ABSTRACT
Locally advanced rectal cancer has traditionally been treated with multimodal therapy including neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection. More recent data suggests that in appropriate patients, total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT) makes it possible to adopt a "watch and wait" approach. Advocates for watch and wait argue that patients with a complete or near-complete clinical response to TNT have comparable overall and disease-free survival to their counterparts who undergo surgical resection, and also have a better quality of life, fewer complications, and potentially avoid a stoma. The dogma of surgery as regional curative intent therapy has been challenged by similar recurrence rates among those treated with total mesorectal excision (TME) and those treated with watch and wait. Furthermore, those who develop local recurrence in the watch and wait groups are equally salvageable, either by surgery, brachytherapy, or chemotherapy. While watch and wait is not appropriate in all patients, this manuscript highlights the benefits and drawbacks of both therapeutic modalities.