ABSTRACT
The present study aimed to evaluate the osmoregulatory mechanism of Daisy's medaka, O. woworae,as well as demonstrate the major factors affecting the hypo-osmoregulatory characteristics of euryhaline and stenohaline medaka. The medaka phylogenetic tree indicates that Daisy's medaka belongs to the celebensis species group. The salinity tolerance of Daisy's medaka was assessed. Our findings revealed that 20 (hypertonic) saltwater (SW) was lethal to Daisy's medaka. However, 62.5% of individuals survived 10 (isotonic) SW with pre-acclimation to 5 SW for one week. This transfer regime, "Experimental (Exp.) 10 SW", was used in the following experiments. After 10 SW-transfer, the plasma osmolality of Daisy's medaka significantly increased. The protein abundance and distribution of branchial Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (NKA) and Na(+), K(+), 2Cl(-) cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) were also examined after transfer to 10 SW for one week. Gill NKA activity increased significantly after transfer to 10 SW. Meanwhile, elevation of gill NKA αα-subunit protein-abundance was found in the 10 SW-acclimated fish. In gill cross-sections, more and larger NKA-immunoreactive (NKA-IR) cells were observed in the Exp. 10 SW medaka. The relative abundance of branchial NKCC1 protein increased significantly after transfer to 10 SW. NKCC1 was distributed in the basolateral membrane of NKA-IR cells of the Exp. 10 SW group. Furthermore, a higher abundance of NKCC1 protein was found in the gill homogenates of the euryhaline medaka, O. dancena, than in that of the stenohaline medaka, O. woworae.
Subject(s)
Gills/enzymology , Oryzias/metabolism , Osmotic Pressure/physiology , Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters/metabolism , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism , Adaptation, Physiological/genetics , Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Animals , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic , Oryzias/classification , Phylogeny , Salinity , Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters/genetics , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/genetics , Species Specificity , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
One-pot enzymatic synthesis is flourishing in synthetic chemistry, heralding a sustainable and green era. Recent advancements enable the creation of complex enzymatic prosthetic groups and regeneration of enzymatic cofactors such as S-adenosylmethionine. The next frontier is to develop the effective and innovative cofactors for essential micronutrients, metabolic modulators, and biomedicines.