Single-molecule RNA in situ detection in clinical FFPE tissue sections by vsmCISH.

Although RNA plays a vital role in gene expression, it is less used as an in situ biomarker for clinical diagnostics than DNA and protein. This is mainly due to technical challenges caused by the low expression level and easy degradation of RNA molecules. To tackle this issue, methods that are sensitive and specific are needed. Here, we present an RNA single-molecule chromogenic in situ hybridization assay based on DNA probe proximity ligation and rolling circle amplification. When the DNA probes hybridize into close proximity to the RNA molecules, they form a V-shape structure and mediate the circularization of circle probes. Thus, our method was termed vsmCISH. We successfully applied our method to assess HER2 mRNA expression status in invasive breast cancer tissue and investigated the utility of albumin mRNA ISH for differentiating primary from metastatic liver cancer. The promising results on clinical samples indicate that our method has great potential for application in diagnosing diseases using RNA biomarkers.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts-secreted exosomal miR-92a-3p promotes tumor growth and stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway by suppressing AXIN1.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major cellular component in the tumor microenvironment and have been shown to exhibit protumorigenic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to delve into the mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting effects of CAFs in HCC. Small RNA sequencing was conducted to screen differential expressed microRNAs in exosomes derived from CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs). The miR-92a-3p expression was then measured using reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR in CAFs, NFs, CAFs-derived exosomes (CAFs-Exo), and NF-derived exosomes (NFs-Exo). Compared to NFs or NF-Exo, CAFs and CAFs-Exo significantly promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and stemness. Additionally, compared to NFs or NF-Exo, miR-92a-3p level was notably higher in CAFs and CAFs-Exo, respectively. Exosomal miR-92a-3p was found to enhance HCC cell proliferation, migration, and stemness. Meanwhile, AXIN1 was targeted by miR-92a-3p. Exosomal miR-92a-3p could activate ß-catenin/CD44 signaling in HCC cells by inhibiting AXIN1 messenger RNA. Furthermore, in vivo studies verified that exosomal miR-92a-3p notably promoted tumor growth and stemness through targeting AXIN1/ß-catenin axis. Collectively, CAFs secreted exosomal miR-92a-3p was capable of promoting growth and stemness in HCC through activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway by suppressing AXIN1. Therefore, targeting CAFs-derived miR-92a-3p may be a potential strategy for treating HCC.

Multianticoagulant Pseudothrombocytopenia in a Patient with Primary Carcinoma of the Liver with Hypersplenism.

BACKGROUND: Pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP) is a relatively rare phenomenon in vitro, the mechanism is not completely clear, and there is no unified solution for it. How to identify and solve PTCP accurately is a challenge for laboratory personnel. METHODS: According to the patient's clinical manifestations, thrombocytopenia caused by hypersplenism was excluded. PTCP was confirmed by platelet volume histograms, scattergrams and platelet clumps on the blood smears. Commonly used alternative anticoagulants such as sodium citrate or heparin were used for platelet counting. The corrective effect of the platelet count was not good, so non-anticoagulant blood was collected and tested immediately, and blood smears were used to count platelets manually. RESULTS: The PTCP of the patient could not be solved using sodium citrate and heparin anticoagulation. By collecting non-anticoagulant blood and testing immediately, the platelet count returned to normal (180 x 109/L), which is consistent with the results of manual counting on the patient's blood smears (175 x 109/L). CONCLUSIONS: When PTCP is confirmed, commonly used alternative anticoagulants can be used. If these do not work, non-anticoagulant blood can be collected and tested immediately, and blood smears can be used to count platelets manually.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Secondary to Treatment with Oxaliplatin Combined with Capecitabine for Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) is often secondary to some cytotoxic drugs or occurs after radiotherapy and immunosuppression therapy. As commonly used drugs in colorectal cancer chemotherapy, oxaliplatin and capecitabine have obvious cytotoxicity, which may also be an important factor causing t-AML. METHODS: In this study, we report the development of treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia in a pT4NIMO colorectal cancer patient after an approximate 16-month latency period following treatment with 6 cycles of oxali-platin (190 mg on Day 1) plus capecitabine (1.5 g orally twice daily on Days 1 - 14) in combination with recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment. The patient developed severe anemia with thrombocytopenia after treatment. After a peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy, the diagnosis of AML-M2a was confirmed. RESULTS: The patient was diagnosed with t-AML approximately 16 months after treatment. Our case illustrates the possibility of some cytotoxic drugs inducing t-AML after colorectal cancer treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that clinicians conduct long-term epidemiological follow-up and epidemiological investigations on patients treated with oxaliplatin and capecitabine. In addition, clinicians should carefully check the complete blood cell count on routine follow-ups and observe the morphological changes of white blood cells in peripheral blood smears, even for asymptomatic patients who have undergone chemotherapy. In this way, we can observe the possibility of its development into secondary leukemia.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate mitigates cadmium-induced intestinal damage through modulation of the microbiota-tryptophan-aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway.

Early studies have shown that the gut microbiota is a critical target during cadmium exposure. The prebiotic activity of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) plays an essential role in treating intestinal inflammation and damage. However, the exact intestinal barrier protection mechanism of EGCG against cadmium exposure remains unclear. In this experiment, four-week-old mice were exposed to cadmium (5 mg kg-1) for four weeks. Through 16 S rDNA analysis, we found that cadmium disrupted the gut microbiota and inhibited the indole metabolism pathway of tryptophan (TRP), which serves as the principal microbial production route for endogenous ligands to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Additionally, cadmium downregulated the intestinal AhR signaling pathway and harmed the intestinal barrier function. Treatment with EGCG (20 mg kg-1) and the AhR agonist 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ) (1 µg/d) significantly activated the AhR pathway and alleviated intestinal barrier injury. Notably, EGCG partially restored the gut microbiota and upregulated the TRP-indole metabolism pathway to increase the level of indole-related AhR agonists. Our findings demonstrate that cadmium dysregulates common gut microbiota to disrupt TRP metabolism, impairing the AhR signaling pathway and intestinal barrier. EGCG reduces cadmium-induced intestinal functional impairment by intervening in the intestinal microbiota to metabolize AhR agonists. This study offers insights into the toxic mechanisms of environmental cadmium and a potential mechanism to protect the intestinal barrier with EGCG.

Nomogram for predicting opioid-induced nausea and vomiting for cancer pain patients.

OBJECTIVE: Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting are frequently observed as an adverse effect in the treatment of cancer-related pain. The factors that affect OINV in cancer patients remain unclear. In this study, we developed a nomogram for predicting the occurrence of OINV in this population using retrospective clinical data. METHODS: We collected data from 416 cancer pain patients, 70% of whom used the training set to analyze demographic and clinical variables. We used multivariate logistic regression to identify significant factors associated with OINV. Then, we construct a prediction nomogram. The validation set comprises the remaining 30%. The reliability of the nomogram is evaluated by bootstrap resampling. RESULTS: Using multivariate logistic regression, we identified five significant factors associated with OINV. The C-index was 0.835 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.828-0.842) for the training set and 0.810 (95% CI, 0.793-0.826) for the validation set. The calibrated curves show a good agreement between the predicted and actual occurrence of OINV. CONCLUSION: In a retrospective study based on five saliency-found variables, we developed and proved a reliable nomogram model to predict OINV in cancer pain patients. Future prospective studies should assess the model's reliability and usefulness in clinical practice.

Bifunctional Compounds as Molecular Degraders for Integrin-Facilitated Targeted Protein Degradation.

As effective ways to regulate protein levels, targeted protein degradation technologies have attracted great attention in recent years. Here, we established a novel integrin-facilitated lysosomal degradation (IFLD) strategy to degrade extracellular and cell membrane proteins using bifunctional compounds as molecular degraders. By conjugation of a target protein-binding ligand with an integrin-recognition ligand, the resulting molecular degrader proved to be highly efficient to induce the internalization and subsequent degradation of extracellular or cell membrane proteins in an integrin- and lysosome-dependent manner. As demonstrated in the development of BMS-L1-RGD, which is an efficient programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) degrader validated both in vitro and in vivo, the IFLD strategy expands the toolbox for regulation of secreted and membrane-associated proteins and thus has great potential to be applied in chemical biology and drug discovery.

The KIDScore™ D3 scoring system contributes to the prediction of embryonic development potential: A promising tool for screening high-quality embryos.

Using the KIDScoreTM D3 (KID3) scoring system, day 3 embryos observed by time-lapse imaging (TLI) were scored to explore the predictive value of the KID scoring system on the developmental potential of embryos. The kinetic parameters of 477 normal fertilized embryos from 77 patients who underwent TLI in our hospital from January 2019 to June 2020 were evaluated by KID3, and the embryos were divided into five groups according to the scores for retrospective analysis of blastocyst formation. Additionally, the high-quality blastocyst formation rate, pregnancy rate and early abortion rate were analyzed via KID3 and traditional morphological assessments, and comparisons of differences among different ages were also performed. In the KID3 estimate, the blastocyst or high-quality blastocyst formation rate in the score 5 group was markedly higher than that in the score 1-4 groups. Blastocyst or high-quality blastocyst formation rates in the A group (the results of two evaluation tools indicated they were excellent embryos) and the B group (KID3: excellent embryos, traditional evaluation: not excellent embryos) were evidently increased in comparison with the C or D group (KID3: not excellent embryos, traditional evaluation: excellent embryo or not, respectively). Furthermore, the percentages of score 5 embryos, blastocyst and high-quality blastocyst formation rates for patients ≥ 35 years old were markedly decreased compared with those for patients < 34 years old, while the trends of nondiploid cleavage, multinucleation and asymmetric division were the opposite. Collectively, the KID3 scoring system may be a promising predictive tool for screening embryos with better developmental potential.

A novel pyrrole-imidazole polyamide targets Aurora kinase A and suppresses tumor growth in vivo.

Aurora kinase A (Aurora A) plays a critical role in regulating cell mitotic progression and has been considered as a promising drug target for cancer therapy. To develop a novel molecule targeting Aurora A with high selectivity and efficacy, we designed and synthesized a pyrrole-imidazole polyamide (PIP) Hoechst conjugate, PIP-Ht, targeting to a cell-cycle regulated DNA sequence locating at the promoter of human Aurora A gene (AURKA). PIP-Ht potently suppressed AURKA promoter activities, mRNA expression and protein level, induced tumor cell cycle delay and inhibited tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, subcutaneous injection of PIP-Ht into mice bearing human cancer xenografts induced significant tumor growth suppression and cell apoptosis. Collectively, PIP-Ht exhibits the potential as an effective therapeutic candidate for the tumor treatment.

Coibamide A kills cancer cells through inhibiting autophagy.

Natural products are useful tools for biological mechanism research and drug discovery. Due to the excellent tumor cell growth inhibitory profile and sub-nanomolar potency, Coibamide A (CA), an N-methyl-stabilized depsipeptide isolated from marine cyanobacterium, has been considered as a promising lead compound for cancer treatment. However, the molecular anti-cancer mechanism of the action of CA remains unclear. Here, we showed that CA treatment induced caspase-independent cell death in breast cancer cells. CA treatment also led to severe lysosome defects, which was ascribed to the impaired glycosylation of lysosome membrane protein LAMP1 and LAMP2. As a consequence, the autophagosome-lysosome fusion was blocked upon CA treatment. In addition, we presented evidence that this autophagy defect partially contributed to the CA treatment-induced tumor cell death. Together, our work uncovers a novel mechanism underlying the anti-cancer action of CA, which will promote its further application for cancer therapy.

Public transit use in the United States in the era of COVID-19: Transit riders' travel behavior in the COVID-19 impact and recovery period.

COVID-19 has upended travel across the world, disrupting commute patterns, mode choices, and public transit systems. In the United States, changes to transit service and reductions in passenger volume due to COVID-19 are lasting longer than originally anticipated. In this paper we examine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on individual travel behavior across the United States. We analyze mobility data from Janurary to December 2020 from a sample drawn from a nationwide smartphone-based panel curated by a private firm, Embee Mobile. We combine this with a survey that we administered to that sample in August 2020. Our analysis provides insight into travel patterns and the immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on transit riders. We investigate three questions. First, how do transit riders differ socio-demographically from non-riders? Second, how has the travel behavior of transit riders changed due to the pandemic in comparison to non-riders, controlling for other factors? And third, how has this travel behavior varied across different types of transit riders? The travel patterns of transit riders were more significantly disrupted by the pandemic than the travel of non-riders, as measured by the average weekly number of trips and distance traveled before and after the onset of the pandemic. This was calculated using GPS traces from panel member smartphones. Our survey of the panel revealed that of transit riders, 75% reported taking transit less since the pandemic, likely due to a combination of being affected by transit service changes, concerns about infection risk on transit, and trip reductions due to shelter-in-place rules. Less than 10 percent of transit riders in our sample reported that they were comfortable using transit despite COVID-19 infection risk, and were not affected by transit service reductions. Transit riders were also more likely to have changed their travel behavior in other ways, including reporting an increase in walking. However, lower-income transit riders were different from higher-income riders in that they had a significantly smaller reduction in the number of trips and distance traveled, suggesting that these lower-income households had less discretion over the amount of travel they carried out during the pandemic. These results have significant implications for understanding the way welfare has been affected for transportation-disadvantaged populations during the course of the pandemic, and insight into the recovery of U.S. transit systems. The evidence from this unique dataset helps us understand the future effects of the pandemic on transit riders in the United States, either in further recovery from the pandemic with the anticipated effects of mass vaccination, or in response to additional waves of COVID-19 and other pandemics.

Alcanivorax mobilis sp. nov., a new hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from deep-sea sediment.

A taxonomic study was carried out on strain MT13131T, which was isolated from deep-sea sediment of the Indian Ocean during the screening of oil-degrading bacteria. The chain length range of n-alkanes (C8 to C32) oxidized by strain MT13131T was determined in this study. The bacterium was Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive, single rod shaped, and motile by peritrichous flagella. Growth was observed at salinities of 1-12 % and at temperatures of 10-42 °C. The isolate was capable of Tween 20, 40 and 80 hydrolysis, but incapable of gelatin, cellulose or starch hydrolysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MT13131T belonged to the genus Alcanivorax, with highest sequence similarity to Alcanivorax marinus R8-12T (96.92 %), other species of genus Alcanivorax shared 92.96-96.69 % sequence similarity. The principal fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c/ω7c), summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c), C16 : 0 and C12 : 0 3OH. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA was 64.2 mol%. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, three aminolipids and three phospholipids were present. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data showed that strain MT13131T represents a novel species within the genus Alcanivorax, for which the name Alcanivorax mobilis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain MT13131T (=MCCC 1A11581T=KCTC 52985T).

The effect of buffalo CD14 shRNA on the gene expression of TLR4 signal pathway in buffalo monocyte/macrophages.

CD14 plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which interacts with TLR4 and MD-2 to enable cell activation, resulting in inflammation. Upstream inhibition of the inflammation pathway mediated by bacterial LPS, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and cluster of differentiation antigen 14 (CD14) was proven to be an effective therapeutic approach for attenuating harmful immune activation. To explore the effect of CD14 downregulation on the expression of TLR4 signaling pathway-related genes after LPS stimulation in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) monocyte/macrophages, effective CD14 shRNA sequences were screened using qRT-PCR and FACS analysis with buffalo CD14 shRNA lentiviral recombinant plasmids (pSicoRGFP-shRNA) and buffalo CD14 fusion expression plasmids (pDsRed-N1-buffalo CD14) co-transfected into HEK293T cells via liposomes. Of the tested shRNAs, shRNA-1041 revealed the highest knockdown efficiency (p < 0.01). When buffalo peripheral blood monocyte/macrophages were infected with shRNA-1041 lentivirus and stimulated with LPS, the expression of endogenous CD14 was significantly decreased by CD14 shRNA (p < 0.01), and the mRNA expression levels of TLR4, IL-6 and TNF-α were also significantly downregulated compared to the control groups (p < 0.01). These results demonstrated that the knockdown of endogenous CD14 had clear regulatory effects on the signal transduction of TLR4 after stimulation with LPS. These results may provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CD14 regulation in the development of several buffalo diseases.

Peptide composition analysis, structural characterization, and prediction of iron binding modes of small molecular weight peptides from mung bean.

Iron supplementation is a proactive approach to limit instances of iron deficiency anemia. This study is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis and fractionation of mung bean proteins (MBPs) followed by the determination of the Fe2+ chelating activities of these peptide-containing fractions. MBP-Fe complex was generated using a chemical chelation method and subsequently characterized. Following Sephadex G15 separation of MBPs, one of the fractions containing 10 different peptides, demonstrated maximum Fe2+ chelating activity of 39.97 ± 0.07 µg/mg. The sequences of these peptides were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The Fe2+ ion content of the MBP-Fe complex was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and 80% of the iron was found to be in Fe2+ oxidation state. After iron chelation, there was an increase in the peptide's particle size, with an average value of 550.67 ± 0.70 nm. This increase in size was attributed to the contributions of the amino proline and glycine, which extended the peptides to form the MBP-Fe complex. Finally, molecular docking studies revealed that Fe2+ mainly bound to carboxy-oxygen of glutamate and aspartate residues of mung bean peptides to form MBP-Fe complex. This research could serve as a scientific foundation for the development of dietary iron supplements using plant-derived peptides.

Improvement of in vivo iron bioavailability using mung bean peptide-ferrous chelate.

There is an increasing amount of research into the development of a third generation of iron supplementation using peptide-iron chelates. Peptides isolated from mung bean were chelated with ferrous iron (MBP-Fe) and tested as a supplement in mice suffering from iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). Mice were randomly divided into seven groups: a group fed the normal diet, the IDA model group, and IDA groups treated with inorganic iron (FeSO4), organic iron (ferrous bisglycinate, Gly-Fe), low-dose MBP-Fe(L-MBP-Fe), high-dose MBP-Fe(H-MBP-Fe), and MBP mixed with FeSO4 (MBP/Fe). The different iron supplements were fed for 28 days via intragastric administration. The results showed that MBP-Fe and MBP/Fe had ameliorative effects, restoring hemoglobin (HGB), red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), and serum iron (SI) levels as well as total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and body weight gain of the IDA mice to normal levels. Compared to the inorganic (FeSO4) and organic (Gly-Fe) iron treatments, the spleen coefficient and damage to liver and spleen tissues were significantly lower in the H-MBP-Fe and MBP/Fe mixture groups, with reparative effects on jejunal tissue. Gene expression analysis of the iron transporters Dmt 1 (Divalent metal transporter 1), Fpn 1 (Ferroportin 1), and Dcytb (Duodenal cytochrome b) indicated that MBP promoted iron uptake. These findings suggest that mung bean peptide-ferrous chelate has potential as a peptide-based dietary supplement for treating iron deficiency.

Construction of a bioelectrocatalytic system with bacterial surface displayed enzyme-nanomaterial hybrids.

To take advantage of the high specificity of enzymatic catalysis along with the high efficiency of electrochemical cofactor regeneration, a bacterial surface displayed enzyme-nanomaterial hybrid bioelectrocatalytic system is herein developed. A cofactor-dependent xylose reductase, capable of reducing xylose to xylitol, is displayed on the surface of Bacillus subtilis, followed by the attachment of copper nanomaterials via the binding of His-tagged enzyme with the nickel ion. This hybrid system can regenerate NADPH with a highest efficiency of 71.6% in 4 h without the usage of extra electron mediators, and 2.35 mM of xylitol can be synthesized after a series of optimization processes. This work opens up new possibilities for the construction and application of bioelectrocatalytic systems with enzyme-nanomaterial hybrids.

Polyethylenimine Triggers Dll4 Degradation to Regulate Angiogenesis In Vitro.

The Dll4-Notch signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of angiogenesis and is a promising therapeutic target for diseases associated with abnormal angiogenesis, such as cancer and ophthalmic diseases. Here, we find that polyethylenimine (PEI), a cationic polymer widely used as nucleic acid transfection reagents, can target the Notch ligand Dll4. By immunostaining and immunoblotting, we demonstrate that PEI significantly induces the clearance of cell-surface Dll4 and facilitates its degradation through the lysosomal pathway. As a result, the activation of Notch signaling in endothelial cells is effectively inhibited by PEI, as evidenced by the observed decrease in the generation of the activated form of Notch and expression of Notch target genes Hes1 and Hey1. Furthermore, through blocking Dll4-mediated Notch signaling, PEI treatment enhances angiogenesis in vitro. Together, our study reveals a novel biological effect of PEI and establishes a foundation for the development of a Dll4-targeted biomaterial for the treatment of angiogenesis-related disease.

An imidazole-derived polarity sensitive probe for lipid droplet target and in vivo tumor imaging.

Accurate differentiation of tumor cells from normal cells is a fundamental and critical challenge for the early diagnosis of cancer. The intrinsic low-polarity and increased numbers of lipid droplets can be utilized as potential biomarkers for tumor cells. Therefore, we synthesized and screened the polar fluorescent probe (PI-CHO), which exhibiting notable fluorescence color change and spectral shift in solvents of different polarities. PI-CHO has a high sensitivity to polarity changes in the linear range of ET(30) = 37.4-63.1, with a fluorescence enhancement of more than 474-folds. Intracellular imaging experiments showed that PI-CHO has low cytotoxicity, excellent lipid droplet-targeted performance and discernibility between tumor and normal cells. Ex vivo imaging of the tumors and major organs demonstrated the great reliability and sensitive responsiveness of PI-CHO towards tumors. Moreover, the proposed probe was successfully applied to detect tumors in living mice, exhibiting the potential to become a powerful tool in early cancer diagnosis.

Novel In Situ Hybridization Assay for Chromogenic Single-Molecule Detection of Human Papillomavirus E6/E7 mRNA.

RNA plays a vital role in the physiological and pathological processes of cells and tissues. However, RNA in situ hybridization applications in clinical diagnostics are still limited to a few examples. In this study, we developed a novel in situ hybridization assay for human papillomavirus (HPV) E6/E7 mRNA by taking advantage of specific padlock probing and rolling circle amplification, combined with chromogenic readout. We designed padlock probes for 14 types of high-risk HPV and demonstrated that E6/E7 mRNA could be visualized in situ as discrete dot-like signals using bright-field microscopy. Overall, the results are consistent with the clinical diagnostics lab's hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and p16 immunohistochemistry test results. Our work thus shows the potential applications of RNA in situ hybridization for clinical diagnostics using chromogenic single-molecule detection, offering an alternative technical option to the current commercially available kit based on branched DNA technology. IMPORTANCE In situ detection of viral mRNA expression in tissue samples is of great value for pathological diagnosis to access viral infection status. Unfortunately, conventional RNA in situ hybridization assays lack sensitivity and specificity for clinical diagnostic purposes. Currently, the commercially available branched DNA technology-based single-molecule RNA in situ detection method offers satisfactory results. Here, we present our padlock probe- and rolling circle amplification-based RNA in situ hybridization assay for detecting HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections, providing an alternative yet robust method for viral RNA in situ visualization that is also applicable to different types of diseases.

The antivirulence activity, transcriptomics of EGCG and its protective effects on zebrafish infected by Aeromonas hydrophila.

Background: Aeromonas hydrophila is an important pathogen that mainly harms aquatic animals and exhibits resistance to a variety of antibiotics. This study investigated the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the virulence factors of A.hydrophila and its impact on adhesion, invasion, and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. The potential mechanism of antibacterial activity of EGCG was investigated by transcriptomic analysis. Results: EGCG not only inhibited the production of biofilm, hemolytic activity, motility, and protease activity of A.hydrophila, but also reduced its adhesion, invasion, and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the antimicrobial activity of EGCG may be achieved by weakening the chemotaxis and stress response of the bacteria, as well as inhibiting the TonB system. Animal studies demonstrated that EGCG can significantly improve the survival rate and organs damage of zebrafish infected with A.hydrophila. Conclusion: EGCG would be a potential alternative drug for the prevention and treatment of A. hydrophila infections by anti-virulence mechanism.