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1.
Circulation ; 149(15): 1172-1182, 2024 Apr 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38410954

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Recent guidelines redefined exercise pulmonary hypertension as a mean pulmonary artery pressure/cardiac output (mPAP/CO) slope >3 mm Hg·L-1·min-1. A peak systolic pulmonary artery pressure >60 mm Hg during exercise has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death, heart failure rehospitalization, and aortic valve replacement in aortic valve stenosis. The prognostic value of the mPAP/CO slope in aortic valve stenosis remains unknown. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, consecutive patients (n=143; age, 73±11 years) with an aortic valve area ≤1.5 cm2 underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing with echocardiography. They were subsequently evaluated for the occurrence of cardiovascular events (ie, cardiovascular death, heart failure hospitalization, new-onset atrial fibrillation, and aortic valve replacement) during a follow-up period of 1 year. Findings were externally validated (validation cohort, n=141). RESULTS: One cardiovascular death, 32 aortic valve replacements, 9 new-onset atrial fibrillation episodes, and 4 heart failure hospitalizations occurred in the derivation cohort, whereas 5 cardiovascular deaths, 32 aortic valve replacements, 1 new-onset atrial fibrillation episode, and 10 heart failure hospitalizations were observed in the validation cohort. Peak aortic velocity (odds ratio [OR] per SD, 1.48; P=0.036), indexed left atrial volume (OR per SD, 2.15; P=0.001), E/e' at rest (OR per SD, 1.61; P=0.012), mPAP/CO slope (OR per SD, 2.01; P=0.002), and age-, sex-, and height-based predicted peak exercise oxygen uptake (OR per SD, 0.59; P=0.007) were independently associated with cardiovascular events at 1 year, whereas peak systolic pulmonary artery pressure was not (OR per SD, 1.28; P=0.219). Peak Vo2 (percent) and mPAP/CO slope provided incremental prognostic value in addition to indexed left atrial volume and aortic valve area (P<0.001). These results were confirmed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In moderate and severe aortic valve stenosis, mPAP/CO slope and percent-predicted peak Vo2 were independent predictors of cardiovascular events, whereas peak systolic pulmonary artery pressure was not. In addition to aortic valve area and indexed left atrial volume, percent-predicted peak Vo2 and mPAP/CO slope cumulatively improved risk stratification.


Subject(s)
Aortic Valve Stenosis , Atrial Fibrillation , Heart Failure , Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Prognosis , Echocardiography, Stress/methods , Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis , Atrial Fibrillation/complications , Prospective Studies , Aortic Valve Stenosis/diagnosis , Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery , Aortic Valve Stenosis/complications , Cardiac Output , Heart Failure/complications , Oxygen
2.
Biomacromolecules ; 25(3): 1810-1824, 2024 Mar 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38360581

ABSTRACT

Polyurethanes (PUs) have adjustable mechanical properties, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, including in the biomedical field. Historically, these PUs have been synthesized from isocyanates, which are toxic compounds to handle. This has encouraged the search for safer and more environmentally friendly synthetic routes, leading today to the production of nonisocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). Among these NIPUs, polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) bear additional hydroxyl groups, which are particularly attractive for derivatizing and adjusting their physicochemical properties. In this paper, polyether-based NIPU elastomers with variable stiffness are designed by functionalizing the hydroxyl groups of a poly(propylene glycol)-PHU by a cyclic carbonate carrying a pendant unsaturation, enabling them to be post-photo-cross-linked with polythiols (thiol-ene). Elastomers with remarkable mechanical properties whose stiffness can be adjusted are obtained. Thanks to the unique viscous properties of these PHU derivatives and their short gel times observed by rheology experiments, formulations for light-based three-dimensional (3D) printing have been developed. Objects were 3D-printed by digital light processing with a resolution down to the micrometer scale, demonstrating their ability to target various designs of prime importance for personalized medicine. In vitro biocompatibility tests have confirmed the noncytotoxicity of these materials for human fibroblasts. In vitro hemocompatibility tests have revealed that they do not induce hemolytic effects, they do not increase platelet adhesion, nor activate coagulation, demonstrating their potential for future applications in the cardiovascular field.


Subject(s)
Elastomers , Polyurethanes , Humans , Polyurethanes/pharmacology , Polyurethanes/chemistry , Elastomers/chemistry , Isocyanates/chemistry , Prostheses and Implants , Suppuration
3.
Eur Heart J ; 44(43): 4566-4575, 2023 11 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37592753

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Even though vegetation size in infective endocarditis (IE) has been associated with embolic events (EEs) and mortality risk, it is unclear whether vegetation size associated with these potential outcomes is different in left-sided IE (LSIE). This study aimed to seek assessing the vegetation cut-off size as predictor of EE or 30-day mortality for LSIE and to determine risk predictors of these outcomes. METHODS: The European Society of Cardiology EURObservational Research Programme European Infective Endocarditis is a prospective, multicentre registry including patients with definite or possible IE throughout 2016-18. Cox multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess variables associated with EE or 30-day mortality. RESULTS: There were 2171 patients with LSIE (women 31.5%). Among these affected patients, 459 (21.1%) had a new EE or died in 30 days. The cut-off value of vegetation size for predicting EEs or 30-day mortality was >10 mm [hazard ratio (HR) 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-1.69, P = .0015]. Other adjusted predictors of risk of EE or death were as follows: EE on admission (HR 1.89, 95% CI 1.54-2.33, P < .0001), history of heart failure (HR 1.53, 95% CI 1.21-1.93, P = .0004), creatinine >2 mg/dL (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.25-2.03, P = .0002), Staphylococcus aureus (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.08-1.70, P = .008), congestive heart failure (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.12-1.75, P = .003), presence of haemorrhagic stroke (HR 4.57, 95% CI 3.08-6.79, P < .0001), alcohol abuse (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.04-2.03, P = .03), presence of cardiogenic shock (HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.29-3.34, P = .003), and not performing left surgery (HR 1.30 95% CI 1.05-1.61, P = .016) (C-statistic = .68). CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis after LSIE is determined by multiple factors, including vegetation size.


Subject(s)
Cardiology , Embolism , Endocarditis, Bacterial , Endocarditis , Humans , Female , Prospective Studies , Endocarditis, Bacterial/complications , Endocarditis/surgery , Embolism/complications , Registries , Risk Factors , Retrospective Studies
4.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(5-6): 379-384, 2024 Jun.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38869127

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the secondary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) diseases, namely the prevention of recurrence in subjects with a personal history of CV event, and the prevention of a first event in patients identified as at very high risk. For all these patients at very high risk, treatment is primarily based on the application of hygienic and dietary measures, including increasing the volume of physical activity, modifying the diet, and obtaining, if necessary, weight loss, as well as stopping smoking. This strategy has proven its benefits in terms of reducing morbidity and mortality. In addition, these patients must receive pharmacological treatment, whose the additional benefits are proven. The article details the pharmacological classes that are currently recommended, as well as the optimal management of CV risk factors and the therapeutic targets to be achieved.


Cet article s'intéresse à la prévention secondaire des maladies cardio-vasculaires (CV), c'est-à-dire la prévention de la récidive chez les sujets ayant une histoire personnelle d'événement CV, et la prévention d'un premier événement chez les patients identifiés comme à très haut risque. Pour tous ces patients à très haut risque, la prise en charge est, avant tout, basée sur l'application de mesures hygiéno-diététiques, incluant l'augmentation du volume d'activité physique, la modification du régime alimentaire et l'obtention si nécessaire d'une perte pondérale, ainsi que l'arrêt du tabac. Cette stratégie a prouvé ses bénéfices en termes de réduction de la morbidité et de la mortalité. En outre, ces patients doivent recevoir un traitement pharmacologique, dont les bénéfices additionnels sont prouvés. L'article détaille les classes pharmacologiques recommandées actuellement, ainsi que la prise en charge optimale des facteurs de risque CV et les cibles thérapeutiques à atteindre.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Secondary Prevention , Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Secondary Prevention/methods , Risk Factors
5.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(4): 202-207, 2024 Apr.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38602206

ABSTRACT

Hypercholesterolemia, especially LDL-C («Low-Density-Lipoprotein - Cholesterol¼), is a major cardiovascular risk factor, especially for coronary artery disease. Patients at high or very high cardiovascular risk should reach LDL concentrations as low as possible («the lower, the better¼), with a reduction of at least 50 % from baseline levels according to the most recent guidelines, especially those in secondary prevention. An ezetimibe-statin combination most often allows to reach this goal thanks to a complementary action. The objectives of this article are to remind the dual actions of these two medications, to summarize the clinical evidence showing not only a remarkable cholesterol-lowering effect but also a reduction in cardiovascular events in both controlled trials and observational real-life studies, to specify the positioning of this combined oral therapy in the last international guidelines and to mention pharmaceutical specialties that combine ezetimibe with a statin available for the practitioner.


L'hypercholestérolémie, en particulier le LDL-C («Low-Density-Lipoprotein - Cholesterol¼), est un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire, notamment coronarien, majeur. Les patients à haut ou très haut risque cardiovasculaire doivent atteindre des concentrations de LDL les plus basses possibles (concept du «the lower, the better¼), avec une diminution d'au moins 50 % des valeurs de base selon les dernières recommandations, tout particulièrement ceux en prévention secondaire. Une combinaison ézétimibe-statine permet souvent d'atteindre cet objectif grâce à une action complémentaire. Le but de cet article est de rappeler la dualité des mécanismes d'action de ces deux approches, de résumer les évidences cliniques montrant non seulement un remarquable effet hypocholestérolémiant mais aussi une réduction des événements cardiovasculaires dans les essais cliniques et dans les études observationnelles de vraie vie, de préciser la position de cette combinaison thérapeutique orale dans les dernières recommandations internationales et de mentionner les spécialités pharmaceutiques associant l'ézétimibe à une statine mises à la disposition du praticien.


Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents , Azetidines , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Hypercholesterolemia , Humans , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Azetidines/therapeutic use , Cholesterol , Cholesterol, LDL , Drug Therapy, Combination , Ezetimibe/therapeutic use , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy , Treatment Outcome
6.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(4): 260-264, 2024 Apr.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38602215

ABSTRACT

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are frequently exposed to comorbidities, mainly cardiovascular complications. Thus, a polypharmacy is often mandatory, targeting not only T2D but also comorbidities such as coronary artery disease and heart failure. Interestingly, some drugs improve glucose control, cardiovascular prognosis and heart failure outcome. This versatility may cause trouble regarding prescriptions by practitioners, especially because of the restricted conditions for the reimbursement in Belgium. This clinical vignette aims at discussing the path of pharmacotherapy for a patient with T2D who suffers from a myocardial infarction and subsequently develops a heart failure. It will mainly focus on the place of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporters 2 (gliflozins) as well as the potential of their combination in this context, considering the current restrictions for the reimbursement.


Le patient avec un diabète de type 2 (DT2) est souvent exposé à diverses comorbidités, notamment cardiovasculaires. Dès lors, une polymédication est souvent nécessaire, ciblant le DT2 lui-même, mais aussi les comorbidités comme une coronaropathie et une insuffisance cardiaque. De façon intéressante, certaines médications améliorent à la fois le contrôle glycémique, le pronostic cardiovasculaire et le devenir de l'insuffisance cardiaque. Cette polyvalence peut jeter le trouble en ce qui concerne les prescriptions chez les praticiens, notamment en lien avec les conditions restrictives de remboursement en Belgique. Cette vignette clinique a pour but d'illustrer le cheminement de la pharmacothérapie d'un patient avec un DT2 qui présente un infarctus du myocarde puis, secondairement, une insuffisance cardiaque. Elle ciblera surtout la place des agonistes des récepteurs du glucagon-like peptide-1 et des inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 (gliflozines), et expliquera l'intérêt de leur combinaison dans ce contexte en tenant compte des conditions actuelles de remboursement.


Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Cardiovascular System , Coronary Artery Disease , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Heart Failure , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Heart Failure/complications , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor/agonists , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications
7.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(2): 120-128, 2024 Feb.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38356430

ABSTRACT

Mavacamten (Camzyos®) is a myosin modulator which reduces the interactions between myosin and actin. These are overly activated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a source of exaggerated ventricular contractility, energy loss, and impairment of diastolic function (relaxation). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medication Agency (EMA) approved mavacamten for the treatment of symptomatic obstructive HCM (NYHA class II or III) in adult patients in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The medication is not yet reimbursed in Belgium. As seen in its clinical development studies, mavacamten reduces the intraventricular gradient, improves functional capacity and reduces symptoms. It also seems to be an innovative alternative to septal reduction. Mavacamten is usually very well tolerated knowing that, through its mechanism of action, it causes a dose-dependent and reversible reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction, which must therefore be closely monitored. The good tolerance and the effectiveness of mavacamten seem to be maintained over time. Consequently, the recent European Society of Cardiology Updated Guidelines on cardiomyopathy (ESC 09/2023) already recommend mavacamten in the pharmacological management of obstructive HCM.


Le mavacamten (Camzyos®) est un modulateur de la myosine qui diminue les interactions entre la myosine et l'actine. En effet, celles-ci sont trop activées dans la cardiomyopathie hypertrophique (CMH), source de contractilité ventriculaire exagérée, de déperdition énergétique et de troubles de la fonction diastolique (relaxation). Le mavacamten est approuvé par la Food and Drug Administration (FDA 2022) et l'European Medication Agency (EMA 2023) pour le traitement de la CMH obstructive (CMHO) symptomatique (classe NYHA II ou III) chez les patients adultes. Il n'est pas encore remboursé en Belgique. Les études pivots de son développement clinique ont montré que le mavacamten réduit le gradient intraventriculaire, améliore la capacité fonctionnelle et diminue les symptômes. Il semble aussi représenter une alternative innovante à la réduction septale. Le mavacamten est généralement très bien toléré, sachant que, par son mécanisme d'action, il entraîne une diminution dose-dépendante et réversible de la fraction d'éjection ventriculaire gauche, qui devra donc être surveillée étroitement. Sa bonne tolérance et son efficacité semblent se maintenir au cours du temps. En conséquence, les récentes recommandations de la Société Européenne de Cardiologie (ESC 2023) à propos des cardiomyopathies recommandent déjà le mavacamten dans l'arsenal pharmacologique de la prise en charge des CMHO.


Subject(s)
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic , Uracil/analogs & derivatives , Ventricular Function, Left , United States , Adult , Humans , Stroke Volume , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/drug therapy , Benzylamines/adverse effects , Myosins
8.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(5-6): 357-363, 2024 Jun.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38869124

ABSTRACT

Smoking cessation appears to be the response that provides the best cost/benefit ratio among cardiovascular prevention actions. However, hospitalization precisely offers a strategic opportunity to initiate smoking cessation. This work evaluates the assistance in smoking cessation of patients treated by coronary angioplasty at the University Hospital of Liege over the last 6 years. It aims to provide food for thought regarding optimal management of smoking. Analysis of data showed a withdrawal rate of 55 % at year one. Strengthening motivation (with motivational interviewing and conversational hypnosis), the use of nicotine replacement and participation in cardiac rehabilitation have been identified as factors in consolidating abstinence. This work attests to the relevance and necessity of the intervention of a tobacco specialist in hospitalization and outpatient settings to ensure follow-up and improve the success rate of smoking cessation.


Le sevrage tabagique apparaît comme la réponse qui permet le meilleur rapport coût/bénéfice parmi les actions de prévention cardiovasculaire. Or, l'hospitalisation offre précisément une opportunité stratégique pour initier l'arrêt du tabagisme. Ce travail évalue l'aide au sevrage tabagique des patients traités par angioplastie coronaire au CHU de Liège durant ces 6 dernières années. Il vise à nourrir la réflexion quant à une prise en charge optimale du tabagisme. L'analyse des données a montré un taux de sevrage de 55 % à un an. Le renforcement de la motivation (avec l'entretien motivationnel et l'hypnose conversationnelle), l'utilisation d'une substitution nicotinique et la participation à la revalidation cardiaque ont été identifiés comme des facteurs de consolidation de l'abstinence. Ce travail atteste de la pertinence et de la nécessité de l'intervention d'un tabacologue en hospitalisation et en ambulatoire pour assurer un suivi et améliorer la réussite du sevrage tabagique.


Subject(s)
Smoking Cessation , Humans , Smoking Cessation/methods , Male , Middle Aged , Female , Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary , Aged , Health Promotion/methods
9.
Rev Med Liege ; 79(5-6): 352-356, 2024 Jun.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38869123

ABSTRACT

Responsible for a significant morbidity and mortality, smoking remains a major public health issue. Smoking cessation clinics are an integral part of the fight against smoking. This retrospective study, carried out between January 2022 and January 2023 on 106 patients who attended the smoking cessation clinics in the Respiratory Department of the University Hospital of Liège, was designed to assess patient cessation rates at 6 months and 1 year, and to identify any factors predicting success or failure. Our data showed a cessation rate of 25 % at 6 months and 19 % at 1 year. Age was slightly more advanced in those who succeeded in smoking cessation at one year (p = 0.05). The obtained cessation rate strongly supports the utility of our smoking cessation clinic for patients wishing to quit smoking.


Responsable d'une morbi-mortalité importante, le tabagisme reste un enjeu, non négligeable, de santé publique. Les consultations d'aide au sevrage font partie intégrante des moyens mis en œuvre pour lutter contre le tabagisme dans une optique de prévention. Cette étude rétrospective, menée entre janvier 2022 et janvier 2023, auprès de 106 patients ayant fréquenté les consultations de tabacologie du Service de Pneumologie du CHU de Liège, avait pour objectifs d'évaluer les taux de sevrage des patients à 6 mois et à 1 an et d'identifier d'éventuels facteurs prédictifs de succès, ou d'échec, au sein de l'échantillonnage étudié. L'analyse des données a démontré un taux de sevrage de 25 % à 6 mois et de 19 % à 1 an. L'analyse des facteurs démographiques montre une moyenne d'âge plus élevée chez les patients qui réussissent leur sevrage à 1 an (p = 0,05). Le taux de sevrage obtenu atteste de la pertinence et de la nécessité de notre accompagnement auprès des patients désireux de cesser de fumer.


Subject(s)
Smoking Cessation , Humans , Smoking Cessation/methods , Retrospective Studies , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Adult , Aged , Pulmonary Medicine , Referral and Consultation , Smoking/epidemiology , Ambulatory Care Facilities
10.
Echocardiography ; 40(8): 775-783, 2023 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37351556

ABSTRACT

AIM: we sought to test the inter-center reproducibility of 16 echo laboratories involved in the EACVI-Afib Echo Europe. METHODS: This was done on a dedicated setting of 10 patients with sinus rhythm (SR) and 10 with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF), collected by the Principal Investigator. Images and loops of echo-exams were stored and made available for labs. The tested measurements included main echo-Doppler parameters, global longitudinal strain (GLS) and peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS). RESULTS: Single measures interclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of left ventricular mass and ejection fraction were suboptimal in both patients with SR and AF. Among diastolic parameters, ICCs of deceleration time were poor, in particular in AF (=.50). ICCs of left atrial size and function, besides optimal in AF, showed an acceptable despite moderate concordance in SR. ICC of GLS was .81 and .78 in SR and AF respectively. ICCs of PALS were suitable but lower in 4-chamber than in 2-chamber view. By depicting the boxplot of the 16 laboratories, GLS distribution was completely homogeneous in SR, whereas GLS of AF and PALS of both SR and AF presented a limited number of outliers. GLS mean ± SE of the 16 labs was 19.7 ± .36 (95% CI: 18.8-20.4) in SR and 16.5 ± .29 (95% CI: 15.9-17.1) in AF, whereas PALS mean ± SE was 43.8 ± .70 (95% CI: 42.3-45.3) and 10.2 ± .32 (95% CI: 9.5-10.9) respectively. CONCLUSION: While the utilization of some standard-echo variables should be discouraged in registries, the application of GLS and PALS could be largely promoted because their superior reproducibility, even in AF.


Subject(s)
Atrial Fibrillation , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Echocardiography/methods , Heart Atria/diagnostic imaging , Registries
11.
Eur Heart J ; 43(29): 2770-2780, 2022 08 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35695691

ABSTRACT

AIM: Fatality of infective endocarditis (IE) is high worldwide, and its diagnosis remains a challenge. The objective of the present study was to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with culture-positive (CPIE) vs. culture-negative IE (CNIE). METHODS AND RESULTS: This was an ancillary analysis of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO registry. Overall, 3113 patients who were diagnosed with IE during the study period were included in the present study. Of these, 2590 (83.2%) had CPIE, whereas 523 (16.8%) had CNIE. As many as 1488 (48.1%) patients underwent cardiac surgery during the index hospitalization, 1259 (48.8%) with CPIE and 229 (44.5%) with CNIE. The CNIE was a predictor of 1-year mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.56], whereas surgery was significantly associated with survival (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.41-0.58). The 1-year mortality was significantly higher in CNIE than CPIE patients in the medical subgroup, but it was not significantly different in CNIE vs. CPIE patients who underwent surgery. CONCLUSION: The present analysis of the EURO-ENDO registry confirms a higher long-term mortality in patients with CNIE compared with patients with CPIE. This difference was present in patients receiving medical therapy alone and not in those who underwent surgery, with surgery being associated with reduced mortality. Additional efforts are required both to improve the aetiological diagnosis of IE and identify CNIE cases early before progressive disease potentially contraindicates surgery.


Subject(s)
Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Endocarditis, Bacterial , Endocarditis , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Endocarditis/diagnosis , Endocarditis/epidemiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Endocarditis, Bacterial/epidemiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/therapy , Humans , Proportional Hazards Models , Registries , Retrospective Studies
12.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(2): 79-84, 2023 Feb.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36799324

ABSTRACT

Gliflozins (sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors or SGLT2is) first demonstrated a reduction in hospitalisation for heart failure (hHF) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at high cardiovascular risk. Then, a reduction in hHF (also combined with cardiovascular mortality) was reported in patients with heart failure, independently of the presence of T2DM. These placebo-controlled trials first concerned patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in DAPA-HF with dapagliflozin and EMPEROR-Reduced with empagliflozin. Afterwards, the benefit was observed in patients with preserved LVEF in EMPEROR-Preserved with empagliflozin, yet some doubt persisted in patients with LVEF > 60 %. The DELIVER study recently confirmed a significant reduction in the composite outcome hHF plus cardiovascular mortality (- 27 %) and in hHF (- 21 %) in patients (with or without T2DM) with heart failure and mildly reduced or preserved LVEF treated with dapagliflozin compared with placebo. The protection was noticed whatever the level of LVEF. These results reinforce the place of SGLT2is in international guidelines for the prevention or treatment of heart failure independently of the level of LVEF. SGLT2is represent the first pharmacological class that has proven its efficacy in patients with heart failure and preserved LVEF.


Les gliflozines (inhibiteurs des cotransporteurs sodium-glucose de type 2 ou iSGLT2) ont d'abord montré une réduction des hospitalisations pour insuffisance cardiaque (hHF) chez des patients avec un diabète de type 2 (DT2) à haut risque cardiovasculaire. Ensuite, une réduction des hHF (également combinée à la mortalité cardiovasculaire) a été démontrée dans des études chez des patients avec insuffisance cardiaque, indépendamment de la présence d'un DT2. Ces essais contrôlés versus placebo ont d'abord concerné des patients avec insuffisance cardiaque à fraction d'éjection du ventricule gauche (FEVG) réduite (DAPA-HF avec la dapagliflozine, EMPEROR-Reduced avec l'empagliflozine). Ensuite, le bénéfice a été démontré chez des patients avec FEVG préservée dans EMPEROR-Preserved avec l'empagliflozine, mais avec un doute chez les patients avec FEVG > 60 %. L'étude DELIVER a récemment confirmé une réduction significative du critère combiné hHF plus mortalité cardiovasculaire (- 27 %) et des hHF (- 21 %) chez des patients (avec ou sans DT2) avec insuffisance cardiaque et FEVG modérément réduite ou préservée traités par la dapagliflozine par rapport à ceux sous placebo. La protection a été observée quelle que soit la valeur de la FEVG. Ces résultats confortent la place accordée dans les recommandations internationales aux iSGLT2 dans la prévention et le traitement de l'insuffisance cardiaque, que la FEVG soit réduite ou préservée. Les iSGLT2 représentent la première classe pharmacologique qui ait montré une efficacité chez les patients avec insuffisance cardiaque et FEVG préservée.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Heart Failure , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors , Humans , Stroke Volume , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Ventricular Function, Left , Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use
13.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(5-6): 342-344, 2023 May.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37350212

ABSTRACT

Cardiac erethism is a state of hyperexcitability of the heart. It results in hyperpulsatility, which is characterized by an ample pulse, an accentuation of heart sounds on auscultation, and an exaggeration of heart movements on echocardiography. While it can be very troublesome, cardiac erethism has no pathological significance. However, care must be taken to exclude any underlying cardiac or extracardiac pathology before confirming the diagnosis. No treatment is usually considered except to reassure the patient and avoid contributing factors. Beta-blockers are effective and should be prescribed on a case-by-case basis.


L'éréthisme cardiaque est un état d'hyperexcitabilité du cœur. Il en résulte une hyperpulsatilité qui se caractérise par un pouls ample, une accentuation des bruits cardiaques à l'auscultation et une exagération des mouvements cardiaques à l'échocardiographie. Bien qu'il puisse être gênant, l'éréthisme cardiaque n'a aucune signification pathologique. Cependant, il faut veiller à exclure toute pathologie cardiaque ou extracardiaque sous-jacente avant de confirmer le diagnostic. Aucun traitement n'est habituellement prescrit sauf pour rassurer le patient et éviter les facteurs contributifs. Les bêtabloquants sont efficaces et doivent être prescrits au cas par cas.


Subject(s)
Echocardiography , Heart , Humans , Auscultation
14.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(10): 593-600, 2023 Oct.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37830326

ABSTRACT

Evolocumab is a monoclonal antibody that blocks PCSK9 («Proproteine Convertase Subtilisine/Kexine type 9¼). It exerts a rapid, potent and sustained reduction of LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) levels in combination with statin therapy. It was first reimbursed for the treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia. The FOURIER trial and its extension FOURIER-OLE among patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and residual hypercholesterolaemia despite statin therapy demonstrated that evolocumab significantly reduces the incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events (- 15 %, P <0.001). There was a monotonic relationship between the reduction in clinical events and the diminution of LDL-c levels even down to the lowest concentrations. The safety profile of evolocumab was excellent, also in patients with very low LDL-c levels. Because of these favorable results, evolocumab (Repatha®) is now reimbursed, under conditions, for the secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.


L'évolocumab est un anticorps monoclonal bloquant la PCSK9 («Proprotein Convertase Subtilisine/Kexine de type 9¼). Il exerce une réduction rapide, puissante et soutenue des concentrations de cholestérol LDL (LDL-c) en ajout à un traitement par statine. Il a d'abord été remboursé pour le traitement de l'hypercholestérolémie familiale. L'étude FOURIER et son extension FOURIER-OLE ont démontré, chez des patients avec ma- ladie cardiovasculaire athéromateuse et hypercholestérolémie résiduelle sous statine, que l'évolocumab est capable de réduire significativement l'incidence des événements cardiovasculaires majeurs (- 15 %, P <0,001). Il existe une relation continue entre la diminution des événements cliniques et la baisse du LDL-c, jusqu'aux valeurs les plus basses. Par contre, même aux taux les plus bas de LDL-c, la tolérance de l'évolocumab s'avère excellente. Au vu de ces résultats favorables, l'évolocumab (Repatha®) est désormais remboursé, sous conditions, pour la prévention secondaire de la maladie cardiovasculaire athéromateuse.


Subject(s)
Anticholesteremic Agents , Atherosclerosis , Cardiovascular Diseases , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Humans , Proprotein Convertase 9 , Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Cholesterol, LDL/therapeutic use , PCSK9 Inhibitors , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Secondary Prevention , Treatment Outcome , Atherosclerosis/drug therapy , Atherosclerosis/etiology , Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
15.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(3): 141-146, 2023 Mar.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36924151

ABSTRACT

Myocarditis is a relatively uncommon and underdiagnosed heart disease. Its clinical presentation is variable, from pauci-symptomatic to a symptomatology of sudden chest pain. The latter mimics cardiological emergencies and must therefore be quickly discerned to guide the rest of the treatment. The treatment is mainly supportive and rarely directly etiological. This is a pathology that resurfaced with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic but also with vaccination. We present here the case of a mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced myocarditis whose clinical manifestations impose a rapid decision concerning the differential diagnosis with an acute coronary syndrome.


La myocardite est une pathologie cardiaque relativement peu fréquente et sous-diagnostiquée. Sa présentation clinique est variable, de paucisymptomatique à une symptomatologie de douleur thoracique brutale. Cette dernière mime les urgences cardiologiques et doit donc être rapidement diagnostiquée pour orienter la suite de la prise en charge. Le traitement est principalement supportif et peu étiologique. Il s'agit d'une pathologie qui a refait surface avec l'arrivée de la pandémie COVID-19, mais aussi avec la vaccination. Nous présentons ici le cas d'une myocardite induite par un vaccin SARS-CoV-2 à ARNm dont les manifestations cliniques imposent une décision rapide concernant le diagnostic différentiel avec le syndrome coronarien aigu.


Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome , COVID-19 , Myocarditis , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/prevention & control , Myocarditis/diagnosis , Myocarditis/etiology , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Pandemics , Vaccination , RNA, Messenger
16.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(9): 476-483, 2023 Sep.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37712156

ABSTRACT

Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is or gliflozins) are now considered as a therapeutic breakthrough in clinical practice, not only for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), but also for the treatment of heart failure and chronic renal disease. Patients with T2D are exposed to a higher risk of atheromatic lesions, heart failure and renal insufficiency, all complications that can be reduced by a gliflozin as shown in several placebo- controlled randomised trials in at high risk patients. Unexpectedly, such cardio-renal protection has also been observed among non-diabetic patients with heart failure (both with reduced and preserved ejection fraction) or with chronic kidney disease (especially with albuminuria). Because of these properties, SGLT2is now occupy a privileged place in diabetology, cardiology and nephrology. However, they are still slow to settle in primary care practice, even in high risk patients who should benefit, an underuse possibly due at least partially to quite complex reimbursement criteria in Belgium.


Les inhibiteurs des sodium-glucose cotransporteurs type 2 (iSGLT2 ou gliflozines) ont réalisé une percée remarquable dans la pratique clinique, non seulement pour le traitement du diabète de type 2 (DT2), mais aussi pour celui de l'insuffisance cardiaque et de la maladie rénale chronique. Le patient avec DT2 est exposé à des lésions athéromateuses, une insuffisance cardiaque et une insuffisance rénale, toutes complications freinées par la prise d'une gliflozine comme démontré dans plusieurs essais cliniques contrôlés versus placebo chez des patients à haut risque. De façon a priori inattendue, cette protection cardio-rénale a également été prouvée chez des patients non diabétiques présentant une insuffisance cardiaque (avec fraction d'éjection réduite ou préservée) ou une maladie rénale chronique (notamment avec albuminurie). Au vu de ces propriétés, les iSGLT2 occupent maintenant une place privilégiée en diabétologie, en cardiologie et en néphrologie. Cependant, ils tardent encore à s'implanter en médecine de première ligne, y compris chez des patients à haut risque qui devraient pourtant en bénéficier et ce, probablement en partie à cause de critères de remboursement relativement complexes en Belgique.


Subject(s)
Cardiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Heart Failure , Nephrology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors , Humans , Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy , Primary Health Care
17.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(11): 619-625, 2023 Nov.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37955291

ABSTRACT

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (with or without right ventricular hypertrophy) not explained by loading conditions, the origin of which may be genetic and whose phenotypic expression is highly variable. The novelties in terms of diagnosis, clinical development, and management have been the subject of an update of the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).


La cardiomyopathie hypertrophique est une maladie caractérisée par une hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche (avec ou sans hypertrophie ventriculaire droite) non expliquée par les conditions de charge, dont l'origine peut être génétique et dont l'expression phénotypique est très variable. Les nouveautés en termes diagnostique, de mise au point, et de prise en charge ont fait l'objet d'une mise à jour des recommandations de la Société Européenne de Cardiologie (ESC).


Subject(s)
Cardiology , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic , Humans , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/diagnosis , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/genetics , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/therapy , Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/diagnosis , Phenotype
18.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(11): 665-673, 2023 Nov.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37955298

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae infections cause community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease such as sepsis and acute meningitis. In the adult population, the risk of severe infections, which can be lethal, is particularly high among people aged above 65 years and subgroups with comorbidities. Pneumococcal vaccines underwent progressive improvement and a new conjugated vaccine targeting 20 serotypes (PCV20) is now available. The Belgian Superior Health Council has recently reiterated the importance of vaccinating at-risk individuals against S. pneumoniae and now recommends vaccination with PCV20 (Apexxnar®) as the preferred primary vaccination regimen in all at-risk adults. The present article reminds the risk of severe pneumococcal infections among patients with comorbidities, by targeting five of them, chronic respiratory diseases, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis. It emphasizes the too low rate of pneumococcal vaccination in these at-risk subgroups and summarizes the last guidelines of the Belgian Superior Health Council in favor of pneumococcal vaccination in at-risk patients with comorbidities. Finally, it describes the Belgian reimbursement criteria recently granted to people aged 65-85 years with comorbidities.


Les infections par le Streptococcus pneumoniae sont responsables de pneumonies communautaires et de maladies invasives à pneumocoques telles que sepsis et méningites aiguës. Dans la population adulte, le risque d'infections graves, potentiellement léthales, est particulièrement élevé chez les personnes âgées de plus de 65 ans et parmi des sous-groupes avec comorbidités. Les vaccins antipneumococciques ont été progressivement améliorés et un nouveau vaccin conjugué ciblant 20 sérotypes (PCV20) est désormais disponible. Le Conseil Supérieur de la Santé (CSS) belge a rappelé, en 2022, l'importance de vacciner contre S. pneumoniae les personnes à risque et privilégie le PCV20 (Apexxnar®) pour la primo-vaccination chez les personnes adultes dans tous les groupes à risque. Cet article rappelle le risque d'infections pneumococciques graves chez les patients avec comorbidités, en ciblant plus particulièrement quatre d'entre elles, les maladies respiratoires chroniques, l'insuffisance cardiaque, la maladie rénale chronique, le diabète sucré et la cirrhose. Il insiste sur le trop faible taux de vaccination antipneumococcique dans ces populations à risque et résume les dernières recommandations du CSS en faveur de la vaccination antipneumococcique des groupes à risque en fonction de la présence de comorbidités. Enfin, il fait état des conditions de remboursement récemment accordées à la vaccination antipneumococcique dans les groupes à risque chez les personnes âgées de 65 à 85 ans.


Subject(s)
Pneumococcal Infections , Adult , Humans , Belgium/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology , Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Vaccination , Pneumococcal Vaccines , Vaccines, Conjugate
19.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(9): 496-502, 2023 Sep.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37712159

ABSTRACT

Heart failure remains, despite increasing therapeutic advances, a major burden in terms of public health. It is associated with a significant mortality and dramatically impacts the daily life of these patients with, among other things, repeated and prolonged hospitalizations. This article aims to focus on the therapeutic modalities for the management of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) recommended by the European Society of Cardiology. A significant change is taking place in pharmacological treatment following the discovery of new drug classes.


L'insuffisance cardiaque (IC) demeure, malgré des avancées thérapeutiques croissantes, un fardeau majeur en termes de santé publique (1). Elle est grevée d'une importante mortalité et impacte de manière significative le quotidien de ces patients avec, entre autres, des hospitalisations répétées et prolongées (hIC). Cet article vise à mettre l'accent sur les modalités thérapeutiques de prise en charge du patient présentant une IC à fraction d'éjection réduite (HFrEF) recommandées par la Société Européenne de Cardiologie. Un changement important s'opère au niveau du traitement pharmacologique suite à la découverte de nouvelles classes médicamenteuses.


Subject(s)
Cardiology , Heart Failure , Humans , Heart Failure/therapy , Stroke Volume , Chronic Disease , Public Health
20.
Rev Med Liege ; 78(12): 689-694, 2023 Dec.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38095032

ABSTRACT

Aortic stenosis (AS) is the most common valve disease in our countries; most often of degenerative origin, its prevalence is constantly increasing due to the aging of the population. Its development is a continuum ranging from aortic sclerosis to severe aortic stenosis, the diagnosis of which is essentially based on transthoracic echocardiography, which will allow classification into subcategories. Even if today no treatment makes it possible to prevent the progression of the disease, the management has clearly evolved with an increasingly important place for new approaches to valve replacement by the percutaneous route, and an indication of management at an increasingly early stage.


La sténose aortique (SA) est la valvulopathie la plus fréquente dans les pays occidentaux, le plus souvent d'origine dégénérative, et sa prévalence augmente constamment étant donné le vieillissement de la population. Son développement est un continuum allant de la sclérose aortique vers la sténose aortique serrée, dont le diagnostic repose essentiellement sur l'échocardiographie trans-thoracique qui permettra une classification en sous-catégories. Même si aujourd'hui aucun traitement ne permet d'empêcher la progression de la maladie, sa prise en charge a nettement évolué avec une place de plus en plus importante pour les techniques de remplacement valvulaire par voie percutanée, et une indication de prise en charge qui sera posée de façon de plus en plus précoce.


Subject(s)
Aortic Valve Stenosis , Humans , Aortic Valve Stenosis/diagnosis , Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery , Echocardiography
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