Early data on long-term efficacy and safety of inotersen in patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: a 2-year update from the open-label extension of the NEURO-TTR trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hereditary transthyretin (hATTR) amyloidosis causes progressive polyneuropathy resulting from transthyretin (TTR) amyloid deposition throughout the body, including the peripheral nerves. The efficacy and safety of inotersen, an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of TTR protein production, were demonstrated in the pivotal NEURO-TTR study in patients with hATTR polyneuropathy. Here, the long-term efficacy and safety of inotersen are assessed in an ongoing open-label extension (OLE) study. METHODS: Patients who completed NEURO-TTR were eligible to enroll in the OLE (NCT02175004). Efficacy assessments included the modified Neuropathy Impairment Score plus seven neurophysiological tests composite score (mNIS + 7), the Norfolk Quality of Life - Diabetic Neuropathy (Norfolk QOL-DN) questionnaire total score and the Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) Physical Component Summary (PCS) score. Safety and tolerability were also assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 97% (135/139) of patients who completed NEURO-TTR enrolled in the OLE. Patients who received inotersen for 39 cumulative months in NEURO-TTR and the OLE continued to show benefit; patients who switched from placebo to inotersen in the OLE demonstrated improvement or stabilization of neurological disease progression by mNIS + 7, Norfolk QOL-DN and SF-36 PCS. No new safety concerns were identified. There was no evidence of increased risk for grade 4 thrombocytopenia or severe renal events with increased duration of inotersen exposure. CONCLUSION: Inotersen slowed disease progression and reduced deterioration of quality of life in patients with hATTR polyneuropathy. Early treatment with inotersen resulted in greater long-term disease stabilization than delayed initiation. Routine platelet and renal safety monitoring were effective; no new safety signals were observed.

Effects of dietary energy levels on physiological parameters and reproductive performance of gestating sows over three consecutive parities.

OBJECTIVE: This experiment was to evaluate the effects of the dietary energy levels on the physiological parameters and reproductive performance during gestation over three parities in sows. METHODS: A total of 52 F1 gilts (Yorkshire×Landrace) were allotted to one of four dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. The treatments contained 3,100, 3,200, 3,300, or 3,400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg diet but feed was provided at 2.0, 2.2, and 2.4 kg/d in the first, second and third parity, respectively. RESULTS: The body weight and body weight gain during gestation increased as the dietary energy level increased (p<0.05, and p<0.01) in the first parity. In the second parity, the body weight of sows was the lowest (p<0.05) when 3,100 kcal of ME/kg treatment diet was provided. The body weight was higher as the dietary energy level increased (p<0.05) during the gestation period in the third parity. During lactation, the voluntary feed intake of lactating sows tended to decrease when gilts were fed higher energy treatment diet (p = 0.08) and the body weight, body weight gain were increased by dietary energy level during gestation (p< 0.05). Backfat thickness was not affected by dietary treatment during the gestation period in three parities, interestingly backfat change from breeding to d 110 of gestation was higher as the dietary energy level increased at the first parity (p<0.05). When gilts were fed 3,400 kcal of ME/kg treatment diet a higher number of weaning piglets was observed in the first parity (p<0.05). The highest culling rate (69%) was seen when gestating sows were fed 3,100 kcal/kg ME treatment diet during three parities. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the adequate energy intake of gestating sows should be 6,400 or 6,600 kcal of ME/d, 7,040 or 7,260 kcal of ME/d, and 7,680 or 7,920 kcal of ME/d for parity 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

Effect of rapeseed meal supplementation to gestation diet on reproductive performance, blood profiles and milk composition of sows.

OBJECTIVE: This experiment evaluated the effect of dietary supplementation levels of rapeseed meal (RSM) in gestation diets on reproductive performance, blood profiles, milk composition of sows, and growth of their progeny. METHODS: A total of 55 mixed-parity sows (Yorkshire×Landrace; average parity = 3.82) with an initial body weight (BW) of 193.0 kg were used in this experiment. Sows were allotted to one of 5 treatments at breeding based on BW and backfat thickness in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of dietary RSM supplementation levels (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%) in gestation diets. During lactation all sows were fed a common lactation diet with no RSM supplementation. RESULTS: Body weight, backfat thickness, litter size, lactation feed intake, and milk composition of sows, and growth of their progeny were not different among dietary treatments. In blood profiles, a quadratic increase (Quadratic, p<0.05) in serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentration and a linear increase (Linear, p<0.01) in serum thyroxine (T4) concentration were observed at d 110 of gestation as dietary RSM supplementation levels increased. However, serum T3 and T4 concentrations in lactating sows and their piglets were not affected by RSM supplementation of gestation diets. Concentrations of serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in sows were not influenced by dietary treatments, whereas serum glucose level in sows decreased linearly at d 110 of gestation (Linear, p<0.05) by increasing dietary RSM supplementation in gestation diets. CONCLUSION: The RSM could be supplemented to gestation diets up to 12% with no detrimental effects on reproductive performance and growth of their progeny. However, increasing supplementation levels of RSM in gestation diets may increase serum T3 and T4 concentrations and decrease serum glucose concentration of sows in late gestation.

Step-down vs. step-up noxious stimulation: differential effects on pain perception and patterns of brain activation.

BACKGROUND: We hypothesize that pain and brain responses are affected by changes in the presentation sequence of noxious stimuli that are, overall, identical in intensity and duration. METHODS: During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, 21 participants experienced three patterns of noxious stimulation: Up-type (step-up noxious stimulation, 15 s), Down-type (step-down noxious stimulation, 15 s), and Down-up-type (decreasing and increasing pattern of noxious stimulation, 15 s). The total intensity and duration of the three noxious stimulation patterns were identical, but the stimulation sequences were different. RESULTS: Pain and unpleasantness ratings in the Down- and Down-up-type noxious stimulations were lower than in the Up-type noxious stimulation. The left prefrontal cortex [(PFC, BA (Brodmann area) 10, (-45, 50, 1)] was more highly activated in the Down- and Down-up-type noxious stimulations than in the Up-type noxious stimulation. The S1, S2, insula, bilateral PFC (BA 46), and midcingulate cortex were more highly activated in the Up-type noxious stimulation than in the Down-type noxious stimulation. PFC BA 10 was located at an inferior level compared to the bilateral PFC BA 46 (Z axis = 1 for BA 10, compared to 22 and 25 for the right and left BA 46, respectively). When cortisol level was increased, the left hippocampal cortex, along with the left parahippocampal cortex, was greatly activated for the Up-type noxious stimulation. CONCLUSION: When pain cannot be avoided in clinical practice, noxious stimuli should be applied to patients in a step-down pattern that delivers the most intense pain first and the least intense pain last.

Effects of Dietary Energy Levels on the Physiological Parameters and Reproductive Performance of Gestating Gilts.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on the physiological parameters and reproductive performance of gestating first parity sows. A total of 52 F1 gilts (Yorkshire×Landrace) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained diets with 3,100, 3,200, 3,300, or 3,400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, and the daily energy intake of the gestating gilts in each treatment were 6,200, 6,400, 6,600, and 6,800 kcal of ME, respectively. During gestation, the body weight (p = 0.04) and weight gain (p = 0.01) of gilts linearly increased with increasing dietary energy levels. Backfat thickness was not affected at d110 of gestation by dietary treatments, but increased linearly (p = 0.05) from breeding to d 110 of gestation. There were no significant differences on the litter size or litter birth weight. During lactation, the voluntary feed intake of sows tended to decrease when the dietary energy levels increased (p = 0.08). No difference was observed in backfat thickness of the sows within treatments; increasing energy levels linearly decreased the body weight of sows (p<0.05) at d 21 of lactation and body weight gain during lactation (p<0.01). No significant differences were observed in the chemical compositions of colostrum and milk. Therefore, these results indicated that high-energy diets influenced the bodyweight and backfat thickness of sows during gestation and lactation. NRC (2012) suggested that the energy requirement of the gestation gilt should be between 6,678 and 7,932 kcal of ME/d. Similarly, our results suggested that 3,100 kcal of ME/kg is not enough to maintain the reproductive performance for gilts during gestation with 2 kg feed daily. Gilts in the treatment 3,400 kcal of ME/kg have a higher weaning number of piglets, but bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. But bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. Consequently, an adequate energy requirement of gestating gilts is 6,400 kcal of ME/d.

The Effects of Gilts Housed Either in Group with the Electronic Sow Feeding System or Conventional Stall.

This experiment was conducted to assess the welfare and productivity of gestating gilts in groups with the electronic sow feeding (ESF) system compared to conventional stalls. A total of 83 gilts (Yorkshire×Landrace) were housed into individual stalls to be artificially inseminated. Gilts confirmed pregnant were introduced to their treatment, conventional stalls (ST) or groups with the ESF system. All gilts were taken to the farrowing crates one week prior to their expected farrowing date. In the gestation period, there were no significant differences between gilts allocated to ST and ESF on growth performance. However, backfat thickness gain (p = 0.08) and body condition score (BCS) at 110 days of gestation (p = 0.10) tended to be higher in ESF gilts than ST. Likewise, gilts housed in group showed significantly higher estimated body muscle contents at 110 days of gestation (p = 0.02) and body muscle change during gestation (p = 0.01). There was a trend for a shorter parturition time in ESF gilts (p = 0.07). In the lactation period, group housed gilts showed a tendency to increased BCS changes (p = 0.06). Reproductive performance did not differ with the exception of piglet mortality (ST = 0.2 no. of piglets vs ESF = 0.4 no. of piglets; p = 0.01). In blood profiles, ST gilts showed a higher cortisol level at 110 days of gestation (p = 0.01). Weaning to estrus interval was shorter in gilts housed in ESF than ST (p = 0.01). In locomotory behaviors, ESF gilts recorded a tendency to elevate locomotion score at 36, 70, and 110 days of gestation (p = 0.07, p = 0.06, and p = 0.06, respectively). Similarly, ESF gilts showed significantly higher incidence of scratches at 36, 70, and 110 days of gestation (p = 0.01). Moreover, farrowing rates were higher in stall treatment (97.6%) compare to group housing treatment (95.2%). In conclusion, while group housed gilts with ESF system positively affected welfare status in combination with less physiologically stressful environments and activity, it negatively effects piglet mortality, farrowing rates and injuries of gilts.

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and their association with dyslipidemia in Korean elderly men: the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Recently, aging has been shown to be associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO), of which decreased muscle mass and increased fat mass are features. Sarcopenia and obesity alone are known to be associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. However, it remains unclear whether SO has greater adverse effects on dyslipidemia than on sarcopenia or obesity alone. AIM: We aimed to investigate the association between SO and dyslipidemia in elderly Koreans. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study was based on data collected during the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We included 1,466 men and 2,017 women aged 65 years and over. Sarcopenia was indicated in participants with height- or weight-adjusted appendicular skeletal muscle that was 1 standard deviation below the sex-specific mean for the young reference group, and obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2). Dyslipidemia was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounding factors, the SO group had a higher risk for dyslipidemia [odds ratio (OR) 2.82 (95 % confidence interval 1.76-4.51)] than the obese group [2.12 (1.11-4.07)] and sarcopenic group [1.46 (1.01-2.11)] (p < 0.001) only in men. Furthermore, the SO group in men had the highest OR for hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, hyper-low-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia, and a high ratio of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol even after further adjustments. CONCLUSIONS: In Korean elderly men, SO was associated with an increased risk for dyslipidemia compared with sarcopenia or obesity alone.

Correlation of transthoracic echocardiographic and angiographic measurements of pulmonary valve annular diameter in dogs with pulmonary stenosis.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Dogs with severe pulmonary stenosis (PS) are routinely treated with balloon valvuloplasty. Success and safety of these procedures require an accurate assessment of the pulmonary valve annulus (PVA) diameter for proper balloon catheter selection. PVA diameter is assessed with angiography (PVA-Ang) and transthoracic echocardiography (PVA-TTE), and both may impact procedural planning for balloon valvuloplasty. The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between PVA-Ang and PVA-TTE in dogs with PS. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, retrospective study of 59 client-owned dogs. Medical records of dogs diagnosed with PS were reviewed. Images from selective right ventricular angiography and transthoracic echocardiography were reviewed. The PVA diameters were measured at the time of angiography (PVA-Ang) and by a single operator for this study (PVA-TTE). Image quality scores were assigned to echocardiographic images of the PVA based on visualization of PVA margins and valve leaflet hinge points. RESULTS: In 41/59 (70%) dogs, the diameter of the PVA-Ang was larger than the PVA-TTE, and the median absolute difference between measurements was 1.9 mm (range 0.1-8.4). With worse echocardiographic image quality, the difference in measurement between modalities increased. Dogs with poor echocardiographic image quality had greater differences (range -7.7 to 8.4 mm) between PVA-Ang and PVA-TTE compared to those with excellent image quality (range -2.2 to 3.8 mm), and the absolute differences between poor (median 2.8 mm, range 1.5-8.4 mm) and excellent (median 1.4 mm, 0.2-3.8 mm) image quality were significant (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Diameters of PVA-Ang are greater than PVA-TTE in most dogs, and these differences are most apparent with worse echocardiographic image quality. These differences may be clinically relevant to interventional procedure planning.

Clinical effect of torsemide in a horse with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

In this case report, a high dose of torsemide (6mg/kg, every 12 hours for 3 days followed by 12mg/kg, every 12 hours for 4 days) was administered orally to a horse with congestive heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation. Blood samples for measurement of plasma torsemide concentrations were obtained one hour after each drug administration. Pharmacodynamic effects of oral torsemide were evaluated by daily physical examination, electrocardiography, and serum biochemistry. The horse tolerated administration of torsemide. A decrease in ventral oedema and venous congestion was subjectively noted at day 7. Torsemide plasma concentration markedly increased at day 5 (peak concentration of 15.41 µg/mL). Evidence of an increase in renal markers was observed throughout the study period. Electrolyte measurements revealed mild hyponatremia and hypochloremia, and moderate hypokalaemia. No electrocardiographic changes related to torsemide administration were observed. After seven days of treatment, the horse was euthanised due to his disease stage and poor prognosis. Results indicate that torsemide was absorbed after oral administration and was well tolerated in this horse. Furthermore, clinical improvement in this single case indicates that torsemide might be utilized as an oral alternative to furosemide in the management of equine patients in CHF. The high doses of torsemide used in this case report should be reserved for cases without clinical response to lower doses and with close monitoring of electrolytes and renal function parameters. Further investigation of torsemide clinical efficacy and safety in horses with CHF with a larger cohort and prolonged administration is warranted.

Microbiological and clinical characteristics of bacteraemia caused by the hypermucoviscosity phenotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Korea.

Hypermucoviscous (HV) isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae have been linked to virulence potential in experimental infections. We examined 33 isolates of K. pneumoniae from patients with bacteraemia for the HV phenotype on agar culture, and determined their virulence potential by screening for capsular (K) serotype by polymerase chain reaction and the presence of seven virulence factor genes. Fourteen (42·4%) isolates expressed the HV phenotype and 11 of these were serotype K1 or K2; these serotypes were not identified in HV-negative isolates. The genes rmpA, rmpA2, aerobactin, wabG and allS were significantly more frequent in HV than non-HV isolates. Multilocus sequence typing identified 21 sequence types (ST), eight of which were found in HV-positive isolates and the clonal relatedness of isolates of the most frequent types (ST23 and ST11) from different hospitals was confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The HV phenotype was more associated with community-acquired infection with a lower frequency of fatal underlying illness, but with significantly more focal infections, notably liver abscesses. Clinicians should be aware of such clinical impacts of the HV phenotype.

Effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Vacuum Packaging on Quality Characteristics of Low Grade Beef during Cold Storage.

Many studies have been carried out with respect to packaging methods and temperature conditions of beef. However, the effects of packaging methods and temperature conditions on the quality characteristics have not been extensively studied in low-grade beef. Low-grade beef samples were divided into 3 groups (C: ziplock bag packaging, T1: vacuum packaging, and T2: modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), CO2/N2 = 3:7) and samples were stored at 4°C for 21 days. The water-holding capacity (WHC) was significantly lower in T1 than in the other samples up to 14 days of storage. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile basic nitrogen values were significantly lower in T1 and T2 than in C after 7 to 14 days of storage. The total bacterial counts were significantly lower in T1 and T2 than in C after 14 days of storage. In a sensory evaluation, tenderness and overall acceptability were significantly higher in T1 and T2 than in C at the end of the storage period (21 days). We propose that the MAP method can improve beef quality characteristics of low-grade beef during cold storage. However, the beneficial effects did not outweigh the cost increase to implement MAP.

Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas in Korean men.

OBJECTIVE: Because of the high incidence of recurrent colorectal adenomas, regular surveillance by colonoscopy is recommended. However, there is still a shortage of information on the factors that influence the incidence of recurrent colorectal adenomas in patients with a history of these lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the development of recurrent colorectal adenomas, metabolic syndrome and obesity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The hospital-based cohort was composed of 193 patients who had recurrent colorectal adenomas removed between January 2002 and December 2003. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) between obesity, metabolic syndrome and other factors, and the incidence of recurrent adenomatous polyps. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 4.8 person-years. In all, 78 of the patients (40.4%) had recurrent colorectal adenomas. In the overall recurrent adenoma group, significant associations between metabolic syndrome (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.02-1.73), waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90 cm (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06-1.90) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) ≥ 0.9 (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.55-2.68) were found. Moreover, advanced adenomas were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.86-4.25), body mass index ≥ 25 kg m(-2) (HR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.64-4.42), WC (HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.31-3.54) and WHR (HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.28-3.11). In addition, current smoking (HR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.09-6.25) and alcohol consumption (HR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.10-4.39) were also significantly associated with recurrent advanced adenoma. CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome and obesity were significantly associated with the development of recurrent colorectal adenomas in Korean adult males. Furthermore, these associations were more strongly associated with advanced adenomas.

Prediction of response to entecavir therapy in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B based on on-treatment HBsAg, HBeAg and HBV DNA levels.

Quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) assays are emerging as effective tools of on-treatment predictors of response to antiviral agents, in addition to monitoring serum HBV DNA levels. However, the dynamic relationship between quantitative HBsAg, as well as HBeAg and HBV DNA, and the predictability of subsequent clinical outcomes during entecavir (ETV) therapy remain unclear. Eighty-two patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) received ETV therapy for ≥3 years. Virologic response (VR) after 3 years of ETV therapy was achieved in 73 (89.0%) patients. Among baseline and on-treatment factors, on-treatment HBV DNA levels performed better with respect to the prediction of response than HBsAg and HBeAg levels. Especially, the performance of absolute values of HBV DNA with respect to response was superior to HBV DNA decline from the baseline. The best predictive value was an absolute HBV DNA level of 2.3 log(10) IU/mL at month 6 (areas under the curve [AUROC], 0.977; 95% CI, 0.940-1.000; P < 0.001). HBeAg seroconversion after 3 years of therapy was achieved in 26 (31.7%) patients. On-treatment HBeAg levels performed better with respect to the prediction of seroconversion than HBsAg and HBV DNA levels. The best cut-off value for the HBeAg level at month 12 for the prediction of seroconversion was 0.62 log(10) PEIU/mL. Although the HBsAg level at baseline is often used to predict the antiviral potency of entecavir, on-treatment HBV DNA and HBeAg levels are more helpful for prediction of subsequent clinical outcomes in HBeAg-positive CHB patients with entecavir treatment.

Optimization of selective emitter fabrication method for solar cells using a laser grooving.

In this paper, screen-printing laser grooved buried contact (LGBC) method was applied, which is compatible with the existing screen-printed solar cell equipment and facilities. Experiments were performed in order to optimize short circuit current (I(sc)), open circuit voltage (V(oc)) and fill factor of high efficiency solar cells. To enhance I(sc), V(oc) and efficiency, heavy doping was performed at low sheet resistance in the laser grooved region of the cell. In contrast, light doping was carried out at a high sheet resistance in the non-laser grooved region. To increase fill factor, porous silicon found on the wafer after dipping in an HF solution to remove SiN(x), was cleared. The fabricated screen-printing LGBC solar cell using a 125 mm x 125 mm single crystalline silicon wafer exhibited an efficiency of 17.2%. The results show that screen-printing LGBC method can be applied for high efficiency solar cells.

Observation of topological superconductivity in a stoichiometric transition metal dichalcogenide 2M-WS2.

Topological superconductors (TSCs) are unconventional superconductors with bulk superconducting gap and in-gap Majorana states on the boundary that may be used as topological qubits for quantum computation. Despite their importance in both fundamental research and applications, natural TSCs are very rare. Here, combining state of the art synchrotron and laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we investigated a stoichiometric transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD), 2M-WS2 with a superconducting transition temperature of 8.8 K (the highest among all TMDs in the natural form up to date) and observed distinctive topological surface states (TSSs). Furthermore, in the superconducting state, we found that the TSSs acquired a nodeless superconducting gap with similar magnitude as that of the bulk states. These discoveries not only evidence 2M-WS2 as an intrinsic TSC without the need of sensitive composition tuning or sophisticated heterostructures fabrication, but also provide an ideal platform for device applications thanks to its van der Waals layered structure.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided versus conventional transmural drainage for pancreatic pseudocysts: a prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Although endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided transmural drainage (EUD) is preferred over conventional transmural drainage (CTD) of pancreatic pseudocysts by endoscopy in many centers, its superiority with respect to technical success and clinical outcome has not yet been demonstrated in a prospective randomized trial. We conducted this prospective randomized trial to compare the technical success and clinical outcomes of EUD and CTD in treating pancreatic pseudocysts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 60 consecutive patients with pancreatic pseudocysts were randomly divided into two groups to undergo either EUD (n = 31) or CTD (n = 29) of pancreatic pseudocysts. The technical success rate, complications, and short-term and long-term results were prospectively evaluated. RESULTS: The rate of technical success of the drainage was higher for EUD (94 %, 29/31) than for CTD (72 %, 21/29; P = 0.039) in intention-to-treat analysis. In cases where CTD failed (n = 8), because the pseudocysts were nonbulging, a crossover was made to EUD, which was successfully performed in all these patients. Complications occurred in 7 % of the EUD and 10 % of the CTD group ( P = 0.67). During short-term follow-up, pseudocyst resolution was achieved in 97 % (28/29) in the EUD group and in 91 % (19/21) in the CTD group ( P = 0.565). Long-term results analyzed on a per-protocol basis showed no significant difference in clinical outcomes between EUD (89 %, 33/37) and CTD (86 %, 18/21, P = 0.696). CONCLUSIONS: We found that EUD and CTD can both be considered first-line methods of endoscopic transmural drainage of bulging pseudocysts, whereas EUD should be preferred for nonbulging pseudocysts.

Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09 offers species-specific biological control of winter algal blooms caused by freshwater diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii.

AIMS: The study of an algicidal activity and mechanism of the isolated Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09 (SK09) against a winter bloomed harmful diatom, Stephanodiscus hantzschii. METHODS AND RESULTS: SK09 was isolated from the Paldang reservoir, Korea and used to biological control of S. hantzschii. The inoculation of SK09 at the final density of 5 x 10(6) cells ml(-1) caused degradation of >90% of S. hantzschii cells within 5 days. The algal cell lysis was achieved by a direct attack of the bacteria to the diatom cells, and the algicidal compound was located in the cytoplasm of the cell. As SK09 did not suppress Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena cylindrica, Coelastrum astroideum or Cyclotella meneghiniana, it appeared to attack S. hantzschii in a species-specific manner. Testing in an indoor mesocosms confirmed that SK09 effectively reduced S. hantzschii cells by 88% within 9 days. CONCLUSIONS: This bacterium is useful in regulating blooms of S. hantzschii. However, it should be studied in the future that their impact in shaping phytoplankton community and their activity in natural environments. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The bacterium enabled us to develop a new strategy, to understand the interaction for anthropogenic control of harmful algal blooms in nature.

Expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 in rats with chronic ocular hypertension.

High levels of glutamate can be toxic to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). This study investigated the relationship between the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1 (NR) and RGC death in a rat model of chronic ocular hypertension (COHT). COHT was induced in one eye of each rat by episcleral vein cauterization. Retinal protein expression was evaluated at 1, 3, 5 and 9 weeks after cauterization. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis showed that NR1 expression was significantly increased in cauterized retinae. NR1 immunoreactivity was observed in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) in the retina of rats with COHT. RGC density was evaluated after retrograde labeling with fluoro-gold (FG) and 4-di-10-ASP (DiA). A significant decrease in RGC density was observed in ocular hypertensive eyes, and NR1 expression in the GCL suggested an important role of NR1 in the death of RGCs. Memantine (10 mg/kg), an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, was administered orally once daily for up to 5 weeks, while rats in the control group received vehicle phosphate-buffered saline only. Treatment with memantine resulted in a significant reduction in RGC loss and NR1 expression in the eyes of rats COHT. These findings suggest that excessive expression of NR1 is involved in RGC death in glaucoma.