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1.
J Therm Biol ; 100: 103031, 2021 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34503779

ABSTRACT

Fopius arisanus (Sonan), an egg-pupal parasitoid of numerous fruit fly species, was recently introduced into Africa for the control of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). In this study, life-table data of F. arisanus were generated under laboratory conditions at six constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 28 and 35 °C; 75% RH, L12:D12 photoperiod) and under variable conditions in a screenhouse on B. dorsalis. Several non-linear functions were fitted to model species development, mortality, longevity and oviposition using the Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software. The established phenology models were stochastically simulated at variable temperatures to estimate the life table parameters. Fopius arisanus completed development from egg to adult at all the temperatures tested except at 35 °C. Mean developmental time from egg to adult was inversely proportional to the temperature. The minimum temperature threshold (Tmin) from egg to adult was 8.15 °C, while the maximum temperature threshold (Tmax) was estimated at 34.2 °C. The optimal temperature for immature stages survival was predicted for 20-30 °C. The optimum fecundity estimated was 251 eggs/female at 22 °C. Following the stochastic simulations under natural conditions of the selected agro-ecological zones, it appears that the Humid Forest with Bimodal Rainfall provides a suitable thermal condition for potential population growth of F. arisanus. The present study shows the importance of temperature on the demographic parameters of F. arisanus. Implications of present findings on the biological control of B. dorsalis under climate change scenarios is discussed.


Subject(s)
Hymenoptera/physiology , Pest Control, Biological , Tephritidae/parasitology , Thermotolerance , Animals , Body Temperature , Hymenoptera/growth & development , Hymenoptera/pathogenicity , Oviposition
2.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot ; 113(2): 79-87, 2020.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33798328

ABSTRACT

Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti are two potential vectors of arboviruses in Douala. Knowing their breeding behaviour and insecticide resistance status would allow for better design of control activities. Mosquito larvae and nymphs were captured from breeding sites from July to September 2017, in Ndogbong, PK21 and Yassa, three neighbourhoods of the city of Douala, with ecological peculiarities. They were reared to adults and then identified to species. Female mosquitoes aged 3 to 5 days, not fed on blood, were tested for pyrethroid sensibility. Overall, 144 breeding artificial and natural sites were identified in the 3 neighbourhoods. A. albopictus was the single species found in most of the breeding sites (64.6%), whereas A. aegypti was found only in 4 sites (2.8%). Both species lived sympatrically in 47 sites (32.6%). Morphological identification of 8,160 adults revealed a significantly higher abundance of A. albopictus compared with A. aegypti (88.8% versus 11.2%). Insecticide resistance test with deltamethrin and permethrin revealed resistance in female A. aegypti and A. albopictus from Ndogbong and Yassa (mortality rates < 92%). A. albopictus shows better adaptation to artificial breeding sites in Douala and their resistance to recommended insecticides calls for new insecticidal molecules.


Aedes albopictus et Aedes aegypti sont deux vecteurs potentiels d'arboviroses à Douala. Une bonne connaissance de leurs gîtes larvaires et de leur statut de résistance aux pyréthrinoïdes permettrait une meilleure orientation des opérations de lutte. Les larves et les nymphes ont été récoltées dans divers gîtes temporaires entre juillet et septembre 2017 à Ndogbong, PK21 et Yassa, localités de Douala différentes du point de vue écologique. Les larves collectées ont été élevées et les adultes émergents identifiés. Les femelles non gorgées âgées de trois à cinq jours ont ensuite été soumises à des tests de sensibilité aux pyréthrinoïdes. Un total de 144 gîtes repartis en gîtes artificiels et en gîtes naturels a été identifié dans les sites d'étude. Tous les types de gîtes étaient colonisés par l'une ou l'autre des deux espèces ou vivant en sympatrie. A. albopictus se développait en solitaire dans la plupart des gîtes identifiés (64,6 %), alors qu' A. aegypti n'a été retrouvé en solitaire que dans quatre gîtes (2,8 %). Les deux espèces vivaient en sympatrie dans 47 gîtes (32,6 %). L'identification morphologique des 8 160 adultes d'Aedes issus de l'élevage a permis de noter une abondance significativement plus élevée d'A. albopictus par rapport à A. aegypti (88,8 contre 11,2 %). Les tests ont révélé une résistance des femelles d'A. aegypti et d' A. albopictus de Ndogbong et de Yassa aux insecticides perméthrine et deltaméthrine (mortalité < 92 %). A. albopictus s'adapte bien aux gîtes artificiels de Douala, sa résistance aux pyréthrinoïdes recommande la disponibilité de nouvelles molécules.


Subject(s)
Aedes , Insecticides , Pyrethrins , Animals , Breeding , Cameroon , Female , Humans , Insecticide Resistance , Insecticides/pharmacology , Larva , Mosquito Vectors , Pyrethrins/pharmacology
3.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot ; 113(3): 289-297, 2020.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33881248

ABSTRACT

Mosquito control in Cameroon relies largely on the proper use of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs). It is necessary to monitor their effectiveness in order to propose corrective measures to improve the strategy. The aim of this work was to determine the physical integrity and effectiveness of LLINs (Interceptor brand) on Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in two urban and rural areas of the Ayos health district. The level of LLIN coverage and use was assessed through a population survey. The physical integrity of LLINs was assessed by measuring the holes according to the WHO method. Bio-efficacy testing of ITNs was carried out according to the cone test protocol using 2-5-day-old, non-blood fed Anopheles gambiae s.l. females from the natural field strain and the reference susceptible strain. Household LLIN coverage rates in urban and rural areas were 55.50% and 66.94%, respectively. On the other hand, the rates of use were 78.01% and 75.22% in urban and rural areas respectively. The proportion of nets that had lost their physical integrity after 36 months of use was 47.00% and 59.63% in urban and rural areas respectively. The size of holes ranged from 0.5 to 25 cm. Alphacypermethrin was found to be ineffective against both strains of Anopheles gambiae s.l. tested. Knockdown rates ranged from 8.5% to 73% for the reference susceptible strain and less than 2.5% for the natural field strain. Mortality rates for the natural strain of Anopheles gambiae s.l. ranged from 0% to 2.5% while they were between 29% and 70% for the susceptible strain. The results show a decrease in the effectiveness of LLINs against the mosquitoes tested. This may be due to the lower than expected WHO possession and use rates of LLINs, their relatively high degree of wear and tear, and the resistance of the vectors to alphacypermethrin.


La lutte antimoustique au Cameroun repose en grande partie sur une bonne utilisation des moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide à longue durée d'action (MILDA). Il est nécessaire de suivre l'efficacité de ces dernières afin de proposer des mesures correctives pour améliorer la stratégie. Le présent travail a pour but de mesurer l'intégrité physique et l'efficacité des MILDA (marque Interceptor®) sur les populations d'Anopheles gambiae s.l. dans deux zones, urbaine et rurale, du district de santé d'Ayos. Le niveau de couverture et d'utilisation des MILDA a été évalué par une enquête menée auprès des populations 36 mois après la distribution des moustiquaires. L'intégrité physique des MILDA a été évaluée en mesurant les trous suivant la méthode de l'OMS. Les tests de bioefficacité des MILDA ont été effectués suivant le protocole des tests en cône en utilisant des femelles d'Anopheles gambiae s.l. non gorgées âgées de deux à cinq jours, élevées en insectarium et issues de deux souches : la souche locale et une souche sensible de référence. Les taux de couverture des ménages en MILDA en zone urbaine et en zone rurale étaient de 55,50 et 66,94 %, respectivement. Les taux d'utilisation étaient de 78,01 et 75,22 % respectivement. La proportion de moustiquaires trouées était de 47,00 % en zone urbaine et de 59,63 % en zone rurale. La taille des trous variait de 0,5 à 25 cm. L'alphacyperméthrine s'est révélée inefficace contre les deux souches d'Anopheles gambiae s.l. Les taux de knockdown étaient compris entre 8,5 et 73 % pour la souche sensible de référence et inférieurs à 2,5 % pour la souche de terrain. Les taux de mortalité de la souche de terrain d'Anopheles gambiae s.l. variaient de 0 à 2,5 % alors qu'ils étaient compris entre 29 et 70 % pour la souche sensible. Ces résultats révèlent une faible efficacité insecticide des MILDAvisà-vis des anophèles localement. Les taux de possession et d'utilisation des MILDA restent en deçà des attentes de l'OMS. Leur degré d'usure est relativement élevé. Ces observations, dans un contexte où les vecteurs sont résistants à l'alphacyperméthrine, sont alarmantes.


Subject(s)
Anopheles , Insecticide-Treated Bednets , Insecticides , Animals , Cameroon/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Insecticides/pharmacology , Mosquito Control , Mosquito Vectors
4.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot ; 112(5): 302-310, 2019.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32880128

ABSTRACT

Anopheles hancocki is one of the secondary vectors of malaria whose larval ecology in the South Cameroonian forest block is still unknown. This information is however fundamental for developing efficient and sustainable control strategies against this mosquito in localities where it acts as a disease vector. The present study describes the larval ecology of A. hancocki and its contribution in malaria transmission in a riverbank village of the Ayos Health District. Mosquito sampling took place in 2018 on a quarterly rate, combining the dipping method for larval collection with adult mosquito capture on volunteers. For each of the breeding sites, physicochemical characteristics were measured and larvae were collected and reared to adult. Molecular alongside morpho-taxonomic techniques were used for the identification of mosquito species. Physiological age was determined based on the appearance of their ovarian tracheoles and CSP Elisa test was used to assess infectivity. In total, 3,618 adult mosquitoes belonging to seven species were collected in the study area, namely A. hancocki, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles moucheti, Mansonia africana, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. Breeding sites of A. hancocki were similar to those of A. gambiae. However, the total dissolved solids and conductivity values were significantly higher in A. gambiae breeding sites than in those of A. hancocki. A. hancocki was the most aggressive mosquito species and represented 45.6% of the local aggressive culicidofauna. Male species' nocturnal cycle of aggression showed maximum activity between 8 pm and 10 pm. Females of this species were significantly older than those of A. gambiae and contributed to 40% of malaria transmission in the locality with an average annual Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR) of 2.92 ib/p/year lower than that of A. gambiae (3.65 ib/p/year). Except few differences, ecological requirements for the development of A. hancocki larvae are similar to that of A. gambiae. A. hancocki contributes to the perennial transmission of malaria in the Ayos area; implementation of vector control strategies is therefore needed.


Anopheles hancocki est l'un des vecteurs secondaires du paludisme dont l'écologie larvaire est encore méconnue dans le bloc forestier sud-camerounais. Cette information est pourtant fondamentale pour la mise en place d'une stratégie de contrôle efficace là où ce moustique se fait le vecteur des plasmodiums responsables des paludismes. La présente étude détermine l'écologie larvaire d'A. hancocki et de son degré d'implication dans la transmission du paludisme dans un village fluvial du district de santé d'Ayos. L'échantillonnage des moustiques a eu lieu dans le courant de l'année 2018 au rythme d'une enquête par trimestre en combinant la méthode du dipping de collectes des larves à celle des captures des moustiques adultes sur les volontaires. Pour chaque gîte, les larves ont été prélevées puis élevées en insectarium et les paramètres physicochimiques mesurés in situ. Les moustiques adultes ont été identifiés suivant les critères morphologiques et moléculaires. L'infectivité des vecteurs a été déterminée selon le test Elisa CSP et la détermination de leur âge physiologique fondée sur l'aspect des trachéoles ovariennes. Un total de 3 618 adultes de moustiques appartenant à sept espèces a été obtenu dans la localité d'étude, comprenant A. hancocki, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles moucheti, Mansonia africana, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus et Aedes aegypti. Les gîtes d' A. hancocki se sont montrés comparables à ceux d' A. gambiae. Toutefois, les valeurs de total dissolved solid et de conductivité des gîtes d'A. gambiae ont été significativement supérieures à celles des gîtes d'A. hancocki. Ce dernier s'est d'ailleurs montré comme étant l'espèce la plus agressive en représentant 45,6 % de la faune culicidienne capturée dans la zone d'étude. Son cycle nocturne d'agressivité a montré une activité maximale située dans la tranche horaire 20−22 heures. Les femelles de cette espèce étaient significativement plus âgées que celles d'A. gambiae et contribuaient à 40 % de la transmission du paludisme dans la localité avec un taux d'inoculation entomologique moyen annuel de 2,92 pi/H par an, pas loin derrière A. gambiae 3,65 pi/H par an. Les larves d'A. hancocki ont, à quelques différences près, les mêmes exigences écologiques que celles d'A. gambiae. A. hancocki entraîne une transmission pérenne du paludisme dans la région d'étude et impose de ce fait la mise sur pied d'une stratégie durable de contrôle des paludismes.

5.
Bull Soc Pathol Exot ; 110(2): 122-129, 2017 May.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28303549

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted from May to June 2015 in Yassa (industrialized area) and Logbessou (non-industrialized area), two peri-urban areas of the city of Douala, Cameroon with the aim of an assessment of the spatial distribution of the gambiae complex, the determination of their resistance to insecticides and the distribution of the Kdr mutation. Mosquito larvae were collected by the dipping method and nursed to adult stage. The sensitivity of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed following WHO protocol. All tested mosquitoes were identified by PCR SINE. Only survivors were used to search for the Kdr mutation. In both areas, the gambiae complex included An. coluzzii and An. gambiae sympatric in their breeding sites. However, An. gambiae was predominant in Logbessou (88%) and An. coluzzii in Yassa (68%). Tests with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT revealed mortality rates below 90% regardless of the area of origin of the mosquitoes. PCR diagnosis of Kdr mutation showed that over 95% of survivors harbored the Kdr gene in both sites, with resistant allele frequencies ranging from 0.96 to 1.0 in An. gambiae and from 0.89 to 0.96 in An. coluzzii. The strong resistance of An. coluzzii and This study was conducted from May to June 2015 in Yassa (industrialized area) and Logbessou (nonindustrialized area), two peri-urban areas of the city of Douala, Cameroon with the aim of an assessment of the spatial distribution of the gambiae complex, the determination of their resistance to insecticides and the distribution of the Kdr mutation. Mosquito larvae were collected by the dipping method and nursed to adult stage. The sensitivity of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed following WHO protocol. All tested mosquitoes were identified by PCR SINE. Only survivors were used to search for the Kdr mutation. In both areas, the gambiae complex included An. coluzzii and An. gambiae sympatric in their breeding sites. However, An. gambiae was predominant in Logbessou (88%) and An. coluzzii in Yassa (68%). Tests with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT revealed mortality rates below 90% regardless of the area of origin of the mosquitoes. PCR diagnosis of Kdr mutation showed that over 95% of survivors harbored the Kdr gene in both sites, with resistant allele frequencies ranging from 0.96 to 1.0 in An. gambiae and from 0.89 to 0.96 in An. coluzzii. The strong resistance of An. coluzzii and This study was conducted from May to June 2015 in Yassa (industrialized area) and Logbessou (nonindustrialized area), two peri-urban areas of the city of Douala, Cameroon with the aim of an assessment of the spatial distribution of the gambiae complex, the determination of their resistance to insecticides and the distribution of the Kdr mutation. Mosquito larvae were collected by the dipping method and nursed to adult stage. The sensitivity of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations to DDT and pyrethroids was assessed following WHO protocol. All tested mosquitoes were identified by PCR SINE. Only survivors were used to search for the Kdr mutation. In both areas, the gambiae complex included An. coluzzii and An. gambiae sympatric in their breeding sites. However, An. gambiae was predominant in Logbessou (88%) and An. coluzzii in Yassa (68%). Tests with deltamethrin, permethrin and DDT revealed mortality rates below 90% regardless of the area of origin of the mosquitoes. PCR diagnosis of Kdr mutation showed that over 95% of survivors harbored the Kdr gene in both sites, with resistant allele frequencies ranging from 0.96 to 1.0 in An. gambiae and from 0.89 to 0.96 in An. coluzzii. The strong resistance of An. coluzzii and An. gambiae to insecticides highlights the need for developing new mosquito insecticides.


Subject(s)
Anopheles/genetics , Genes, Insect , Insecticide Resistance/genetics , Animals , Anopheles/classification , Anopheles/drug effects , Anopheles/growth & development , Cameroon , DDT/pharmacology , Gene Frequency , Genotype , Humans , Insecticides/pharmacology , Mutation , Permethrin/pharmacology , Pyrethrins/pharmacology
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