Sequence-Intrinsic Mechanisms that Target AID Mutational Outcomes on Antibody Genes.

In activated B lymphocytes, AID initiates antibody variable (V) exon somatic hypermutation (SHM) for affinity maturation in germinal centers (GCs) and IgH switch (S) region DNA breaks (DSBs) for class-switch recombination (CSR). To resolve long-standing questions, we have developed an in vivo assay to study AID targeting of passenger sequences replacing a V exon. First, we find AID targets SHM hotspots within V exon and S region passengers at similar frequencies and that the normal SHM process frequently generates deletions, indicating that SHM and CSR employ the same mechanism. Second, AID mutates targets in diverse non-Ig passengers in GC B cells at levels similar to those of V exons, definitively establishing the V exon location as "privileged" for SHM. Finally, Peyer's patch GC B cells generate a reservoir of V exons that are highly mutated before selection for affinity maturation. We discuss the implications of these findings for harnessing antibody diversification mechanisms.

Kidney-brain axis in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment.

The kidney-brain axis is a bidirectional communication network connecting the kidneys and the brain, potentially affected by inflammation, uremic toxin, vascular injury, neuronal degeneration, and so on, leading to a range of diseases. Numerous studies emphasize the disruptions of the kidney-brain axis may contribute to the high morbidity of neurological disorders, such as cognitive impairment (CI) in the natural course of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although the pathophysiology of the kidney-brain axis has not been fully elucidated, epidemiological data indicate that patients at all stages of CKD have a higher risk of developing CI compared with the general population. In contrast to other reviews, we mentioned some commonly used medicines in CKD that may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CI. Revealing the pathophysiology interactions between kidney damage and brain function can reduce the potential risk of future CI. This review will deeply explore the characteristics, indicators, and potential pathophysiological mechanisms of CKD-related CI. It will provide a theoretical basis for identifying CI that progresses during CKD and ultimately prevents and treats CKD-related CI.

Serine protease inhibitor E2 protects against cartilage tissue destruction and inflammation in osteoarthritis by targeting NF-κB signaling.

OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease characterized by cartilage degeneration and inflammation, with no approved disease-modifying drugs. This study aimed to identify pathogenic genes and elucidate their mechanism in OA. METHODS: We systematically identified pathogenic genes combined sing-cell and bulk transcriptome profiles of cartilage tissues in OA. Adenovirus carrying the serpin peptidase inhibitor clade E member 2 (serpinE2) or exogenous serpinE2 was injected into monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA-model rats. Histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and Alcian blue staining were performed. In vitro, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blot assays were performed. RESULTS: SerpinE2 exhibited elevated expression and hypomethylation, showing a positive association with collagen pathway activities in patients with OA. Silencing serpinE2 aggravated MIA-induced knee cartilage degeneration in OA-model rats. Conversely, the intra-articular injection of exogenous serpinE2 ameliorated articular cartilage degeneration, reduced pain-related behavioral responses, and relieve synovitis in MIA-induced OA-model rats. Exogenous serpinE2 not only attenuated the elevation of NLRP3, IL-1ß, and caspase1 expression levels but also restored the reduction in cell viability induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in chondrocytes. Mechanistically, we found that exogenous serpinE2 inhibited LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and NF-κB signalling activation. CONCLUSIONS: SerpinE2 plays a protective role in cartilage and synovium tissues, suggesting that serpinE2 gene transfer or molecules that upregulate serpinE2 expression could be therapeutic candidates for OA.

Dosimetric comparison of advanced radiation techniques for scalp-sparing in low-grade gliomas.

BACKGROUND: Alopecia causes significant distress for patients and negatively impacts quality of life for low-grade glioma (LGG) patients. We aimed to compare and evaluate variations in dose distribution for scalp-sparing in LGG patients with proton therapy and photon therapy, namely intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and helical tomotherapy (HT). METHODS: This retrospective study utilized a dataset comprising imaging data from 22 patients with LGG who underwent postoperative radiotherapy. Treatment plans were generated for each patient with scalp-optimized (SO) approaches and scalp-non-optimized (SNO) approaches using proton techniques and photons techniques; all plans adhered to the same dose constraint of delivering a total radiation dose of 54.04 Gy to the target volume. All treatment plans were subsequently analyzed. RESULTS: All the plans generated in this study met the dose constraints for the target volume and OARs. The SO plans resulted in reduced maximum scalp dose (Dmax), mean scalp dose (Dmean), and volume of the scalp receiving 30 Gy (V30) and 40 Gy (V40) compared with SNO plans in all radiation techniques. Among all radiation techniques, the IMPT plans exhibited superior performance compared to other plans for dose homogeneity as for SO plans. Also, IMPT showed lower values for Dmean and Dmax than all photon radiation techniques. CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence that the SO approach is a feasible technique for reducing scalp radiation dose. However, it is imperative to conduct prospective trials to assess the benefits associated with this approach.

Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility box protein regulates T lymphocytes exhaustion in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients often experience CD8+ T lymphocytes exhaustion, which plays a crucial role in the development of MDS. However, the specific role of thymocyte selection-associated high mobility box protein (TOX) in the CD8+ T lymphocytes exhaustion in MDS patients remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of TOX in CD8+ T lymphocytes exhaustion in patients with MDS. The expression of TOX, inhibitory receptors (IRs), and functional molecules in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of MDS patients and normal controls were detected using flow cytometry. Lentiviral transduction was used to create stable TOX-knockdown CD8+ T lymphocytes, and small interfering RNA (si-RNA) was used to knock down TOX in Jurkat cells. The expression of TOX was found to be significantly higher in CD8+ T lymphocytes of MDS patients compared to normal controls. This was associated with upregulated IRs and reduced expression of functional molecules such as Granzyme and Perforin. Myelodysplastic syndromes patients with higher TOX expression had poor clinical indicators and shorter survival. Knockdown of TOX using sh-RNA partially reverses the exhausted phenotype and enhances the lethality of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Moreover, the knockdown of TOX using si-RNA in Jurkat cells improved cell proliferation activity, down-regulated IRs and activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. TOX promotes the exhaustion of CD8+ T lymphocytes by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and targeted inhibition of TOX could partially restore the effector functions and activity of CD8+ T lymphocytes.

Increased ferroptosis of erythrocytes is associated with myelodysplastic syndromes.

Anemia is the most common symptom in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Programmed cell death of erythrocytes is one of the contributing factors to anemia. Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of iron-dependent cell death. The aim of this study is to investigate whether anemia in MDS patients is associated with ferroptosis of nucleated erythrocytes(NEs).We detected lipid peroxidation levels, Fe2+ contents, cell death rates, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in bone marrow CD235a+ NEs of MDS patients. Expression levels of ferroptosis-related molecules (ACSL4, GPX4, and SLC7A11) were evaluated through qRT-PCR and Western Blotting. Correlation between these markers and clinical parameters were analyzed. To further substantiate that the mode of cell death with CD235a+ NEs of MDS patients was attributed to the ferroptosis pathway, we applied Fer-1 to inhibit ferroptosis. Cell viability was assessed using CCK8, and changes in ferroptosis-related indicators were simultaneously evaluated. We discover that the ferroptosis level of bone marrow NEs in MDS patients was increased, which is related to anemia and iron overload. Ferroptosis might be one of the causes of anemia in MDS patients.

A nomogram model for predicting the efficacy of cyclosporine in patients with pure red cell aplasia.

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a rare bone marrow disorder characterized by a severe reduction or absence of erythroid precursor cells, without affecting granulocytes and megakaryocytes. Immunosuppressive therapies, particularly cyclosporine, have demonstrated efficacy as a primary treatment. This study aims to develop a predictive model for assessing the efficacy of cyclosporine in acquired PRCA (aPRCA). This retrospective study encompasses newly treated aPRCA patients at the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University. Diagnosis criteria include severe anemia, and absolute reticulocyte count below 10 × 109/L, with normal white blood cell and platelet counts, and a severe reduction in bone marrow erythroblasts. Cyclosporine therapy was administered, with dose adjustments based on blood concentration. Response to cyclosporine was evaluated according to established criteria. Statistical analysis involved logistic multi-factor regression, generating a predictive model. The study included 112 aPRCA patients with a median age of 63.5 years. Patients presented with severe anemia (median Hb, 56 g/L) and reduced reticulocyte levels. Eighty-six patients had no bone marrow nucleated erythroblasts. Primary PRCA accounted for 62 cases (55.4%), and secondary PRCA accounted for 50 cases (44.6%). Univariate analysis revealed that ferritin, platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and CD4/CD8 ratio influenced treatment response. Multivariate analysis further supported the predictive value of these factors. A prediction model was constructed using ferritin, PLR, and CD4/CD8 ratio, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity. The ferritin, PLR, and CD4/CD8-based nomogram showed good predictive ability for aPRCA response to cyclosporine. This model has potential clinical value for individualized diagnosis and treatment of aPRCA patients.

Phospholipid Type Regulates Protein Corona Composition and In Vivo Performance of Lipid Nanodiscs.

Over the years, there has been significant interest in PEGylated lipid-based nanocarriers within the drug delivery field. The inevitable interplay between the nanocarriers and plasma protein plays a pivotal role in their in vivo biological fate. Understanding the factors influencing lipid-based nanocarrier and protein corona interactions is of paramount importance in the design and clinical translation of these nanocarriers. Herein, discoid-shaped lipid nanodiscs (sNDs) composed of different phospholipids with varied lipid tails and head groups were fabricated. We investigated the impact of phospholipid components on the interaction between sNDs and serum proteins, particle stability, and biodistribution. The results showed that all of these lipid nanodiscs remained stable over a 15 day storage period, while their stability in the blood serum demonstrated significant differences. The sND composed of POPG exhibited the least stability due to its potent complement activation capability, resulting in rapid blood clearance. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the complement activation capability and serum stability was identified. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution experiments indicated that phospholipid composition did not influence the capability of sNDs to evade the accelerated blood clearance phenomenon. Complement deposition on the sND was inversely associated with the area under the curve. Additionally, all lipid nanodiscs exhibited dominant adsorption of apolipoprotein. Remarkably, the POPC-based lipid nanodisc displayed a significantly higher deposition of apolipoprotein E, contributing to an obvious brain distribution, which provides a promising tool for brain-targeted drug delivery.

Isothiazolinone Disrupts Reproductive Endocrinology by Targeting the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling.

The unintended exposure of humans and animals to isothiazolinones has led to an increasing concern regarding their health hazards. Isothiazolinones were previously found to disrupt reproductive endocrine homeostasis. However, the long-term reproductive toxicity and underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this study, life-cycle exposure of medaka to dichlorocthylisothiazolinone (DCOIT), a representative isothiazolinone, significantly stimulated the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR)-mediated synthesis of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the brain. Chem-Seq and proteome analyses revealed disturbances in the G-protein-coupled receptor, MAPK, and Ca2+ signaling cascades by DCOIT. The G protein αi subunit was identified as the binding target of DCOIT. Gαi bound by DCOIT had an enhanced affinity for the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, consequently changing Ca2+ subcellular compartmentalization. Stimulation of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum and blockage of Ca2+ uptake into the mitochondria resulted in a considerably higher cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, which then activated the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK to dysregulate hormone synthesis. Overall, by comprehensively integrating in vivo, ex vivo, in silico, and in vitro evidence, this study proposes a new mode of endocrine disrupting toxicity based on isothiazolinones, which is expected to aid the risk assessment of the chemical library and favor the mechanism-driven design of safer alternatives.

New methods for resolution of hydroxychloroquine by forming diastereomeric salt and adding chiral mobile phase agent on RP-HPLC.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), 2-([4-([7-Chloro-4-quinolyl]amino)pentyl]ethylamino)ethanol, exhibited significant biological activity, while its side effects cannot be overlooked. The RP-HPLC enantio-separation was investigated for cost-effective and convenient optical purity analysis of HCQ. The thermodynamic resolution of Rac-HCQ, driven by enthalpy and entropy, was achieved on the C18 column using Carboxymethyl-ß-cyclodextrin (CM-ß-CD) as the chiral mobile phase agent (CMPA). The effects of CCM-ß-CD, pH, and triethylamine (TEA) V% on the enantio-separation process were explored. Under the optimum conditions at 24°C, the retention times for the two enantiomers were t R 1 = 29.39 min $$ {t}_{R1}=29.39\ \min $$ and t R 2 = 32.42 min $$ {t}_{R2}=32.42\ \min $$ , resulting in R s = 1.87 $$ {R}_s=1.87 $$ . The resolution via diastereomeric salt formation of Rac-HCQ was developed to obtain the active pharmaceutical ingredient of single enantiomer S-HCQ. Di-p-Anisoyl-L-Tartaric Acid (L-DATA) was proved effective as the resolution agent for Rac-HCQ. Surprisingly, it was found that refluxing time was a key fact affecting the resolution efficiency, which meant the kinetic dominate during the process of the resolution. Four factors-solvent volume, refluxing time, filtration temperature, and molar ratio-were optimized using the single-factor method and the response surface method. Two cubic models were established, and the reliability was subsequently verified. Under the optimal conditions, the less soluble salt of 2L-DATA:S-HCQ was obtained with a yield of 96.9% and optical purity of 63.0%. The optical purity of this less soluble salt increases to 99.0% with a yield of 74.2% after three rounds recrystallization.

Analysis of factors associated with needlestick injuries of clinical nurses by applying a human factor analysis and classification system: A nationwide cross-sectional survey.

AIMS: This study aims to investigate the current situation of needlestick injuries (NSIs) of clinical nurses and identify associated factors by using the theoretical framework of the human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS). DESIGN: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted. METHODS: Multi-stage sampling was used to investigate 3336 nurses in 14 Chinese hospitals. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were employed to reveal the rate of NSIs and their associated factors. RESULTS: A total of 970 nurses (29.1%) reported having experienced at least one NSI in the past year. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that good hospital safety climate and clinical nurses in intensive care unit (ICU) and emergency department had protective effects against NSIs compared with nurses in internal medicine department. The nurse, senior nurse, and nurse in charge have significantly increased the risk for NSIs compared with the associate chief nurse or above. Patients with poor vision but wearing glasses and poor vision but not wearing glasses were more prone to have NSIs. Working in the operating room compared with internal medicine, average weekly working time of >45 h compared with ≤40 h and poor general health led to increased risk of NSIs. CONCLUSION: The rate of NSIs in clinical nurses was high in China. Individual factors including professional title, department, visual acuity and general mental health and organisational factors including weekly working hours and hospital safety atmosphere were significantly correlated with the occurrence of NSIs. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nursing managers should focused on physical and psychological conditions of clinical nurses, and organisational support is required to enhance the hospital safety atmosphere. NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Contributions from patients or the public are irrelevant because this study aims to explore current situation and factors associated with NSIs in clinical nurses.

Hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of l-theanine and epigallocatechin gallate combined intervention in alcoholic fatty liver rats.

BACKGROUND: Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcoholic fatty liver, posing substantial health risks. l-Theanine (LTA) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in tea exert antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. However, the combined effects of LTA and EGCG on rats with alcoholic fatty liver, and the underlying mechanisms of such effects, remain unclear. In this study, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed with alcohol for 6 weeks to induce alcoholic fatty liver. Subsequently, for another 6 weeks, the rats were administered LTA (200 mg kg-1 day-1), EGCG (200 mg kg-1 day-1), or a combination of LTA with EGCG (40 mg kg-1 day-1 l-Thea +160 mg kg-1 day-1 EGCG), respectively. RESULTS: The combined use of LTA and EGCG for alcoholic fatty liver disease had more significant effects than their individual administration. This combination reduced the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as the levels of hepatic triglyceride (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rats. The combined intervention also increased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activity. Reductions in hepatic fat accumulation and inflammatory responses were observed. The mechanism underlying these effects primarily involved the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and the alleviation of lipid peroxidation through the downregulation of the mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, SREBP1c, and CYP2E1 and the upregulation of the mRNA and protein expression of ADH1, ALDH2, Lipin-1, PPARαPPARα, AMPK, and PGC-1α, thereby promoting the oxidative decomposition of fatty acids and reducing the synthesis of cholesterol and glucose. CONCLUSION: l-Theanine and EGCG appear to be able to alleviate alcoholic fatty liver by modulating lipid metabolism and ameliorating oxidative stress, indicating their potential as natural active ingredients in anti-alcoholic fatty liver food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

[Clinical phenotype and genetic characteristics of a Chinese pedigree affected with Spastic paraplegia type 5A].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical phenotype and genetic characteristics of a Chinese pedigree affected with Spastic paraplegia type 5A (SPG5A). METHODS: A pedigree suspected for Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) at Henan Children's Hospital on August 15 2022 was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the pedigree was collected. Peripheral blood samples were collected from members of the pedigree. Following extraction of genomic DNA, trio-WGS was carried out, and candidate variant was verified by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS: The child, a 1-year-old boy, had presented with microcephaly, hairy face and dorsal side of distal extremities and trunk, intellectual and motor development delay, increased muscle tone of lower limbs, hyperreflexes of bilateral knee tendons, and positive pathological signs. His parents and sister both had normal phenotypes. Trio-WGS revealed that the child has harbored a homozygous c.1250G>A (p.Arg417His) variant of the CYP7B1 gene, for which his mother was heterozygous, the father and sister were of the wild type. The variant was determined to have originated from maternal uniparental disomy (UPD). The result of Sanger sequencing was in keeping with the that of trio-WGS. SPG5A due to maternal UPD of chromosome 8 was unreported previously. CONCLUSION: The child was diagnosed with SPG5A, a complex type of HSP, for which the homozygous c.1250G>A variant of the CYP7B1 gene derived from maternal UPD may be accountable.

A de novo low-frequency mosaic variant of KIF1A causes hereditary spastic paraplegia: A literature review.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis and inheritance pattern of a Chinese Han family with hereditary spastic paraplegia and to retrospectively analyze the characteristics of KIF1A gene variants and related clinical manifestations. METHODS: High-throughput whole-exome sequencing was performed on members of a Chinese Han family with a clinical diagnosis of hereditary spastic paraplegia, and the sequencing results were validated by Sanger sequencing. Deep high-throughput sequencing was performed on subjects with suspected mosaic variants. The previously reported pathogenic variant loci of the KIF1A gene with complete data were collected, and the clinical manifestations and characteristics of the pathogenic KIF1A gene variant were analyzed. RESULTS: A pathogenic heterozygous variant located in the neck coil of the KIF1A gene (c.1139G>C, p.Arg380Pro) was identified in the proband and four additional members of the family. It was derived from the de novo low-frequency somatic-gonadal mosaicism of the proband's grandmother and had a rate of 10.95%. INTERPRETATION: This study helps us to better understand the pathogenic mode and characteristics of mosaic variants, and to understand the location and clinical characteristics of pathogenic variants in KIF1A.

Alpha-2-macroglobulin is involved in the occurrence of early-onset pre-eclampsia via its negative impact on uterine spiral artery remodeling and placental angiogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity/mortality during pregnancy, and alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) is associated with inflammatory signaling; however, the pathophysiological mechanism by which A2M is involved in PE development is not yet understood. METHODS: Human placenta samples, serum, and corresponding clinical data of the participants were collected to study the pathophysiologic mechanism underlying PE. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were intravenously injected with an adenovirus vector carrying A2M via the tail vein on gestational day (GD) 8.5. Human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMCs), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with A2M-expressing adenovirus vectors. RESULTS: In this study, we demonstrated that A2M levels were significantly increased in PE patient serum, uterine spiral arteries, and feto-placental vasculature. The A2M-overexpression rat model closely mimicked the characteristics of PE (i.e., hypertension in mid-to-late gestation, histological and ultrastructural signs of renal damage, proteinuria, and fetal growth restriction). Compared to the normal group, A2M overexpression significantly enhanced uterine artery vascular resistance and impaired uterine spiral artery remodeling in both pregnant women with early-onset PE and in pregnant rats. We found that A2M overexpression was positively associated with HUASMC proliferation and negatively correlated with cell apoptosis. In addition, the results demonstrated that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFß1) signaling regulated the effects of A2M on vascular muscle cell proliferation described above. Meanwhile, A2M overexpression regressed rat placental vascularization and reduced the expression of angiogenesis-related genes. In addition, A2M overexpression reduced HUVEC migration, filopodia number/length, and tube formation. Furthermore, HIF-1α expression was positively related to A2M, and the secretion of sFLT-1 and PIGF of placental origin was closely related to PE during pregnancy or A2M overexpression in rats. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that gestational A2M overexpression can be considered a contributing factor leading to PE, causing detective uterine spiral artery remodeling and aberrant placental vascularization.

High TOX expression on CD8+ T cells in pure red cell aplasia.

Thymocyte selection-associated high-mobility group box protein (TOX) is an important molecule regulating the development and exhaustion of T lymphocytes. Our aim is to investigate the role of TOX in the immune pathogenesis of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). TOX expression of CD8+ lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of patients with PRCA was detected by flow cytometry. Additionally, the expression of immune checkpoint molecules PD1 and LAG3 and cytotoxic molecules perforin and granzyme B of CD8+ lymphocytes was measured. The quantity of CD4+CD25+CD127low T cells was analyzed. TOX expression on CD8+ T lymphocytes in PRCA patients was significantly increased (40.73 [Formula: see text] 16.03 vs. 28.38 [Formula: see text] 12.20). The expression levels of PD1 and LAG3 on CD8+ T lymphocytes in PCRA patients were significantly higher than those in the control group (34.18 [Formula: see text] 13.26 vs. 21.76 [Formula: see text] 9.22 and 14.17 [Formula: see text] 13.74 vs. 7.24 [Formula: see text] 5.44, respectively). The levels of perforin and granzyme in CD8+ T lymphocytes of PRCA patients were 48.60 [Formula: see text] 19.02 and 46.66 [Formula: see text] 25.49, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the control group (31.46 [Formula: see text] 7.82 and 16.17 [Formula: see text] 4.84, respectively). The number of CD4+CD25+CD127low Treg cells in PRCA patients was significantly decreased (4.30 [Formula: see text] 1.27 vs. 1.75 [Formula: see text] 1.22). In PRCA patients, CD8+ T cells were activated and exhibited overexpression of TOX, PD1, LAG3, perforin, and granzyme B, while regulatory T cells decreased. These findings suggest that T cell abnormality plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PRCA.

An active domain SA-2 derived from cystatin-SA, and its antifungal activity.

Infections induced by fungi, especially the drug-resistant fungi, are difficult clinical problems. Conventional antifungal treatment is effective but due to resistance, treatment failure, and treatment-related toxicity, there is a need for new antifungal drugs. In this study, SA-2 (YYRRLLRVLRRRW) was derived from Cystatin-SA, a saliva protein with a molecular weight of 14 kDa. Meanwhile, the structure-activity of SA-2 and its mutants was also studied. We detected the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of SA-2 and found that SA-2 had a low cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells but a good inhibitory effect on Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans), with MIC values of 16-64 µg/mL and 8-32 µg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, SA-2 effectively killed fluconazole-resistant C. neoformans and C. albicans within 12 h. This antifungal activity against fluconazole-resistant fungi was comparable to that of amphotericin B. In addition, the C. neoformans-infected mice model was established to evaluate the anti-infective activity of SA-2 in vivo. Results showed that SA-2 significantly reduced the counts of fungi in lung and brain tissues to protect fluconazole-resistant C. neoformans-infected mice from death without changing mice body weights. Moreover, the dramatically increased pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1ß induced by intranasal infection of C. neoformans could be obviously declined due to the treatment of SA-2, which may be attributed to the elimination of C. neoformans in time in the infected tissue. For the mode of actions underlying SA-2 against C. neoformans, we found that the cationic peptide SA-2 could adhere to the negatively charged fungal cell membrane to increase the surface potential of C. neoformans in a dose-dependent manner, and finally disrupted the integrity of fungal cell membrane, reflecting as a 60% positive rate of propidium iodide uptake of C. neoformans cells after SA-2 (4 × MIC) treatment. Our study indicated that SA-2 has the potential to develop as a new therapeutic agent against infection induced by drug-resistant fungi.

A reversible and ratiometric fluorescent probe based on rhodol derivative with an ESIPT unit for monitoring copper ion content and in situ evaluation of related drugs in cells.

The amount of copper ions in the environment has an immediate effect on ecology and food safety, Menkes syndrome and Wilson's disease cause accumulation and deficiency of copper ions in the body, respectively, and neurodegenerative diseases are also closely related to copper ion levels. However, the current copper ion detection technology has a high cost, complex operation, and other disadvantages. In this study, a ratiometric fluorescent probe (RB-DH) was rationally constructed to detect copper ions by coupling benzothiazole to rhodol derivatives. It can be used to determine copper ion concentrations in water samples, agricultural products, cells, and zebrafish. Importantly, due to the reversible response of RB-DH to copper ions, the fluctuation of intracellular copper ion content during the release of copper ion-related drugs (Copper gluconate and D-penicillamine) was successfully monitored with RB-DH for the first time. This study demonstrates RB-DH's potential application in the evaluation of related drug release effects and serves as a guide for the establishment of portable detection techniques for other important substances.

The value of combined detailed first-trimester ultrasound-biochemical analysis for screening fetal aneuploidy in the era of non-invasive prenatal testing.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the performance, cost-effectiveness and additional findings of combined detailed ultrasound and biochemical screening for risks of major fetal trisomies in the first-trimester. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis study, we estimated the risk of trisomies 21, 18 and 13 based on maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency thickness, nasal bone, ductus venosus pulsatility index velocity, tricuspid regurgitation, fetal heart rate, free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in singleton pregnant women, and performed non-invasive prenatal testing for women with risks of trisomy 21 between 1:500 and 1:300. Invasive diagnostic testing was performed for women with positive or failed non-invasive prenatal testing result and in the high-risk group of this screening method. The direct costs were compared between this strategy and the non-invasive prenatal testing which alone used as first-line screening for all pregnant women. RESULTS: Among 25,155 singleton pregnant women who underwent screening, 24,361 were available for analysis, of these, 194 cases underwent non-invasive prenatal testing. Among the 24,361 women, 39, 19, and 7 had trisomies 21, 18 and 13, respectively. The use of this strategy could potentially detect approximately 94.87% of trisomy 21 cases, 100% of trisomy 18 cases, and 100% of trisomy 13 cases, with false-positive rates of 2.49%, 0.41%, and 0.49%, respectively. The overall detection rate and overall false-positive rates were 96.92% and 2.52%, respectively. The detection rate was 100% in the advanced age group and 94.12% in the general age group. Additionally, structural abnormalities were detected in 137 fetuses, and 44 fetuses had other chromosomal abnormalities. The total cost of this strategy was $3,730,843.30, and the cost per person tested was $153.15. The total cost of using non-invasive prenatal testing as the first-line strategy would be $6,813,387.04 and the cost per person tested was $279.68. CONCLUSIONS: Our strategy is an efficient and cost-effective approach for detecting major trisomies and identifying more fetuses with a potential abnormality. Therefore, this strategy is a valuable screening method and highly feasible in the clinical setting.

Nearshore Depth Estimation Using Fine-Resolution Remote Sensing of Ocean Surface Waves.

In the field of water depth inversion using imagery, the commonly used methods are based on water reflectance and wave extraction. Among these methods, the Optical Bathymetry Method (OBM) is significantly influenced by bottom sediment and climate, while the wave method requires a specific study area. This study introduces a method combining the FFT and spatial profile measurement to invert the wavelength of the wave bathymetry method (WBM), which enhances accuracy and reduces workload. The method was applied to remote sensing images of Sanya Bay in China, obtained from the Worldview satellite. The average error of the inverted depth results after applying the wavelength inversion technique was 15.9%, demonstrating consistency with the depth measurements obtained through the OBM in clear water of the bay. The WBM has notable advantages over the OBM, as it is unaffected by water quality. In addition, the influence of wave period on the accuracy of water depth retrieval was theoretically evaluated, revealing that a larger wave period leads to a better depth measurement. The depth measurement from two images with different wave periods aligned with the theoretical analysis. These results showcase the applicability and potential of the WBM for accurately estimating water depth in various coastal environments.