Highlights of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Studies Presented at the 2023 American College of Cardiology Conference.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize selected late-breaking science on cardiovascular (CV) disease prevention presented at the 2023 American College of Cardiology (ACC) conference. RECENT FINDINGS: The CLEAR outcomes randomized control trial (RCT) compared bempedoic acid to placebo in patients at high-risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or prevalent CVD and statin intolerance for CV outcomes. The YELLOW III was a single-arm study that evaluated the effect of Evolocumab on coronary plaque characteristics in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). A cohort evaluated the association between a self-reported low-carbohydrate high-fat (ketogenic) diet and serum lipid levels as compared to a standard diet. The LOADSTAR trial compared CV outcomes with targeted low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) approach vs. high-intensity statin in patients with CAD. The PCDS statin cluster randomized trial compared the effectiveness of an electronic reminder to the clinician on a high-intensity statin use among patients with a history of ASCVD as compared to no reminder. A prospective cohort study compared the extent of coronary atherosclerosis among lifelong endurance athletes and healthy non-athletes. A causal artificial intelligence study combined polygenic risk scores with data from large CV prevention RCTs to guide systolic blood pressure and LDL-C reduction targets to reach average CV risk. The ACCESS trial evaluated the impact of eliminating copayment for low-income older adults in Canada with chronic CV diseases on composite CV outcomes. A pooled analysis of 3 large RCTs evaluated the association between residual inflammatory risk and CV outcomes, as compared to residual elevated cholesterol risk in patients receiving statin therapy. A Phase 2B RCT compared the efficacy of an oral PCSK9i, MK-0616, in reducing LDL-C as compared to a placebo. The late-breaking clinical science presented at the 2023 conference of the ACC paves the way for an evidence-based alternative to statin therapy and provides data on several common clinical scenarios encountered in daily practice.

Highlights of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Studies Presented at the 2022 European Society of Cardiology Congress.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Focused review of select studies presented at the 2022 European Society of Cardiology Congress. RECENT FINDINGS: Included studies assessed the effects of aspirin and omega-3 fatty acid supplements on heart failure (ASCEND study); the impact of icosapent ethyl on ST-elevation MI incidence (REDUCE-IT); air temperature's effect on cardiovascular mortality (EXHAUSTION project); LVEF outcomes after troponin-guided neurohormonal blockade for the prevention of anthracycline toxicity; efficacy of routine stress testing after high-risk PCI (POST-PCI trial); influenza vaccine among patients with acute coronary syndromes (VIP-ACS trial); empagliflozin in patients with acute myocardial infarction (EMMY); effects of comprehensive imaging-based cardiovascular screening on death and cardiovascular events (DANCANVAS); safety of long-term evolocumab in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (FOURIER-OLE); and use of a cardiovascular polypill as a global strategy to improve secondary prevention (SECURE). Research presented at the 2022 ESC Congress highlighted many novel applications of preventative and treatment strategies in cardiology, including the effects of environmental risk factors on the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Impact of sex on outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Women are underrepresented in chronic total occlusion (CTO) trials and little is known about sex differences in the outcomes of CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This meta-analysis aims to compare the outcomes of CTO PCI in males and females. METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was performed for studies comparing outcomes of CTO PCI in females versus males from inception to January 26, 2021. The current statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 15.1 software (Stata Corporation, TX); P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: Fourteen observational studies were included in the analysis with 75% males and 25% females. The mean age was 64.47 ± 10.5 years and 68.98 ± 9.5 years for males and females, respectively. The median follow-up duration was 2.4 years. Males had a higher Japanese-CTO (J-CTO) score compared with females (MD = -0.17; 95% CI: -0.25 to -0.10). Females had statistically higher success rates of CTO PCI (RR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01 to1.05), required less contrast volume (MD = -18.64: 95% CI: -30.89 to -6.39) and fluoroscopy time (MD = -9.12; 95% CI: -16.90 to -1.34) compared with males. There was no statistical difference in in-hospital (RR = 1.50; 95% CI: 0.73 to 3.09) or longer term (≥6 months) all-cause mortality (RR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.86 to 1.42) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: CTO PCI is feasible and safe in female patients with comparable outcomes in female versus male patients.

Who Will Be Responsible for the Dialysis Bill? A Case Report and Narrative Review of Insulin Affordability 100 Years After the Discovery of Insulin.

A 46-year-old woman was type 1 diabetes diagnosed at the age of 9 who had previously been on an insulin pump. Other co-morbidities included CKD IV, HTN, and hypothyroidism. She presented with hyperglycemia of 400 mg/dl and fluid retention. Her GFR had decreased to 13. Her physical exam was notable for respiratory distress and anasarca. She failed to respond to aggressive IV diuresis and urgent hemodialysis was initiated. The patient had been lost to outpatient follow-up for a year. She had been co-managed by an endocrinologist and a primary care physician but had stopped going to her endocrinologist over a year ago due to inability to afford the co-pays. She subsequently lost her insurance and had to pay out of pocket for her insulin; at this point, she decided to stop seeing her PCP and began to ration her insulin. Due to social stigma, she did not mention her financial issues to her healthcare providers. After identifying these challenges, we decided to start her on a more affordable regimen of NPH insulin. Through social work assistance, we were able to obtain a charity hemodialysis chair and discharge her home. She applied to Medicaid. Healthcare expenditure with regard to diabetes rose to $327 billion from $245 billion in 2012. The price of insulin has continued to increase even after the drug's patent has expired due to the combination of FDA requirements, a monopoly in the insulin market, and the lack of federal price controls and Pharmacy Benefits Managers. The high out of pocket costs for insulin has led to many instances of insulin rationing among both uninsured and insured. This led to death in some cases as well as poorly controlled diabetes with increased complications and mortality as in our case. We present a case report and narrative review on insulin affordability.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of impact of baseline thrombocytopenia on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Thrombocytopenia (TP) is associated with higher incidence of bleeding in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Herein, we report a meta-analysis evaluating the effects of baseline thrombocytopenia (bTP) on cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing PCI. METHODS: Literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library and clinicaltrials.gov from inception till October 2019. Patients were divided into two groups: Patients with (a) no Thrombocytopenia (nTP) (b) bTP before PCI. Primary endpoints were in-hospital, and all-cause mortality rates at the longest follow-up. The main summary estimate was random effects risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 6,51,543 patients from 10 retrospective studies were included. There was increased in-hospital all-cause mortality (RR 2.58 [1.7-3.8], p < .001) and bleeding (RR 2.37 [1.41-3.98], p < .005), in the bTP group compared to the nTP group. There was no difference for in-hopsital major adverse cardiovascular outcomes (MACE) (RR 1.38 [0.94-2.0], p < .10), post-PCI MI (RR 1.17 [0.9-1.5], p = .19) and TVR (RR 1.65 [0.8-3.6], p = .21), respectively. Outcomes at longest follow-up showed increased incidence of all-cause mortality (RR 1.86 [1.2-2.9], p < .006) and bleeding (RR 1.72 [1.1-2.9], p = .04) in bTP group, while there was no significant difference for post-PCI MI (RR 1.07 [0.91-1.3], p = .42), MACE (RR 1.86 [0.69-1.8], p = .68) and TVR (RR 1.1 [0.9-1.2], p = .93) between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: bTP in patients undergoing PCI is associated with increased mortality and predicts risk of bleeding.

Revisiting Role of Vaccinations in Donors, Transplant Recipients, Immunocompromised Hosts, Travelers, and Household Contacts of Stem Cell Transplant Recipients.

Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent infections in immunocompromised hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Pretransplant vaccination of influenza, pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenza type b, diphtheria, tetanus, and hepatitis B, both in donors and transplant recipients, produces high antibody titers in patients compared with recipient vaccination only. Because transplant recipients are immunocompromised, live vaccines should be avoided with few exceptions. Transplant recipients should get inactive vaccinations when possible to prevent infection. This includes vaccination against influenza, pneumococcus, H. influenza type b, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, meningococcus, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A, human papillomavirus, and hepatitis B. Close contacts of transplant recipients can safely get vaccinations (inactive and few live vaccines) as per their need and schedule. Transplant recipients who wish to travel may need to get vaccinated against endemic diseases that are prevalent in such areas. There is paucity of data on the role of vaccinations for patients receiving novel immunotherapy such as bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T cells despite data on prolonged B cell depletion and higher risk of opportunistic infections.

Relationship of health-related social needs and hospital readmissions in patients following a hospitalization for atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) has a high economic burden on the healthcare system with rehospitalizations as the most significant contributing factor necessitating an understanding of aspects related to hospitalizations to minimize economic costs and improve patient outcomes. Our study aims to assess whether all-cause 30-day hospital readmission following AF-specific hospitalization is associated with health-related social needs (HRSN) using the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD). All hospitalization data were abstracted from the 2015-2019 NRD, including hospitalizations for patients at least 18 years of age with a primary discharge diagnosis of AF. For each hospitalization, we identified secondary diagnoses for five HRSN domains including employment, family, housing, psychosocial, and socioeconomic status. Primary outcomes included all-cause 30-day readmission rates. Secondary outcomes included all-cause 90-day readmissions and diagnosis on readmissions. An estimated 1,807,460 index hospitalizations in the United States included a primary discharge diagnosis of AF. Of these, 97.3 % included a diagnosis in only one HRSN domain with the most frequently diagnosed HRSN domain being housing (54.5 %) followed by socioeconomic (29.4 %), family (10.0 %), employment (6.1 %), and psychosocial (2.8 %). Index hospitalizations that included any HRSN diagnosis had 2.2-times greater unadjusted odds of all-cause 30-day readmission (95 % CI: 2.1 to 2.3-times greater, p < .001). Index hospitalizations that included an HRSN diagnosis were associated with higher rates of 90-day readmission due to conduction disorder and COPD. In conclusion, there is a significant association between HRSN and hospital readmissions in patients with AF. Further research is required to explain the true nature of this relationship with a specific emphasis on housing insecurity.

Is Methamphetamine-Linked Cardiomyopathy an Emerging Epidemic for New Generation?

The use of methamphetamines is growing worldwide with cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Long-term use of methamphetamines is associated with malignant hypertension, myocardial ischemia, pulmonary hypertension, and methamphetamines-associated cardiomyopathy. These effects are noted to be dose-dependent and potentially reversible with discontinuation of methamphetamines in the early stages when there is limited or no myocardial fibrosis. This review aims to (1) summarize the available data from epidemiologic studies, (2) describe pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical presentation, (3) Management of methamphetamines induced cardiomyopathy and potential complications associated with it, and (4) Strategies to reduce methamphetamines abuse and related hospitalization.

Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A proportional meta-analysis and systematic review of single-arm studies.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Limited data exists about the efficacy and clinical outcomes of AF ablation in HCM. Objective: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the role of catheter-based ablation for treatment of AF in patients with HCM. Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for studies discussing outcomes of catheter-based ablation for AF in patients with HCM. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted relevant data. Incidence rate estimates from individual studies underwent logit transformation to calculate the weighted summary proportion under the random effect model. Results: A total of 19 reports met the inclusion criteria (1183 patients). The single ablation procedure was successful in 39% patients. Up to 34% patients underwent a repeat ablation. About 41% patients in normal sinus rhythm after successful AF ablation received postprocedure antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy. Patients undergoing successful AF ablation experienced a significant improvement in the New York Heart Association functional class (standardized mean difference -1.03; 95% confidence interval -1.23 to -0.83; P < .00001). Conclusion: AF ablation appears to be safe and feasible in patients with HCM. Freedom from AF after undergoing successful ablation is associated with significant improvement in heart failure symptoms.

Coronary Artery Aneurysms as a Cause of Acute Coronary Syndrome Presentation - A Focused Review.

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) are defined as a dilation of a coronary vessel greater than 1.5 times the diameter of a local reference vessel. While CAAs tend to be incidental findings on imaging, they result in complications, such as thrombosis, embolization, ischemia, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Among symptomatic cases, chest pain has been the most common manifestation of CAAs. This necessitates an understanding of CAAs as a cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) presentation. However, due to the unclear pathophysiology of CAAs and their variable presentation complicated by similar ACS conditions, there is no clear strategy for CAA management. In this article, we will discuss the contribution of CAAs to ACS presentations and review the current management options for CAAs.

Outcomes of Prediabetes Compared with Normoglycaemia and Diabetes Mellitus in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background: Patients with prediabetes are at increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the association between prediabetes and adverse clinical outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is inconsistent, in contrast to outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Thus, this meta-analysis evaluated the impact of dysglycaemia on PCI outcomes. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were systematically reviewed from inception of databases until June 2022. In 17 studies, outcomes of PCI in patients with prediabetes were compared with patients who were normoglycaemic, and patients with DM. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at the longest follow-up. Results: Included were 12 prospective and five retrospective studies, with 11,868, 14,894 and 13,536 patients undergoing PCI in the prediabetes, normoglycaemic and DM groups, respectively. Normoglycaemic patients had a statistically lower risk of all-cause mortality, (risk ratio [RR] 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52-0.84), myocardial infarction (MI; RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.61-0.95) and cardiac mortality (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.39-0.87) compared with prediabetic patients undergoing PCI at the longest follow-up. Patients with prediabetes had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (RR=0.72 [95% CI 0.53-0.97]) and cardiac mortality (RR =0.47 [95% CI 0.23-0.93]) compared with patients with DM who underwent PCI. Conclusion: Among patients who underwent PCI for CAD, the risk of all-cause and cardiac mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events and MI in prediabetic patients was higher compared with normoglycaemic patients but lower compared with patients with DM.

Shockwave lithotripsy for treatment of calcific renal artery stenosis after an inadequately expanded renal artery stent.

Renal artery calcifications can be associated with insufficient stent expansion and in-stent restenosis. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) uses shockwaves to disrupt calcium and treat calcific renal in-stent restenosis. Herein, the authors present a case to treat resistant reno-vascular hypertension and in-stent restenosis of an inadequately expanded renal stent in a patient with severe calcific renal artery stenosis. The patient was treated with IVL and stent dilation. The patient was followed subsequently, and her home blood pressure was well controlled on anti-hypertensive medications. In conclusion, IVL promises pronounced success in the modification of severely calcified renal artery lesions and can be used to treat renal artery stenosis even in the context of inadequately expanding renal artery stents.

Extensive calcifications can contribute to the blockages of the arteries of the kidney. These can be associated with insufficient stent expansion in patients undergoing stent placement. Intravascular lithotripsy uses high-energy shockwaves to disrupt calcium deposits of renal arteries. Herein, the authors present a case of high blood pressure refractory to four blood pressure medications associated with blockage of previously placed stent of the artery of the left kidney. This case demonstrates that lithotripsy is an effective procedure to modify calcifications in order to facilitate expansion of the stent to restore blood flow to kidneys.

Trends, outcomes, and management of acute myocardial infarction in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.

OBJECTIVES: There is a paucity of data on the management and outcomes of chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) patients [including chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC)] presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: We utilized the National Inpatient Sample database (2001-2019) and studied the management and outcomes of CVH patients with AMI and stratified them by subtypes of CVH. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of adverse outcomes in CVH groups were compared to no-CVH groups using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 18,794,686 AMI admissions, 84,147 (0.45%) had a CVH diagnosis. CVH patients had increased odds of adverse outcomes including in-hospital mortality (aOR 1.40, 95%CI 1.31-1.49, p < 0.05), respiratory failure (1.11, 95%CI 1.04-1.17, p < 0.001), vascular complications (1.09, 95%CI 1.04-1.15, p < 0.001), acute kidney injury (1.36, 95%CI 1.30-1.42, p < 0.001), gastrointestinal bleeding (1.57, 95%CI 1.50-1.68, p < 0.001), cardiogenic shock (1.44, 95%CI 1.04-1.30, p < 0.001), sepsis (1.24, 95%CI 1.17-1.31, p < 0.001), and were less likely to undergo invasive management. On subgroup analysis, CHB had higher odds of adverse outcomes than the CHC group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: CVH patients presenting with AMI are associated with worse clinical outcomes. CHB subgroup had worse outcomes compared to the CHC subgroup.

Challenges in Implementing Evidence Based Cross-Disciplinary Therapies: Are Cardiovascular Specialists Ready to Claim SGLT-2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Analogs?

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality and financial burden to the United States health system. A change in focus towards preventive medicine along with advances in pharmacologic and invasive therapies, has led to improved cardiac death rates. These benefits however, come with increased prevalence of heart failure and soaring readmission rates. Reducing burden of hospitalizations has therefore, been a focus of clinicians and researchers over the years. An improvement in clinical outcomes has been demonstrated in multiple trials investigating HF therapies, however, execution of guideline recommendations has been trailing. Over the past decade, 2 classes of hypoglycemic agents, the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors have been recognized for their cardiovascular morbidity and mortality benefits. Studies have shown that there has been a steady increase in prescription rates of these medications, however, overall usage remains quite low. Various patient, physician and system-based factors have been identified that cause barriers to translation of trial data to real-world clinical outcomes. A strategy focused on physician and patient education, quality improvement, multi-disciplinary team approach, and patient centered care is essential to meet treatment goals.

Subcutaneous gluteal abscess from Trichosporon asahii in an immunocompetent adult.

Fungal infections have been drastically increasing in incidence in recent years, preferentially affecting immunocompromised hosts and causing potentially fatal outcomes. One of the emerging fatal fungal pathogens is Trichosporon asahii, a non-Candida yeast that has been increasingly reported in recent years. Previous literature has described T. asahii as primarily affecting immunocompromised hosts, specifically those who are neutropenic, and causing fatal disseminated infections. Herein, we describe a case of an isolated subcutaneous abscess with T. asahii in an immunocompetent host without overlying skin manifestations or predisposing factors that resulted in complete mycotic cure when treated with voriconazole and terbinafine.

Implementation of Multiple Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies.

Despite the advancements in the management of heart failure, acute heart failure is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity. In light of the financial burden imposed by heart failure hospitalizations on the health care system, this area remains the focus of research, clinical advances, and policy changes aimed at improving the quality of care and outcomes. Despite practice guidelines, high-quality trial data, and consensus statements, barriers to therapy remain. The barriers related to physician, patient, economic, health care system, and logistical factors prevent widespread adoption of available therapeutics. In this review article, we outline guidelines directed therapies for heart failure, challenges associated with their implementation, and potential solutions to these challenges to help reduce mortality and improve clinical outcomes in this patient population.

Timing of Coronary Angiography in Patients Following Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Without ST-Segment Elevation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

INTRODUCTION: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has a poor prognosis. The timing and role of early coronary angiography (CAG) in OHCA patients without ST elevation remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared early CAG to delayed CAG in OHCA patients without ST elevation. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases (from inception to September 2021) for studies comparing early CAG to delayed CAG in OHCA patients without ST elevation. We used a random-effect model to calculate relative ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 30 days. Secondary outcomes included neurological status with cerebral performance category ≤2 (CPC) and the rate of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following CAG. RESULTS: A total of 6 RCTs including 1822 patients, of whom 895 underwent early CAG, and 927 underwent delayed CAG, were included in this meta-analysis. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of 30-day all-cause mortality (Relative risk [RR] 1.06; 95%CI 0.94-1.20; P = 0.32; I2 = 13%), neurological status (CPC ≤2) (RR 1.01; 95%CI 0.90-1.13; P = 0.85, I2 = 37%), and rates of PCI following CAG (RR 1.08; 95%CI 0.84-1.39; P = 0.56; I2 = 49%). CONCLUSION: In patients suffering OHCA without ST-elevation, early CAG is not associated with reduced 30-day mortality when compared to patients who underwent delayed CAG. Given our meta-analysis results including multiple trials that have not shown a benefit, it is likely that updated guidelines will not support early angiography in patients suffering OHCA without ST-elevation.

Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chronic Total Occlusions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a high prevalence of coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize outcomes after CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients without or with DM. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were queried for studies comparing non-DM vs. DM patients undergoing attempted CTO PCI. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at longest follow-up (at least 6 months). Secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) which is a composite endpoint including myocardial infarction, cardiac or all-cause mortality and any revascularization in patients after CTO PCI, target vessel revascularization (TVR), myocardial infarction (MI), Japanese chronic total occlusion (J-CTO) score and prevalence of multivessel (MV) CTO disease. We used a random effects model to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Sixteen studies, including 2 randomized control trials and 14 observational studies, met inclusion criteria. At longest follow-up, all-cause mortality (OR 0.54 [95% CI 0.37-0.80], p < 0.0001) and MACE (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.72-0.93], p < 0.00001) were significantly lower in non-DM CTO patients. MV CTO disease was less prevalent in patients without DM (OR 0.80 [95% CI 0.69-0.93], p = 0.004). However, there were no differences in MI, TVR and J-CTO score. CONCLUSIONS: Non-diabetics undergoing CTO PCI have lower all-cause mortality and MACE than diabetics. Future research may determine if DM control improves diabetics' CTO PCI outcomes.

A new dawn in internal medicine education curriculum-a project by the residents, with the residents, for the residents.

The academic half-day (AHD) curriculum is an alternative to the noon conference (NC) approach. To date, there is little literature evaluating the transition from NC to AHD in internal medicine residency programs. We investigated the effectiveness of AHD by comparing in-training exam (ITE) and American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) certifying exam scores of residents before and after implementation of AHD. In 2019, we transitioned to the AHD curriculum. Averages of three consecutive years of NC (2016-2018) and AHD (2019-2021) were used for statistical testing to determine ITE and ABIM score changes. The class of 2018 experienced both approaches. Cohen's d effect sizes were calculated to assess the magnitude of change in ITE and ABIM scores between NC (2016-2018) and AHD (2019-2021) cohorts. Residents' performance significantly improved (P < 0.05) on ABIM scores (513.80 ± 48.34) on average from 2019 to 2021 compared to ABIM scores (452.42 ± 49.72) on average from 2016 to 2018 with a large effect size of 1.27. Similarly, a significant (P = 0.005) improvement in ITE scores was observed from 2019 to 2021 with implementation of AHD compared to preceding NC scores (2016-2018) with a moderate effect size of 0.52. Participating residents in AHD sessions had higher ITE and ABIM scores compared to those in hourly NC didactic sessions with significantly improved resident attendance and overall satisfaction.

Transradial versus transfemoral approach for percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), transradial access (TRA) for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with less bleeding and mortality than transfemoral access (TFA). However, patients in cardiogenic shock (CS) are more often treated via TFA. The aim of this meta-analysis is to compare the safety and efficacy of TRA vs. TFA in CS. METHODS: Systematic review was performed querying PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and clinicaltrials.gov for studies comparing TRA to TFA in PCI for CS. Outcomes included in-hospital, 30-day and ≥1-year mortality, major and access site bleeding, TIMI3 (thrombolytics in myocardial infarction) flow, procedural success, fluoroscopy time, and contrast volume. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS: Six prospective and eight retrospective studies (TRA, n = 8032; TFA, n = 23 031) were identified. TRA was associated with lower in-hospital (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.52-0.66, P < 0.0001), 30-day and ≥1-year mortality, as well as less in-hospital major (RR 0.41, 0.31-0.56, P < 0.001) and access site bleeding (RR 0.42, 0.23-0.77, P = 0.005). There were no statistically significant differences in post-PCI coronary flow grade, procedural success, fluoroscopy time, and contrast volume between TRA vs. TFA. CONCLUSIONS: In PCI for STEMI with CS, TRA is associated with significantly lower mortality and bleeding complications than TFA while achieving similar TIMI3 flow and procedural success rates.