Intravascular Imaging-Guided or Angiography-Guided Complex PCI.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding clinical outcomes after intravascular imaging-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for complex coronary-artery lesions, as compared with outcomes after angiography-guided PCI, are limited. METHODS: In this prospective, multicenter, open-label trial in South Korea, we randomly assigned patients with complex coronary-artery lesions in a 2:1 ratio to undergo either intravascular imaging-guided PCI or angiography-guided PCI. In the intravascular imaging group, the choice between intravascular ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography was at the operators' discretion. The primary end point was a composite of death from cardiac causes, target-vessel-related myocardial infarction, or clinically driven target-vessel revascularization. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 1639 patients underwent randomization, with 1092 assigned to undergo intravascular imaging-guided PCI and 547 assigned to undergo angiography-guided PCI. At a median follow-up of 2.1 years (interquartile range, 1.4 to 3.0), a primary end-point event had occurred in 76 patients (cumulative incidence, 7.7%) in the intravascular imaging group and in 60 patients (cumulative incidence, 12.3%) in the angiography group (hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.45 to 0.89; P = 0.008). Death from cardiac causes occurred in 16 patients (cumulative incidence, 1.7%) in the intravascular imaging group and in 17 patients (cumulative incidence, 3.8%) in the angiography group; target-vessel-related myocardial infarction occurred in 38 (cumulative incidence, 3.7%) and 30 (cumulative incidence, 5.6%), respectively; and clinically driven target-vessel revascularization in 32 (cumulative incidence, 3.4%) and 25 (cumulative incidence, 5.5%), respectively. There were no apparent between-group differences in the incidence of procedure-related safety events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with complex coronary-artery lesions, intravascular imaging-guided PCI led to a lower risk of a composite of death from cardiac causes, target-vessel-related myocardial infarction, or clinically driven target-vessel revascularization than angiography-guided PCI. (Supported by Abbott Vascular and Boston Scientific; RENOVATE-COMPLEX-PCI ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03381872).

Myrosinase isogenes in wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum) and their putative roles in glucosinolate metabolism.

BACKGROUND: Wasabi, a Brassicaceae member, is well-known for its unique pungent and hot flavor which is produced from glucosinolate (GSL) degradation. Myrosinase (MYR) is a principle enzyme catalyzing the primary conversion of GSLs to GSL hydrolysis products (GHPs) which is responsible for plant defense system and food quality. Due to the limited information in relation to MYRs present in wasabi (Wasabia japonica M.), this study aimed to identify the MYR isogenes in W. japonica and analyze their roles in relation to GSL metabolism. RESULTS: In results, WjMYRI-1 was abundantly expressed in all organs, whereas WjMYRI-2 showed only trace expression levels. WjMYRII was highly expressed in the aboveground tissues. Interestingly, WjMYRII expression was significantly upregulated by certain abiotic factors, such as methyl jasmonate (more than 40-fold in petioles and 15-fold in leaves) and salt (tenfold in leaves). Young leaves and roots contained 97.89 and 91.17 µmol‧g-1 of GSL, whereas less GSL was produced in mature leaves and petioles (38.36 and 44.79 µmol‧g-1, respectively). Similar pattern was observed in the accumulation of GHPs in various plant organs. Notably, despite the non-significant changes in GSL production, abiotic factors treated samples enhanced significantly GHP content. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that WjMYRI-1 expression significantly correlated with GSL accumulation and GHP formation, suggesting the primary role of WjMYRI-1-encoding putative protein in GSL degradation. In contrast, WjMYRII expression level showed no correlation with GSL or GHP content, suggesting another physiological role of WjMYRII in stress-induced response. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusions, three potential isogenes (WjMYRI-1, WjMYRI-2, and WjMYRII) encoding for different MYR isoforms in W. japonica were identified. Our results provided new insights related to MYR and GSL metabolism which are important for the implications of wasabi in agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industry. Particularly, WjMYRI-1 may be primarily responsible for GSL degradation, whereas WjMYRII (clade II) may be involved in other regulatory pathways induced by abiotic factors.

Chronic rapid eye movement sleep deprivation aggravates the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by decreasing brain O-GlcNAc cycling in mice.

This study investigated the role of O-GlcNAc cycling in Alzheimer's disease-related changes in brain pathophysiology induced by chronic REM sleep deprivation (CSD) in mice. CSD increased amyloid beta (Aß) and p-Tau accumulation and impaired learning and memory (L/M) function. CSD decreased dendritic length and spine density. CSD also increased the intensity of postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) staining. All of these Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenic changes were effectively reversed through glucosamine (GlcN) treatment by enhancing O-GlcNAcylation. Interestingly, the lelvel of O-GlcNAcylated-Tau (O-Tau) exhibited an opposite trend compared to p-Tau, as it was elevated by CSD and suppressed by GlcN treatment. CSD increased neuroinflammation, as indicated by elevated levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and IBA-1-positive glial cells in the brain, which were suppressed by GlcN treatment. CSD promoted the phosphorylation of GSK3ß and led to an upregulation in the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress regulatory proteins and genes. These alterations were effectively suppressed by GlcN treatment. Minocycline not only suppressed neuroinflammation induced by CSD, but it also rescued the decrease in O-GlcNAc levels caused by CSD. Minocycline also reduced AD neuropathy without affecting CSD-induced ER stress. Notably, overexpressing O-GlcNAc transferase in the dentate gyrus region of the mouse brain rescued CSD-induced cognitive dysfunction, neuropathy, neuroinflammation, and ER stress responses. Collectively, our findings reveal that dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling underlies CSD-induced AD pathology and demonstrate that restoration of OGlcNAcylation protects against CSD-induced neurodegeneration.

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) with vitamin D composite agent can prevent fracture better than SERMs treatment: based on the National Health Claims Database 2017-2019.

With the analysis of nationwide health claim data, treatment with the composite agent of SERMs and vitamin D reduces the risk of osteoporotic fracture and hip fracture better compared to SERMs treatment in women with osteoporosis aged ≥ 50 years. PURPOSE: This study compared the potential of the composite agent of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and vitamin D (SERM + VitD) with that of SERMs-only for fracture prevention and mortality reduction in women aged ≥ 50 years. METHODS: The incidence of osteoporotic fracture (fractures of the vertebrae, hip, wrist, or humerus) and all-cause death after treatment with SERM + VitD and SERMs were characterized using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database 2017-2019. The participants were divided into two groups (SERM + VitD vs SERMs). After exclusion and propensity score matching, 2,885 patients from each group were included in the analysis. Fracture incidence was compared between groups. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare mortality. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to compare the risks of fracture occurrence and mortality between the groups. RESULTS: The incidence rate (138.6/10,000 vs. 192.4/10,000 person-years), and risk of osteoporotic fractures (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.97; p = 0.024) were lower in the SERM + VitD group than in the SERMs group. Analysis for specific fractures showed a lower hazard of hip fracture in the SERM + VitD group (HR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09-0.71; p = 0.009). No difference was observed between the groups regarding mortality. CONCLUSION: The risk of osteoporotic fractures, especially hip fractures, was lower in the SERM + VitD group than in the SERMs group. Therefore, the composite agent of SERMs and vitamin D can be considered as a viable option for postmenopausal women with a relatively low fracture risk.

Balloon-expandable cobalt chromium stent versus self-expandable nitinol stent for the Atherosclerotic Iliac Arterial Disease (SENS-ILIAC Trial) Trial: a randomized controlled trial.

Iliac artery angioplasty with stenting is an effective alternative treatment modality for aortoiliac occlusive diseases. Few randomized controlled trials have compared the efficacy and safety between self-expandable stent (SES) and balloon-expandable stent (BES) in atherosclerotic iliac artery disease. In this randomized, multicenter study, patients with common or external iliac artery occlusive disease were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either BES or SES. The primary end point was the 1-year clinical patency, defined as freedom from any surgical or percutaneous intervention due to restenosis of the target lesion after the index procedure. The secondary end point was a composite event from major adverse clinical events at 1 year. A total of 201 patients were enrolled from 17 major cardiovascular intervention centers in South Korea. The mean age of the enrolled patients was 66.8 ± 8.5 years and 86.2% of the participants were male. The frequency of critical limb ischemia was 15.4%, and the most common target lesion was in the common iliac artery (75.1%). As the primary end point, the 1-year clinical patency as primary end point was 99% in the BES group and 99% in the SES group (p > 0.99). The rate of repeat revascularization at 1 year was 7.8% in the BES group and 7.0% in the SES group (p = 0.985; confidence interval, 1.011 [0.341-2.995]). In our randomized study, the treatment of iliac artery occlusive disease with self-expandable versus balloon-expandable stent was comparable in 12-month clinical outcomes without differences in the procedural success or geographic miss rate regardless of the deployment method in the distal aortoiliac occlusive lesion (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01834495).

Comparison of Modified Shock Index and Shock Index for Predicting Massive Transfusion in Women with Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND The modified shock index (MSI) is calculated as the ratio of heart rate (HR) to mean arterial pressure (MAP) and has been used to predict the need for massive transfusion (MT) in trauma patients. This retrospective study from a single center aimed to compare the MSI with the traditional shock index (SI) to predict the need for MT in 612 women diagnosed with primary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) at the Emergency Department (ED) between January 2004 and August 2023. MATERIAL AND METHODS The patients were divided into the MT group and the non-MT group. The predictive power of MSI and SI was compared using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value were calculated. RESULTS Out of 612 patients, 105 (17.2%) required MT. The MT group had higher median values than the non-MT group for MSI (1.58 vs 1.07, P<0.001) and SI (1.22 vs 0.80, P<0.001). The AUC for MSI, with a value of 0.811 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.778-0.841), did not demonstrate a significant difference compared to the AUC for SI, which was 0.829 (95% CI, 0.797-0.858) (P=0.066). The optimal cutoff values for MSI and SI were 1.34 and 1.07, respectively. The specificity and PPV for MT were 77.1% and 40.2% for MSI, and 83.2% and 45.9% for SI. CONCLUSIONS Both MSI and SI were effective in predicting MT in patients with primary PPH. However, MSI did not demonstrate superior performance to SI.

Respiratory rate­oxygenation (ROX) index for predicting high-flow nasal cannula failure in patients with and without COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The predictive value of the respiratory rate­oxygenation (ROX) index for a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in patients with COVID-19 with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) may differ from patients without COVID-19 with AHRF, but these patients have not yet been compared. We compared the diagnostic accuracy of the ROX index for HFNC failure in patients with AHRF with and without COVID-19 during acute emergency department (ED) visits. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with AHRF treated with an HFNC in an ED between October 2020 and April 2022. The ROX index was calculated at 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after HFNC placement. The primary outcome was the failure of the HFNC, which was defined as the need for subsequent intubation or death within 72 h. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate discriminative power of the ROX index for HFNC failure. RESULTS: Among 448 patients with AHRF treated with an HFNC in an ED, 78 (17.4%) patients were confirmed to have COVID-19. There was no significant difference in the HFNC failure rates between the non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 groups (29.5% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.498). The median ROX index was higher in the non-COVID-19 group than in the COVID-19 group at all time points. The prognostic power of the ROX index for HFNC failure as evaluated by the area under the ROC curve was generally higher in the COVID-19 group (0.73-0.83) than the non-COVID-19 group (0.62-0.75). The timing of the highest prognostic value of the ROX index for HFNC failure was at 4 h for the non-COVID-19 group, whereas in the COVID-19 group, its performance remained consistent from 1 h to 6 h. The optimal cutoff values were 6.48 and 5.79 for the non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The ROX index had an acceptable discriminative power for predicting HFNC failure in patients with AHRF with and without COVID-19 in the ED. However, the higher ROX index thresholds than those in previous publications involving intensive care unit (ICU) patients suggest the need for careful monitoring and establishment of a new threshold for patients admitted outside the ICU.

Understanding the Impact of Nitrogen Availability: A Limiting Factor for Enhancing Fucoxanthin Productivity in Microalgae Cultivation.

This study aimed to investigate the regulation of fucoxanthin (FX) biosynthesis under various nitrogen conditions to optimize FX productivity in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Apart from light, nitrogen availability significantly affects the FX production of microalgae; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In batch culture, P. tricornutum was cultivated with normal (NN, 0.882 mM sodium nitrate), limited (LN, 0.22 mM), and high (HN, 8.82 mM) initial nitrogen concentrations in f/2 medium. Microalgal growth and photosynthetic pigment production were examined, and day 5 samples were subjected to fucoxanthin-chlorophyll a/c-binding protein (FCP) proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. The result demonstrated that HN promoted FX productivity by extending the exponential growth phase for higher biomass and FX accumulation stage (P1), showing a continuous increase in FX accumulation on day 6. Augmented FX biosynthesis via the upregulation of carotenogenesis could be primarily attributed to enhanced FCP formation in the thylakoid membrane. Key proteins, such as LHC3/4, LHCF8, LHCF5, and LHCF10, and key genes, such as PtPSY, PtPDS, and PtVDE, were upregulated under nitrogen repletion. Finally, the combination of low light and HN prolonged the P1 stage to day 10, resulting in maximal FX productivity to 9.82 ± 0.56 mg/L/day, demonstrating an effective strategy for enhancing FX production in microalgae cultivation.

First report of wilt disease caused by Pythium myriotylum on peanut plants in Korea.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has long been cultivated worldwide as an important crop for oil and protein production. Among the various diseases in peanut plants, wilt diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum and Verticillium dahliae are especially destructive and substantially diminish both quantity and quality in peanut production (Kokalis-Burelle et al., 1997; Thiessen et al., 2012). In July 2022, wilt symptoms were observed in 1 to 3% of the area of peanut fields in Yeoju-si, Korea (37°23´04.0˝N; 127°33´43.0˝E). The xylem in the stems of the wilted plants was dark brown at the soil-surface, which is a representative symptom of vascular wilt pathogens (Yadeta et al. 2013). To isolate the causative pathogens, the stems exhibiting dark lesions were disinfected with 1% NaOCl for 1 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and placed on potato dextrose agar medium. The plates were incubated at 25℃ for 2 days, and white hyphae that grew out from the tissues were subcultured twice on V8 juice agar (V8A) medium. Among the 3 isolates, morphological characteristics of the representative strain YJ1-2 were observed under a microscope. The sporangia were terminal intercalary, filamentous, inflated lobulate, and ranging from 37.4 to 73.6 µm in diameter. The antheridia were diclinous, with clavate, elongate, and crook-necked shapes. The oogonia were mostly globose, with an average of 27.1 µm (range from 20.2 to 35.2 µm, n = 50) in diameter, and mated with one to several antheridia. Both plerotic or aplerotic oospores were observed. Overall, the morphological characteristics of the sporangia, antheridia, oogonia, and oospores indicated that YJ1-2 belongs to the genus Pythium. To genetically characterize YJ1-2, genomic DNA was extracted using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide buffer, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene were amplified by PCR using primer sets ITS4/ITS5 and OomCoxI-Levlo/ OomCoxI-Levup, respectively (White et al., 1990; Robideau et al. 2011), sequenced, and identified using BLASTN (NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information). The ITS sequence (NCBI Acc. No. OR125595) of YJ1-2 has 99% similarity with that of P. myriotylum isolate PY39 (NCBI Acc. No. KX671096). A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was constructed from aligned cox1 sequence (NCBI Acc. No. OR224334) of the 10 Pythium species strains including YJ1-2 by CLUSTALW method was used as an outgroup. The YJ1-2 was most closely related to P. myriotylum isolate PM30 (NCBI Acc. No. MT823167). To substantiate the pathogenicity of YJ1-2, the crown roots of peanut plants grown in pots for 4 weeks were wounded using a sterile tweezer, and the mycelial plugs of YJ1-2 cultured for 5 days on V8A were inoculated on the wounds. The inoculated plants were cultivated in a growth chamber at 30℃ and 70% relative humidity with a 12-h photoperiod. The infected peanut plants exhibited wilt symptoms 11 days after inoculation, consistent with the initial observation, while uninoculated plants remained healthy. To satisfy Koch's postulates, white mycelia were re-isolated from the stems of inoculated plants and axenically cultured in V8A. The morphologies and ITS sequences of the re-isolates were consistent with those of YJ1-2. P. myriotylum has been reported as a causal pathogen of peanut pod rot in the United States and China. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of wilt disease in peanut plants caused by P. myriotylum in Korea. To prevent the incidence of wilt disease, we will continue our investigations to develop control strategies, including the selection of appropriate agrochemicals.

Therapeutic Nanodiamonds Containing Icariin Ameliorate the Progression of Osteoarthritis in Rats.

In present study, icariin (ICA)/tannic acid (TA)-nanodiamonds (NDs) were prepared as follows. ICA was anchored to ND surfaces with absorbed TA (ICA/TA-NDs) and we evaluated their in vitro anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages and in vivo cartilage protective effects on a rat model of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA). The ICA/TA-NDs showed prolonged release of ICA from the NDs for up to 28 days in a sustained manner. ICA/TA-NDs inhibited the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory elements, including matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and increased the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory factors (i.e., IL-4 and IL-10) in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Animal studies exhibited that intra-articular injection of ICA/TA-NDs notably suppressed levels of IL-6, MMP-3, and TNF-α and induced level of IL-10 in serum of MIA-induced OA rat models in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, these noticeable anti-inflammatory effects of ICA/TA-NDs remarkably contributed to the protection of the progression of MIA-induced OA and cartilage degradation, as exhibited by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), gross findings, and histological investigations. Accordingly, in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that the prolonged ICA delivery of ICA/TA-NDs possesses an excellent latent to improve inflammation as well as defend against cartilage disorder in OA.

In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of pH-Responsive Resveratrol-Urocanic Acid Nano-Assemblies.

Inflammatory environments provide vital biochemical stimuli (i.e., oxidative stress, pH, and enzymes) for triggered drug delivery in a controlled manner. Inflammation alters the local pH within the affected tissues. As a result, pH-sensitive nanomaterials can be used to effectively target drugs to the site of inflammation. Herein, we designed pH-sensitive nanoparticles in which resveratrol (an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound (RES)) and urocanic acid (UA) were complexed with a pH-sensitive moiety using an emulsion method. These RES-UA NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the RES-UA NPs were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The NPs were circular in shape and ranged in size from 106 to 180 nm. The RES-UA NPs suppressed the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory molecules inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation of LPS-stimulated macrophages with RES-UA NPs reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that pH-responsive RES-UA NPs can be used to decrease ROS generation and inflammation.

Biotechnological Plastic Degradation and Valorization Using Systems Metabolic Engineering.

Various kinds of plastics have been developed over the past century, vastly improving the quality of life. However, the indiscriminate production and irresponsible management of plastics have led to the accumulation of plastic waste, emerging as a pressing environmental concern. To establish a clean and sustainable plastic economy, plastic recycling becomes imperative to mitigate resource depletion and replace non-eco-friendly processes, such as incineration. Although chemical and mechanical recycling technologies exist, the prevalence of composite plastics in product manufacturing complicates recycling efforts. In recent years, the biodegradation of plastics using enzymes and microorganisms has been reported, opening a new possibility for biotechnological plastic degradation and bio-upcycling. This review provides an overview of microbial strains capable of degrading various plastics, highlighting key enzymes and their role. In addition, recent advances in plastic waste valorization technology based on systems metabolic engineering are explored in detail. Finally, future perspectives on systems metabolic engineering strategies to develop a circular plastic bioeconomy are discussed.

Residue-free suspended graphene transferred by perforated template.

A residue-free transfer method for graphene is proposed in this study, especially for the fabrication of suspended structures. Using perforated polymer templates, graphene can be precisely transferred onto the specific position in the perforated target SiO2/Si substrates without the need for polymer removal and the subsequent thermal annealing process. The surface of the transferred graphene by the proposed method was analyzed and corroborated via Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy. The results of these analyses suggest that the graphene surface has no polymeric residues resulting from the transfer process. The proposed method provides a powerful approach for the transfer of 2D materials and it enables the exploitation of their suspended structures for device applications as well as the physical characterizations without worry on the effect of contaminants.

Augmented-Medication CardioPulmonary Resuscitation Trials in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Previously conducted physician-centered trials on the usefulness of vasopressin have yielded negative results; thus, patient-oriented trials have been warranted. We hypothesize that Augmented-Medication CardioPulmonary Resuscitation could be helpful for selected patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). METHODS: This is a double-blind, single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in the emergency department in a tertiary, university-affiliated hospital in Seoul, Korea. A total of 148 adults with non-traumatic OHCA who had initial diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 20 mm Hg via invasive arterial monitoring during the early cardiac compression period were randomly assigned to two groups. Patients received a dose of 40 IU of vasopressin or placebo with initial epinephrine. The primary endpoint was a sustained return of spontaneous circulation. Secondary endpoints were survival discharge, and neurologic outcomes at discharge. RESULTS: Of the 180 included patients, 32 were excluded, and 148 were enrolled in the trial. A sustained return of spontaneous circulation was achieved by 27 patients (36.5%) in the vasopressin group and 24 patients (32.4%) in the control group (risk difference, 4.1%; P = .60). Survival discharge and good neurologic outcomes did not differ between groups. The trial group had significantly higher median DBPs during resuscitation than the control group (16.0 vs. 14.5 mm Hg, P < 0.01). There was no difference in end-tidal carbon dioxide, acidosis, and lactate levels at baseline, 10 min, and end-time. CONCLUSION: Among patients with refractory vasodilatory shock in OHCA, administration of vasopressin, compared with placebo, did not significantly increase the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation.

Hypercoagulability in Septic Shock Patients With Thrombocytopenia.

BACKGROUND: Despite thrombocytopenia, patients with sepsis often experience hypercoagulability. However, limited information is available on the prevalence and effect of hypercoagulability in patients with sepsis-induced thrombocytopenia. Hence, we evaluated the prevalence of hypercoagulability and the association between hypercoagulability and clinical outcomes in septic shock patients with thrombocytopenia. METHODS: Thromboelastography (TEG) was performed prospectively in 1294 patients with septic shock at the emergency department (ED) between January 2016 and December 2019. After excluding 405 patients who did not require resuscitation, refused enrollment, or developed septic shock after ED presentation, 889 patients were included. We defined thrombocytopenia as an admission platelet count lower than 150,000/µl according to SOFA score. We defined hypocoagulability and hypercoagulability as coagulation index (CI)< -3 and >3 on TEG, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 889 septic shock patients (mean age 65.6 ± 12.7 years, 58.6% male), 473 (53.2%) had thrombocytopenia. Eighty-five (18.0%) patients showed hypercoagulable TEG and73 (15.4%) patients showed hypocoagulable TEG. The hypercoagulable TEG group had a significantly higher fibrinogen level and a lower 28-day mortality rate than the normal and hypocoagulable TEG groups (518 vs. 347 and 315 mg/dL; 7.1% vs. 21.1% and 36.8%, P < 0.01, respectively). In multivariate analysis, hypercoagulable TEG was associated with a decreased mortality rate (odds ratio: 0.395; 95% confidence interval, 0.162-0.965). CONCLUSIONS: In septic shock patients with thrombocytopenia, hypercoagulability was not uncommon. TEG can quickly distinguish the hypercoagulability and hypocoagulability states and serve as a valuable tool for evaluating the degree and risk in septic shock patients with thrombocytopenia.

Cardiac Arrest Caused by Anaphylaxis Refractory to Prompt Management.

BACKGROUND: Anaphylaxis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs in the emergency department (ED). Although anaphylaxis is rapidly recognized and treated in the hospital compared with that in the community, in some cases, it does not respond to proper management. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe our experience of cases of refractory anaphylaxis leading to cardiac arrest in hospital, to review their characteristics compared with those seen in the community, and to discuss the best management practices for anaphylaxis-induced cardiac arrest with a literature review. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients referred to the ED with possible in-hospital anaphylaxis between January 2017 and May 2021. According to the anaphylaxis protocol, epinephrine, corticosteroid, and antihistamine were administered immediately on-site at our institution before the study period. Refractory anaphylaxis was defined as the development of anaphylaxis-induced cardiac arrest even after following the anaphylaxis protocol. RESULTS: A total of 246 cases were evaluated for possible anaphylaxis, with 236 cases meeting the criteria for a diagnosis of anaphylaxis. Among them, 178 patients showed the signs and symptoms of shock, and cardiac arrest occurred in 6 patients (2.5%). Of the six patients, three had a return of spontaneous circulation before admission to the ED, while two died due to refractory cardiac arrest despite resuscitation in the ED. Following post-cardiac arrest care, including temperature management, one patient who received extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation survived neurologically intact. CONCLUSION: We present our case series to highlight the risk of developing refractory anaphylaxis with subsequent in-hospital cardiac arrest. Patients may progress to cardiac arrest within minutes despite prompt recognition and management. If patients present with potentially fatal symptoms, a more aggressive approach, including intravenous adrenaline infusion, should be taken.

Evolution and Phylogeny of Soybean Mosaic Virus Based on 143 Complete Genomes.

Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) of the genus Potyvirus is an important virus in cultivated soybeans. Here, we obtained 7 SMV genomes from soybean germplasms using RNA sequencing and conducted a comprehensive evolutionary and phylogenetic study of 143 SMV genomes derived from 10 plant species and 12 countries. The phylogenetic tree we constructed using coding DNA sequences revealed the existence of nine clades of SMV isolates/strains. Recombination analysis revealed 76 recombinant events and 141 recombinants in total. Clades 1 and 3 contain the most common SMV pathotypes, including G1 through G7, which are distributed worldwide. Clade 2 includes several Chinese SMV pathotypes. The SMV isolates were further divided into two groups. The SMV isolates in the first group, including clades 8 and 9, were identified from Pinellia and Atractylodes species, whereas those in the second group (clades 1 through 7) were mostly found in cultivated soybeans. The SMV polyprotein undergoes positive selection, whereas most mature proteins, except for the P1 protein, undergo negative selection. The P1 protein of SMV isolates in group 1 may be highly correlated with host adaptation. This study provides strong evidence that recombination and plant hosts are powerful forces driving the genetic diversity of the SMV genome.

Sleep deprivation impairs learning and memory by decreasing protein O-GlcNAcylation in the brain of adult zebrafish.

Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved physiological process implicated in the consolidation of learning and memory (L/M). Here, we report that sleep deprivation (SD)-induced cognitive deficits in zebrafish are mediated through reduction in O-GlcNAcylation of brain. Microarray-based gene expression profiling of zebrafish brain demonstrated significant changes in genes involved in metabolism by SD or fear conditioning (FC), compared to the control group. In particular, it was observed that a marked decrease in the number of genes involved in carboxylic acid and organic acid metabolic processes in the brains of SD group compared to control group. SD downregulated O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcylation, while the expression of O-GlcNAcase was upregulated. FC activated protein kinase A (PKA) and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB), an effect that was greatly inhibited by SD. Moreover, FC upregulated expressions of OGT and increased O-GlcNAcylation in the brains of normal but not SD zebrafish. Intriguingly, upregulation of O-GlcNAcylation by glucosamine restored defects in L/M functions and PKA/p-CREB activity in SD group. Our findings highlight the O-GlcNAcylation changes in the brain during the L/M process and further provide a foundation for future studies seeking the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which HBP of glucose metabolism affects cognitive function.

The In Vitro and In Planta Interspecies Interactions Among Rice-Pathogenic Burkholderia Species.

Burkholderia glumae, B. plantarii, and B. gladioli are responsible for serious diseases in rice crops and co-occurrence among them has been reported. In this study, in vitro assays revealed antagonistic activity among these organisms, with B. gladioli demonstrating strong inhibition of B. glumae and B. plantarii. Strains of B. glumae and B. plantarii that express green fluorescent protein were constructed and used for cocultivation assays with B. gladioli, which confirmed the strong inhibitory activity of B. gladioli. Cell-free supernatants from each species were tested against cultures of counterpart species to evaluate the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. To investigate the inhibitory activity of B. gladioli on B. glumae and B. plantarii in rice, rice plant assays were performed and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were developed for in planta bacterial quantification. The results indicated that coinoculation with B. gladioli leads to significantly reduced disease severity and colonization of rice tissues compared with single inoculation with B. glumae or B. plantarii. This study demonstrates the interactions among three rice-pathogenic Burkholderia species and strong antagonistic activity of B. gladioli in vitro and in planta. The qPCR assays developed here could be applied for accurate quantification of these organisms from in planta samples in future studies.

Glucosamine improves survival in a mouse model of sepsis and attenuates sepsis-induced lung injury and inflammation.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of glucosamine (GlcN) on septic lethality and sepsis-induced inflammation using animal models of mice and zebrafish. GlcN pretreatment improved survival in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis mouse model and attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic lung injury and systemic inflammation. GlcN suppressed LPS-induced M1-specific but not M2-specific gene expression. Furthermore, increased expressions of inflammatory genes in visceral tissue of LPS-injected zebrafish were suppressed by GlcN. GlcN suppressed LPS-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB in lung tissue. LPS triggered a reduction in O-GlcNAc levels in nucleocytoplasmic proteins of lung, liver, and spleen after 1 day, which returned to normal levels at day 3. GlcN inhibited LPS-induced O-GlcNAc down-regulation in mouse lung and visceral tissue of zebrafish. Furthermore, the O-GlcNAcase (OGA) level was increased by LPS, which were suppressed by GlcN in mouse and zebrafish. OGA inhibitors suppressed LPS-induced expression of inflammatory genes in RAW264.7 cells and the visceral tissue of zebrafish. Stable knockdown of Oga via short hairpin RNA led to increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in response to LPS with or without GlcN in RAW264.7 cells. Overall, our results demonstrate a protective effect of GlcN on sepsis potentially through modulation of O-GlcNAcylation of nucleocytoplasmic proteins.