Localization of neutralization epitopes on adenovirus fiber knob from species C.

Although potential neutralization epitopes on the fiber knob of adenovirus (AdV) serotype 2 (Ad2) and Ad5 have been revealed, few studies have been carried out to identify neutralization epitopes on the knob from a broader panel of AdV serotypes. In this study, based on sequence and structural analysis of knobs from Ad1, Ad2, Ad5 and Ad6 (all from species C), several trimeric chimeric knob proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli to identify the locations of neutralization epitopes on the knobs by analysing their reactivity with mouse and rabbit polyclonal sera raised against AdVs and human sera with natural AdV infection. The dominant neutralization epitopes were located mainly in the N-terminal part of knobs from Ad1, Ad2 and Ad5, but they seemed to be located in the C-terminal part of the Ad6 knob, with some individual differences in rabbit and human populations. Our study adds to our understanding of humoral immune responses to AdVs and will facilitate the construction of more desirable capsid-modified recombinant Ad5 vectors.

First-Principles Prediction of High and Low Resistance States in Ta/h-BN/Ta Atomristor.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have received significant attention for their potential use in next-generation electronics, particularly in nonvolatile memory and neuromorphic computing. This is due to their simple metal-insulator-metal (MIM) sandwiched structure, excellent switching performance, high-density capability, and low power consumption. In this work, using comprehensive material simulations and device modeling, the thinnest monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) atomristor is studied by using a MIM configuration with Ta electrodes. Our first-principles calculations predicted both a high resistance state (HRS) and a low resistance state (LRS) in this device. We observed that the presence of van der Waals (vdW) gaps between the Ta electrodes and monolayer h-BN with a boron vacancy (VB) contributes to the HRS. The combination of metal electrode contact and the adsorption of Ta atoms onto a single VB defect (TaB) can alter the interface barrier between the electrode and dielectric layer, as well as create band gap states within the band gap of monolayer h-BN. These band gap states can shorten the effective tunneling path for electron transport from the left electrode to the right electrode, resulting in an increase in the current transmission coefficient of the LRS. This resistive switching mechanism in monolayer h-BN atomristors can serve as a theoretical reference for device design and optimization, making them promising for the development of atomristor technology with ultra-high integration density and ultra-low power consumption.

Performance optimization and comparison of vertical motion-based triboelectric nanogenerators.

The vertical motion configuration is a common design in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for energy harvesting; however, the performance optimization and comparison are still vague between various vertical motion-based structures. In this paper, time-averaged power density is defined as a metric to compare the power output performances of vertically structured TENGs, including contact mode and freestanding mode. To ensure comparisons under the same circumstances, a novel sandwich-structured dielectric layer was designed to maintain a stable and consistent surface charge density, with an extra rotating triboelectric nanogenerator working as a charge pump. We also investigated the impact of parasitic capacitance, which is a primary source of error in theoretical optimization. The freestanding TENG (FTENG) with a single dielectric layer demonstrates superior power performance, even when accounting for the influence of parasitic capacitance. This work provides valuable insights and guidelines for the design of high-performance mechanical energy harvesting devices.

Obesity and hyperinsulinemia drive adipocytes to activate a cell cycle program and senesce.

Obesity is considered an important factor for many chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The expansion of adipose tissue in obesity is due to an increase in both adipocyte progenitor differentiation and mature adipocyte cell size. Adipocytes, however, are thought to be unable to divide or enter the cell cycle. We demonstrate that mature human adipocytes unexpectedly display a gene and protein signature indicative of an active cell cycle program. Adipocyte cell cycle progression associates with obesity and hyperinsulinemia, with a concomitant increase in cell size, nuclear size and nuclear DNA content. Chronic hyperinsulinemia in vitro or in humans, however, is associated with subsequent cell cycle exit, leading to a premature senescent transcriptomic and secretory profile in adipocytes. Premature senescence is rapidly becoming recognized as an important mediator of stress-induced tissue dysfunction. By demonstrating that adipocytes can activate a cell cycle program, we define a mechanism whereby mature human adipocytes senesce. We further show that by targeting the adipocyte cell cycle program using metformin, it is possible to influence adipocyte senescence and obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation.