In-situ bypass is associated with superior infection-free survival compared with extra-anatomic bypass for the management of secondary aortic graft infections without enteric involvement.

OBJECTIVE: The optimal revascularization modality following complete resection of aortic graft infection (AGI) without enteric involvement remains unclear. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the revascularization approach associated with the lowest morbidity and mortality using real-world data in patients undergoing complete excision of AGI. METHODS: A retrospective, multi-institutional study of AGI from 2002 to 2014 was performed using a standardized database. Baseline demographics, comorbidities, and perioperative variables were recorded. The primary outcome was infection-free survival. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 241 patients at 34 institutions from seven countries presented with AGI during the study period (median age, 68 years; 75% male). The initial aortic procedures that resulted in AGI were 172 surgical grafts (71%), 66 endografts (27%), and three unknown (2%). Of the patients, 172 (71%) underwent complete excision of infected aortic graft material followed by in situ (in-line) bypass (ISB), including antibiotic-treated prosthetic graft (35%), autogenous femoral vein (neo-aortoiliac surgery) (24%), and cryopreserved allograft (41%). Sixty-nine patients (29%) underwent extra-anatomic bypass (EAB). Overall median Kaplan-Meier estimated survival was 5.8 years. Perioperative mortality was 16%. When stratified by ISB vs EAB, there was a significant difference in Kaplan-Meier estimated infection-free survival (2910 days; interquartile range, 391-3771 days vs 180 days; interquartile range, 27-3750 days; P < .001). There were otherwise no significant differences in presentation, comorbidities, or perioperative variables. Multivariable Cox regression showed lower infection-free survival among patients with EAB (hazard ratio [HR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-3.6; P < .001), polymicrobial infection (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.4-3.5; P = .001), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7; P = .02), as well as the protective effect of omental/muscle flap coverage (HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.92; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: After complete resection of AGI, perioperative mortality is 16% and median overall survival is 5.8 years. EAB is associated with nearly a two and one-half-fold higher reinfection/mortality compared with ISB. Omental and/or muscle flap coverage of the repair appear protective.

Idiopathic posterior papillary muscle rupture; a case report.

BACKGROUND: Papillary muscle rupture is a rare condition. Its clinical presentation, diagnosis and management can be very challenging for the clinician. CASE PRESENTATION: A 73-year-old woman with hypertension presented with chest pain, ST-segment changes, and elevated serum troponin levels. Coronary angiography was normal. Echocardiography revealed normal ventricular function, flail posterior mitral leaflet, and severe mitral regurgitation. She underwent emergent mitral valve replacement. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic and management strategies of this uncommon presentation are discussed.

In situ bypass and extra-anatomic bypass procedures result in similar survival in patients with secondary aortoenteric fistulas.

OBJECTIVE: The optimal revascularization modality in secondary aortoenteric fistula (SAEF) remains unclear in the literature. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the revascularization approach associated with the lowest morbidity and mortality using real-world data in patients with SAEF. METHODS: A retrospective, multi-institutional study of SAEF from 2002 to 2014 was performed using a standardized database. Baseline demographics, comorbidities, and operative and postoperative variables were recorded. The primary outcome was long-term mortality. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: During the study period, 182 patients at 34 institutions from 11 countries presented with SAEF (median age, 72 years; 79% male). The initial aortic procedures that resulted in SAEF were 138 surgical grafts (76%) and 42 endografts (23%), with 2 unknown; 102 of the SAEFs (56%) underwent complete excision of infected aortic graft material, followed by in situ (in-line) bypass (ISB), including antibiotic-soaked prosthetic graft (53), autogenous femoral vein (neoaortoiliac surgery; 17), cryopreserved allograft (28), and untreated prosthetic grafts (4). There were 80 patients (44%) who underwent extra-anatomic bypass (EAB) with infected graft excision. Overall median Kaplan-Meier estimated survival was 319 days (interquartile range, 20-2410 days). Stratified by EAB vs ISB, there was no significant difference in Kaplan-Meier estimated survival (P = .82). In comparing EAB vs ISB, EAB patients were older (74 vs 70 years; P = .01), had less operative hemorrhage (1200 mL vs 2000 mL; P = .04), were more likely to initiate dialysis within 30 days postoperatively (15% vs 5%; P = .02), and were less likely to experience aorta-related hemorrhage within 30 days postoperatively (3% aortic stump dehiscence vs 11% anastomotic rupture; P = .03). There were otherwise no significant differences in presentation, comorbidities, and intraoperative or postoperative variables. Multivariable Cox regression showed that the duration of antibiotic use (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.98; P = .01) and rifampin use at time of discharge (hazard ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.05-0.86; P = .03) independently decreased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that ISB does not offer a survival advantage compared with EAB and does not decrease the risk of postoperative aorta-related hemorrhage. After repair, <50% of SAEF patients survive 10 months. Each week of antibiotic use decreases mortality by 8%. Further study with risk modeling is imperative for this population.

Burnout, depression, perceived stress, and self-efficacy in vascular surgery trainees.

OBJECTIVE: Burnout is a work-related syndrome involving emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment that has become prevalent in all levels of medical training. We sought to understand factors associated with burnout identified in vascular surgery trainees. METHODS: An anonymous electronic survey consisting of demographic and programmatic information as well as validated scales for burnout, depression, perceived stress, self-efficacy, and social support was given to all vascular surgery trainees in the United States. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare responses. Residents were grouped into quartiles based on burnout level, and predictors of burnout were determined. RESULTS: Of the 514 invitations sent, 177 (34%) respondents completed the survey. Trainees in the highest quartile of burnout were more likely to have moderate to severe depression (40% vs 4%; P < .01), higher perceived stress score (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; P < .01), lower social support (OR, 0.89; P < .01), and lower self-efficacy (OR, 0.76; P < .01), and they were less likely to reconsider vascular surgery as a career if given the chance to do it over (χ2 = 20; P < .01). Trainees without a self-identified mentor were significantly more likely to report burnout (χ2 = 15; P < .01). In addition, trainees who reported more frequent 80-hour work infractions each month (3.6 vs 2.3; P < .01) and those without access to programmatic social events (χ2 = 11; P < .01) had higher levels of burnout. In contrast, trainees with the lowest quartile of burnout scores reported lower depression (OR, 0.43; P < .01), lower stress (OR, 0.63; P < .01), more social support (OR, 0.1.2; P < .01), higher self-efficacy (OR, 1.2; P < .01), and fewer work week violations each month (2.3 vs 2.9; P = .04). Lower burnout scores were associated with program mentorship (χ2 = 7.3; P < .01), program-sponsored social events (χ2 = 8.7; P < .01), and being more likely to choose vascular surgery again if given the chance (χ2 = 6.3; P < .01). Highest burnout scores did not correlate with sex (χ2 < .01; P = 1), age (32 years vs 32 years; P = .65), marital status (χ2 < .01; P = 1), proximity to family (OR, 1.2; P = .26), alcohol consumption (χ2 = 0.23; P = .63), postgraduate year (OR, 1.1; P = .47), number of prior program graduates (OR, 0.95; P = .73), use of physician extenders in the program (OR, 0.93; P = .74), or total debt (OR, 1.0; P = .63). Similarly, there were no significant associations with these variables among trainees with the lowest quartile of burnout scores. On multivariate analysis, higher depression (OR, 1.6; P < .01) and higher perceived stress (OR, 1.2; P < .01) were associated with higher burnout scores, and lower burnout scores were associated with lower perceived stress (OR, 0.67; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Burnout in vascular surgery trainees is associated with higher levels of depression and perceived stress and lower levels of social support and self-efficacy. The addition of programmatic social events, limiting 80-hour work week violations, and addition of formal mentoring programs may decrease levels of burnout.

Protamine sulfate for the reversal of enoxaparin associated hemorrhage beyond 12 h.

Clinical practice guidelines recommend protamine sulfate for reversal of enoxaparin associated bleeds dependent on the time from last administration and dose of enoxaparin. We present a case of a hemodynamically unstable patient with an enoxaparin induced abdominal wall hematoma/hemorrhage and the previous enoxaparin administration 21.5 h prior to presentation with a therapeutic anti-Xa assay (0.8 IU/mL) upon assessment in the emergency department. Along with resuscitative efforts, an interdisciplinary team collaborated to administer protamine sulfate 50 mg intravenous once (0.5 mg per 1 mg of enoxaparin) to reverse the therapeutic anticoagulation. Our case demonstrates the importance of monitoring renal function and the potential for accumulation of enoxaparin in patients with renal dysfunction leading to prolonged therapeutic anti-Xa assays. With the availability of anti-Xa assays, future reversal recommendations of enoxaparin associated bleeds using protamine sulfate should include the initial anti-Xa assay as a guide for the dosing regimen.

Midterm outcomes in patients with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Outcomes and the necessity for anticoagulation in patients with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UE DVT) are unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of UE DVT, the outcomes of patients stratified by anticoagulation treatment, and which factors were significantly associated with mortality. METHODS: This study was a single-center, retrospective review of all patients undergoing UE venous duplex imaging in 2016. Information on patients' demographics, relevant comorbidities, use of anticoagulation at the time of diagnosis, characteristics of the UE DVT, treatment regimen(s), and outcomes was collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive and univariate statistics; multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify which of the aforementioned covariates are significantly associated with mortality rates at 30 days and 6 months, respectively, at a 95% confidence level. RESULTS: Of the 911 patients undergoing UE venous duplex imaging, 182 (20.0%) were positive for UE DVT. Within the first 30 days, 30 patients (16.5%) died, 13 (7.1%) had pulmonary emboli, 42 (23.1%) had either pulmonary emboli or died, and 3 (1.6%) had ischemic strokes. Within the first 6 months, 50 patients (27.5%) died. The mortality rate at 30 days was found to be significantly increased in patients who were older (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; P < .01), had high-risk contraindications to anticoagulation (OR, 5.14; P < .01), were on dialysis (OR, 3.03; P = .04), had centrally located UE DVTs (OR, 2.72; P < .05), and had a stroke (OR, 20.34; P = .03). Mortality was significantly decreased in patients who were treated with anticoagulation (OR, 0.16; P < .05). At 6 months, however, age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.05; P < .001), male sex (HR, 2.16; P = .02), dialysis (HR, 2.90; P = .01), high-risk contraindications to anticoagulation (HR, 2.67; P = .02), UE DVTs in both central and peripheral veins (HR, 4.55; P = .03), and ischemic stroke in the first 30 days (HR, 71.63; P < .001) were associated with significant increases in mortality. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that mortality rates among patients with UE DVT are relatively high and that treatment with anticoagulation is associated with a decrease in mortality at 30 days. Mortality was also associated with multiple comorbid conditions and demographics and not necessarily venous thromboembolism.

Burnout and its relationship with perceived stress, self-efficacy, depression, social support, and programmatic factors in general surgery residents.

BACKGROUND: Burnout affects surgical residents' well-being. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify factors associated with burnout among surgery residents. METHODS: An electronic/anonymous survey was sent to surgical residents at 18 programs, consisting of demographic/programmatic questions and validated scales for burnout, depression, perceived stress, self-efficacy, and social support. Residents were grouped into quartiles based off burnout, and predictors were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: 42% of residents surveyed completed it. Burnout was associated with depression, higher perceived stress/debt, fewer weekends off, less programmatic social events, and residents were less likely to reconsider surgery if given the chance. Low burnout was associated with lower depression/stress, higher social support/self-efficacy, more weekends off per month, program mentorship, lower debt, and residents being more likely to choose surgery again if given the chance. On multivariate analysis, higher depression/perceived stress were associated with burnout, and lower burnout scores were associated with lower stress/higher self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Burnout in surgery residents is associated with higher levels of depression and perceived stress. The addition of programmatic social events, limiting weekend work, and formal mentoring programs may decrease burnout.

Current status of treatment for aortic graft infection: When should cryopreserved allografts be used?

Aortic graft infection remains one of the most complex clinical challenges faced by vascular specialists, and is often associated with significant patient morbidity and mortality regardless of the approach used for management. The cryopreserved aortic allograft is now a commonly used in situ aortic replacement in the management of graft infection, and is preferred over rifampin-soaked prosthetic grafts. In the review, we summarize the indications for cryopreserved aortic allograft usage, as well as operative technique, clinical results, and alternative treatments. We propose the use of a novel term tertiary aortic fistula, to distinguish aortic fistulae in the setting of aortic endograft infection, a clinical entity whose natural history and best management are currently being characterized.

Hand-arm vibration syndrome: A rarely seen diagnosis.

Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is a collection of sensory, vascular, and musculoskeletal symptoms caused by repetitive trauma from vibration. This case report demonstrates how to diagnose HAVS on the basis of history, physical examination, and vascular imaging and its treatment options. A 41-year-old man who regularly used vibrating tools presented with nonhealing wounds on his right thumb and third digit. Arteriography revealed occlusions of multiple arteries in his hand with formation of collaterals. We diagnosed HAVS, and his wounds healed after several weeks with appropriate treatment. HAVS is a debilitating condition with often irreversible vascular damage, requiring early diagnosis and treatment.