Imaging the dynamics of messenger RNA with a bright and stable green fluorescent RNA.

Fluorescent RNAs (FRs) provide an attractive approach to visualizing RNAs in live cells. Although the color palette of FRs has been greatly expanded recently, a green FR with high cellular brightness and photostability is still highly desired. Here we develop a fluorogenic RNA aptamer, termed Okra, that can bind and activate the fluorophore ligand ACE to emit bright green fluorescence. Okra has an order of magnitude enhanced cellular brightness than currently available green FRs, allowing the robust imaging of messenger RNA in both live bacterial and mammalian cells. We further demonstrate the usefulness of Okra for time-resolved measurements of ACTB mRNA trafficking to stress granules, as well as live-cell dual-color superresolution imaging of RNA in combination with Pepper620, revealing nonuniform and distinct distributions of different RNAs throughout the granules. The favorable properties of Okra make it a versatile tool for the study of RNA dynamics and subcellular localization.

Engineering Triple-Phase Interfaces Enabled by Layered Double Perovskite Oxide for Boosting Polysulfide Redox Conversion.

The electrocatalytic conversion of polysulfides is crucial to lithium-sulfur batteries and mainly occurs at triple-phase interfaces (TPIs). However, the poor electrical conductivity of conventional transition metal oxides results in limited TPIs and inferior electrocatalytic performance. Herein, a TPI engineering approach comprising superior electrically conductive layered double perovskite PrBaCo2O5+δ (PBCO) is proposed as an electrocatalyst to boost the conversion of polysulfides. PBCO has superior electrical conductivity and enriched oxygen vacancies, effectively expanding the TPI to its entire surface. DFT calculation and in situ Raman spectroscopy manifest the electrocatalytic effect of PBCO, proving the critical role of enhanced electrical conductivity of this electrocatalyst. PBCO-based Li-S batteries exhibit an impressive reversible capacity of 612 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 1.0 C with a capacity fading rate of 0.067% per cycle. This work reveals the mechanism of the enriched TPI approach and provides novel insight into designing new catalysts for high-performance Li-S batteries.

Stabilizing Few-Atom Platinum Clusters by Zinc Single-Atom-Glue for Efficient Anti-Markovnikov Alkene Hydrosilylation.

Few-atom metal clusters (FAMCs) exhibit superior performance in catalyzing complex molecular transformations due to their special spatial environments and electronic states, compared to single-atom catalysts (SACs). However, achieving the efficient and accurate synthesis of FAMCs while avoiding the formation of other species, such as nanoparticles and SACs, still remains challenges. Herein, we report a two-step strategy for synthesis of few-atom platinum (Pt) clusters by predeposition of zinc single-atom-glue (Zn1) on MgO nanosheets (Ptn-Zn1/MgO), where FAMCs can be obtained over a wide range of Pt contents (0.09 to 1.45 wt %). Zn atoms can act as Lewis acidic sites to allow electron transfer between Zn and Pt through bridging O atoms, which play a crucial role in the formation and stabilization of few-atom Pt clusters. Ptn-Zn1/MgO exhibited a high selectivity of 93 % for anti-Markovnikov alkene hydrosilylation. Moreover, an excellent activity with a turnover frequency of up to 1.6×104 h-1 can be achieved, exceeding most of the reported Pt SACs. Further theoretical studies revealed that the Pt atoms in Ptn-Zn1/MgO possess moderate steric hindrance, which enables high selectivity and activity for hydrosilylation. This work presents some guidelines for utilizing atomic-scale species to increase the synthesis efficiency and precision of FAMCs.

Carboxymethyl starch as a solid dispersion carrier to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of piperine and 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the applicability of carboxymethyl starch (CMS) as a carrier to prepare solid dispersions (SDs) of piperine (PIP) and 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid (ß-GA) (PIP-CMS and ß-GA-CMS SDs) and to explore the influence of drug properties on carrier selection. SIGNIFICANCE: The low oral bioavailability of natural therapeutic molecules, including PIP and ß-GA, severely restricts their pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, CMS, a natural polymer, is rarely reported as a carrier for SDs. METHODS: PIP-CMS and ß-GA-CMS SDs were prepared using the solvent evaporation method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for formulation characterization. Additionally, drug release characteristics were investigated. RESULTS: In vitro dissolution studies showed that the dissolutions of PIP-CMS and ß-GA-CMS SDs were 1.90-2.04 and 1.97-2.22 times higher than pure PIP and ß-GA, respectively, at a drug:polymer ratio of 1:6. DSC, XRPD, FT-IR, and SEM analyses confirmed the formation of SDs in their amorphous states. Significant improvements in Cmax and AUC0-24 h of PIP-CMS and ß-GA-CMS SDs (17.51 ± 8.15 µg/mL and 210.28 ± 117.13 µg·h/mL, respectively) and (32.17 ± 9.45 µg/mL and 165.36 ± 38.75 µg·h/mL, respectively) were observed in the pharmacokinetic study. Compared with weakly acidic ß-GA, loading weakly basic PIP seemed to have a profound effect on stability through intermolecular forces. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed CMS could be a promising carrier for SDs, and loading weakly basic drug may be more suitable, especially in binary SDs system.

Sodium hyaluronates applied in the face affects the diversity of skin microbiota in healthy people.

OBJECTIVE: A healthy and stable microbiome has many beneficial effects on the host, while an unbalanced or disordered microbiome can lead to various skin diseases. Hyaluronic acid is widely used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries; however, specific reports on its effect on the skin microflora of healthy people have not been published. This study aimed to determine the effect of sodium hyaluronate on the facial microflora of healthy individuals. METHODS: Face of 20 healthy female volunteers between 18 and 24 years was smeared with sodium hyaluronate solution once per day. Cotton swabs were used to retrieve samples on days 0, 14, and 28, and high-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA was used to determine the changes in bacterial community composition. RESULTS: Facial application of HA can reduce the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, such as Cutibacterium and S. aureus, and increase the colonization of beneficial bacteria. CONCLUSION: This is the first intuitive report to demonstrate the effect of hyaluronic acid on facial microflora in healthy people. Accordingly, sodium hyaluronate was found to have a positive effect on facial skin health.

Mangrove forest: An important coastal ecosystem to intercept river microplastics.

The research on transportation of river microplastics (MPs) mainly focuses on the estimations of the total contents of river MPs entering the ocean, while the related transportation processes and influence factors were still largely unknown. In our study, the role of mangrove forest, a special tropical ecosystem in the estuary, on the transportations of MPs from rivers to ocean was explored. Except for the ND river with the absence of mangrove forest, the MPs collected from the water sample of the river upstream were much higher than their corresponding downstream (p < 0.05), with the interception rate of riverine MPs by mangrove forests ranging from 12.86% to 56% in dry season and 10.57%-42% in rainy season. The MPs with the characteristics of high density, larger size and regular shape were more easily intercepted. Furthermore, the combined effects of ecological indicators, the properties of mangrove and the hydrodynamic factors jointly determined the interception rates of MPs. This study provides a new perspective and data support for quantifying mangrove forests intercepting MPs in rivers as a factor of MPs retention in global rivers.

Impact of Urbanization on Antibiotic Resistome in Different Microplastics: Evidence from a Large-Scale Whole River Analysis.

Microplastics (MPs) are becoming ubiquitous in environments and viewed as carriers of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Rivers connecting differently urbanized areas contribute a significant input of MPs and ARGs to the environment. However, a systematic study assessing the role of urbanization in shaping antibiotic resistome and mobilome in riverine MPs is lacking. Here, we conducted a large-scale study by placing five types of MPs (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene-fiber, and polyethylene-fiber-polyethylene) into Beilun River with an urbanization gradient. A total of 314 ARGs and 57 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected in MPs by high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The ARGs in MPs showed a clear spatial distribution with the abundance increased by 2 orders of magnitude from rural to urban regions. A holistic analysis of 13 socioeconomic and environmental factors identified that urbanization predominantly contributed to both the abundance and potential MGE-mediated dissemination of ARGs in riverine MPs. Notably, MPs types were found to significantly affect the resistome and dissemination risk of ARGs, with polypropylene being the preferred substrates to acquire and spread ARGs. This work highlights the necessity of controlling MPs and ARGs pollution in urban areas and provides an important guide for the future usage and disposal of plastics.

Gomisin J inhibits the glioma progression by inducing apoptosis and reducing HKII-regulated glycolysis.

Glioma is a leading cause of central nervous system malignant tumor-associated deaths in the world. However, the molecular mechanisms for glioma progression are still unclear, lacking effective therapeutic strategies. Gomisin J (GomJ) is a derivative of lignan compound, and shows regulatory effects on virus, oxidative stress and tumor progression. However, the role of GomJ in the meditation of glioma progression has not been explored. In this study, we found that GomJ markedly reduced the proliferation of glioma cell lines. Mitochondrial apoptosis was highly induced by GomJ, as evidenced by the significantly up-regulated expression of cytoplastic Cyto-c and cleaved Caspase-3. In addition, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and oxidative stress were highly triggered in GomJ-incubated glioma cells, accompanied with the glycolysis suppression. Importantly, we found that GomJ could dramatically reduce the expression of hexokinase II (HKII) in glioma cells. At the same time, the dissociation of HKII from voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in mitochondria was markedly induced by GomJ, contributing to glycolytic repression. The in vivo experiments confirmed that GomJ obviously reduced the growth of glioma with HKII reduction and few side effects. Taken together, these results demonstrated that GomJ could inhibit the proliferation, induce apoptosis and restrain HKII-regulated glycolysis during glioma progression. Herein, GomJ with few toxicity might be served as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of glioma in humans.

Underestimated Microplastic Pollution Derived from Fishery Activities and "Hidden" in Deep Sediment.

Fishery activities are an important source of microplastic pollution in coastal areas but have received little attention. The Beibu Gulf, a traditional fishing ground of China and the China-Indo Peninsula, was selected in this study, and the focus was on the impacts of fishery activities on the horizontal distribution of microplastics in sediment. The results showed that the dominant contaminants (polypropylene fibers and polyethylene fibers) might originate from the abrasion of fishing gear and contributed to 61.6% of the total abundance of microplastics in surface sediment. The abundance of polypropylene fibers and polyethylene fibers exhibited a strong correlation (R2 = 0.8586, p = 0.015) with values of fishery yields of different districts, which highlighted the effects of different fishery activities on microplastic contamination in marine sediment. Microplastics could be "hidden" in deep sediment to a depth of 60 cm. The estimated storage of microplastics in deep sediment (185 tons) was 5 times that in surface sediment. The assessment of microplastic storage worldwide might be underestimated because most previous studies only examined surface sediment. The abundance distribution and size distribution of microplastics in the sediment core suggested long-term burial of microplastics in deep sediment. Bioturbation might be responsible for the vertical transport of microplastics, leading to "fresh microplastics" preservation in "old sediment".

The implications of water extractable organic matter (WEOM) on the sorption of typical parent, alkyl and N/O/S-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by microplastics.

Microplastics sorption of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was the core processes that cause negative effects to biota, and their influencing factors and related mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we explored the impacts of water extractable organic matter (WEOM), an important source of endogenous dissolved organic matter in mangrove sediment, on the sorption coefficients of typical parent, alkyl and N/O/S-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by microplastics. The presence of L-WEOM (D) impeded the PAHs sorption as the coefficients (Kf) decreased to 10.17 (µg/kg)/(µg/L)n and to 8.39 (µg/kg)/(µg/L)n for fluorene (Flu) and 1-methyl-fluorene (1-M-Flu), respectively. The Kf exhibited good linear relationships with the aliphaticity of L-WEOM (p < 0.05) rather than the aromatic carbon/alkyl carbon content (p > 0.05). Under the presences of L-WEOM (D), (S) and (K), the lone pair electrons of N/O/S-containing PAHs was the dominant factor contributing to the obvious difference of the Kf values from the other groups. Moreover, the largest impact of L-WEOM (D) on the Flu sorption was in the case of PVC microplastics, while almost no effect was in the case of PS microplastics. The findings of our work may be helpful in improving our understanding of the role of WEOM on the sorption of PAHs to microplastics in the field mangrove sediment.

Effects of flooding and aging on phytoremediation of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments by Kandelia obovata seedlings.

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of flooding and aging on the phytoremediation of naphthalene (Nap), anthracene (Ant) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in mangrove sediment by Kandelia obovata (K. obovata) Druce seedlings. Flooding increased dissipation efficiency in the rhizosphere zone from 69.47% to 82.45%, 64.27% to 80.41%, and 61.55% to 78.31% for Nap, Ant and B[a]P, respectively. Aging decreased dissipation efficiency significantly. Further investigation demonstrated that increased enzyme activity was one of important factors for increasing PAHs dissipation rates in flooded mangrove sediments. Moreover, a novel method for in situ quantitative investigation of PAHs distribution in root tissues was established using microscopic fluorescence spectra analysis. Subsequently, the effects of flooding and aging on the distribution of PAHs in root tissues were evaluated using this established method. The order of bioavailable fractions of PAHs after phytoremediation was as follows: non-aging/non-flooding>flooding>aging.

Size effects of microplastics on antibiotic resistome and core microbiome in an urban river.

Microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments provide a new ecological niche that facilitates the attachment of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) and pathogens. However, the effect of particle size on the colonization of antibiotic resistomes and pathogens remains poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, this study explored the antibiotic resistome and core microbiome on three distinct types of MPs including polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene (PS), with varying sizes of 30, 200, and 3000 µm by metagenomic sequencing. Our finding showed that the ARG abundances of the PS type increased by 4-folds with increasing particle size from 30 to 3000 µm, and significant differences in ARG profiles were found across the three MP types. In addition, the concentrations of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were markedly higher in the MPs than in the surrounding water, indicating their enrichment at these artificial interfaces. Notably, several pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Legionella pneumophila were enriched in MP biofilms, and the co-occurrence of ARGs and virulence factor genes (VFGs)/MGEs suggested the presence of pathogenic antibiotic-resistant microbes with potential mobility. Both redundancy analysis (RDA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated that physicochemical properties such as zeta potential, MP size, and contact angle were the most significant contributors to the antibiotic resistome. Strikingly, no significant differences were observed in the health risk scores of the ARG profiles among different sizes and types of MPs. This study expands our knowledge on the impact of MP size on microbial risks, thus enhancing our understanding of the potential health hazards they pose.

New materials-based on gelatin coordinated with zirconium or aluminum for ecological retanning.

Ecological retanning agent is an effective way to solve the pollution source of leather manufacturing industry. In this study, the gelatin from chrome-containing leather shavings in the leather industry was used to realize sustainable leather post-tanning. The gelatin hydrolysate (GH) coordinated with Zr4+ or Al3+ to prepare eco-friendly retanning agents GH-Zr and GH-Al. The successful coordination between GH and metal ions was characterized by FTIR and XPS. The retanning agents were characterized by FTIR curve-fitting and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The results showed that the conformation of the secondary structure of the polypeptide became ordered and stable after coordinating with the metal ions. The particle size and weight average molecular weight of the retanning agents were ~1700 nm and ~2100, respectively, measured by nanoparticle size analyzer and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The retanning agents were applied to retanning of chrome tanned leather and glutaraldehyde tanned leather. The abundant free amino from retanning agents can consume the free formaldehyde. Meanwhile, retanning agents can effectively improve the multiple binding sites, resulting in favorable thickening rate (>110 %) and excellent dye and fatliquor absorption rate with ~99.91 % and ~93.18 %. Thus, this strategy can provide a viable choice for solid leather waste and sustainable development of the leather industry.

A powerful method for In Situ and rapid detection of trace nanoplastics in water-Mie scattering.

The pervasive presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in environmental media has raised significant concerns regarding their implications for environmental safety and human health. However, owing to their tiny size and low level in the environment, there is still a lack of effective methods for measuring the amount of NPs. Leveraging the principles of Mie scattering, a novel approach for rapid in situ quantitative detection of small NPs in low concentrations in water has been developed. A limit of detection of 4.2 µg/L for in situ quantitative detection of polystyrene microspheres as small as 25 nm was achieved, and satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations were obtained. The results of three self-ground NPs showed that the method can quantitatively detect the concentration of NPs in a mixture of different particle sizes. The satisfactory recoveries (82.4% to 110.3%) of the self-ground NPs verified the good anti-interference ability of the method. The total concentrations of the NPs in the five brands of commercial bottled water were 0.07 to 0.39 µg/L, which were directly detected by the method. The proposed method presents a potential approach for conducting in situ and real-time environmental risk assessments of NPs on human and ecosystem health in actual water environments.

Insight into the role of niche concept in deciphering the ecological drivers of MPs-associated bacterial communities in mangrove forest.

Myriad inherent and variable environmental features are controlling the assembly and succession of bacterial communities colonizing on mangrove microplastics (MPs). However, the mechanisms governing mangrove MPs-associated bacterial responses to environmental changes still remain unknown. Here, we assessed the dissimilarities of MPs-associated bacterial composition, diversity and functionality as well as quantified the niche variations of each taxon on plastispheres along river-mangrove-ocean and mangrove landward-to-seaward gradients in the Beibu Gulf, China, respectively. The bacterial richness and diversity as well as the niche breadth on mangrove sedimentary MPs dramatically decreased from landward to seaward regions. Characterizing the niche variations linked the difference of ecological drivers of MPs-associated bacterial populations and functions between river-mangrove-ocean (microplastic properties) and mangrove landward-to-seaward plastispheres (sediment physicochemical properties) to the trade-offs between selective stress exerted by inherent plastic substrates and microbial competitive stress imposed by environmental conditions. Notably, Rhodococcus erythropolis was predicted to be the generalist species and closely associated to biogeochemical cycles of mangrove plastispheres. Our work provides a reliable pathway for tackling the hidden mechanisms of environmental factors driving MPs-associated microbe from perspectives of niches and highlights the spatial dynamic variations of mangrove MPs-associated bacteria.

Secreted salt and hydrodynamic factors combine to affect dynamic fluctuations of microplastics on mangrove leaves.

Mangrove leaves have been acknowledged as crucial sink for coastal microplastics (MPs). Whereas, the temporal dynamics of MPs intercepted by mangrove leaves have remained poorly understood. Here, we detected MPs intercepted by submerged and non-submerged mangrove leaves over time and the potential driving factors. Abundance and characteristics of MPs interception by mangrove leaves exhibited dynamic fluctuations, with the coefficient of variation (CV) of submerged mangrove leaves (CV = 0.604; 1.76 n/g to 15.45 n/g) being approximately twofold higher than non-submerged mangrove leaves (CV = 0.377; 0.74 n/g to 3.28 n/g). Partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) analysis further illustrated that MPs abundance on submerged mangrove leaves were negative correlated to hydrodynamic factors (i.e., current velocity and tidal range). Intriguingly, secreted salt as a significantly driver of MPs intercepted by mangrove leaves. Results of this work highlights that MPs intercepted by mangrove leaves is characterized by dynamic fluctuations and reveals the importance of hydrodynamic factors and secreted salt. Overall, this work identifies the pivotal buffering role played by mangrove leaves in intercepting MPs, which provides basic knowledge for better understanding of microplastic pollution status and control from mangrove plants.

Comparison of the Correlations of Microbial Community and Volatile Compounds between Pit-Mud and Fermented Grains of Compound-Flavor Baijiu.

The microbial composition and volatile components of fermented grains (FG) and pit mud (PM) are crucial for the quality and flavor of compound-flavor baijiu (CFB). The physicochemical indices, culturable microorganisms, microbial communities, and volatile components of FG and PM were analyzed and correlated in our research. Considering FG and PM, amplicon sequencing was used to analyze the microbial community and the volatile components were detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME). For FG, redundancy analysis and correlation perfume Circos were used to clarify the correlations between the dominant microbial community and volatile components. The results showed that Aspergillus, Pichia, and Rhizopus were the main fungal microflora in FG and PM, whereas Lactobacillus and Bacillus were the dominant bacteria in FG, and Methanosarcina and Clostridium sensu stricto 12 were the dominant bacteria in the PM. The microbial community and volatile compounds in the CB sampled from the bottom layers of the FG were greatly affected by those in the PM. There were 32 common volatile components in CB and PM. For FG, most of the volatile components were highly correlated with Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Aspergillus, Pichia, and Monascus, which includes alcohols, acids and esters. This study reveals correlations between microbial composition, volatile components, and the interplay of FG and PM, which are conducive to optimizing the fermentation process and improving the quality of CFB base.

Distinct microplastics abundance variation in root-associated sediments revealed the underestimation of mangrove microplastics pollution.

Mangrove sediment is acknowledged as the critical sink of microplastics (MPs). However, the potential effect of mangrove root systems on the MPs migration in sediment remains largely unknown. Here, our study characterized the spatial distribution of MPs trapped in root hair, rhizosphere, and non-rhizosphere zones, and analyzed their correlations with physicochemical properties of sediments. The significantly increased MPs abundances toward root systems shed light on the distinct effect on the migration of MPs exerted by mangrove root systems. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis revealed that pore water content and pH influenced the abundances of different MP characteristics (shape, color, size, and type) and further promoted the accumulation of MPs toward the root systems. In different mangrove areas from landward to seaward, other sediment properties (median grain size, clay content, and salinity) also controlled MP distribution. Additionally, smaller-sized MPs (<1000 µm) were more easily transported to the root systems. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering root systems effect when investigating the mechanisms of MPs distribution and migration in mangrove sediments.

Role of mangrove forest in interception of microplastics (MPs): Challenges, progress, and prospects.

Mangroves receive microplastics (MPs) from terrestrial, marine and atmospheric sources, acting as a huge filter for environmental MPs between land and sea. Due to the high primary production and complex hydrodynamic conditions in mangroves, MPs are extensively intercepted in various ways while flowing through mangroves, leading to a long-standing but fiercely increasing MPs accumulation. However, current researches mainly focused on the occurrence, source and fate of MPs pollution in mangroves, ignoring the role of mangrove forests in the interception of MPs. Our study firstly demonstrates that mangrove ecosystems have significantly greater MPs interception capacity than their surrounding environments. Then, the current status of studies related to the interception of MPs in mangrove ecosystems is comprehensively reviewed, with the main focus on the interception process and mechanisms. At last, the most pressing shortcomings of current research are highlighted regarding the intercepted flux, interception mechanisms, retention time and ecological risks of MPs in mangrove ecosystems and the relevant future perspectives are provided. This review is expected to emphasize the critical role of mangrove forests in the interception of MPs and provide the foundational knowledge for evaluating the MPs interception effect of mangrove forests globally.

Selective enrichments for color microplastics loading of marine lipophilic phycotoxins.

Microplastics (MPs) and marine lipophilic phycotoxins (MLPs) are two classes of emerging contaminants. Together, they may exacerbate the negative impacts on nearshore marine ecosystems. Herein, the loading of 14 representative MLPs, closely related to toxin-producing algae, on MPs and their relations with colorful MPs have been explored for the first time based on both field and lab data. The objectives of our study are to explore the roles of multiple factors (waterborne MLPs and MP characteristics) in the loading of MLPs by MPs with the applications of various statistical means, and to further explore the role of the color of MP in the loading of specific MLPs through lab simulation experiments. Our results demonstrated that MPs color determined the loading of some specific MLPs on MPs and green MPs can load much more than other colorful fractions (p < 0.05). These interesting phenomena illustrated that the color effects on the loading processes of MLPs on MPs are a dynamic process, and it can be well explained by the shading effect of MP color, which may affect the growth and metabolism of the attached toxic-producing algae on MPs and hence the production of specific MLPs. Furthermore, loading of MLPs on MPs can be considered as the comprehensive physicochemical and biological processes. Our results caution us that special attention should be paid to explore the real-time dynamic color shading effects on all kinds of bio-secreted contaminants loading on MPs, and highlight the necessary to comprehensive investigate the interaction between biota, organic contaminants and MPs.