 patients), 10/18 (66.6%) severe dysplasia was confirmed (3 patients). In 1 patient 2/18 (11.1%) samples were negative in frozen section. Presented analysis showed, that sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of white light was 79.5%, 20% and 71.1% respectively, while narrow-band imaging was 100%, 0.0% and 85.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The intraoperative use of narrow-band imaging proved to be valuable in the visualization of suspect areas of the mucosa. Narrow-band imaging confirms the suspicions undertaken in white light and importantly, it showed microlesions beyond the scope of white light.

The usefulness of the NBI - narrow band imaging for the larynx assessment.

Narrow band imaging (NBI) by enhancing the contrast between the mucosal epithelium and submucosal vessels facilitates diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous lesions, as well as hypertrophic lesions such as laryngeal papillomatosis. Narrow band imaging (NBI) is an optical technique based on the modification of white light by the use of special optical filters. Every change in the microvascular architecture of the mucosa is classified according to Ni's classification (2011). The use of NBI improves sensitivity and specificity of assessment of laryngeal lesions and allows more precise assessment of the status of surgical margins of early-stage and locally-advanced laryngeal cancers managed in endoscopic laser cordectomy.