ABSTRACT
Trichoderma harzianum T4 is a soil fungus that plays an important role in the biological control of plant diseases. The aim of this study was to functionally characterize the ß-1,6-glucanase gene Neg1 in T. harzianum T4 and to investigate the effect of its overexpression on biocontrol traits, especially antagonism against pathogenic fungi. We found that overexpression of Neg1 did not affect growth of T. harzianum but enhanced sporulation of T. harzianum T4 cultures. Generally, spores are closely related to the defense ability of defense fungi and can assist their proliferation and improve their colonization ability. Secondly, overexpression of Neg1 also increased the secretion level of various hydrolytic enzymes and enhanced the antagonistic ability against phytopathogenic fungi of Fusarium spp. The results suggest that Neg1 is a key gene for improving the biocontrol effect of T. harzianum T4, which contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of T. harzianum T4 as a fungal biocontrol agent.
Subject(s)
Antibiosis , Fusarium , Plant Diseases , Spores, Fungal , Plant Diseases/microbiology , Plant Diseases/prevention & control , Fusarium/genetics , Fusarium/physiology , Spores, Fungal/growth & development , Fungal Proteins/genetics , Fungal Proteins/metabolism , Hypocreales/genetics , Hypocreales/metabolism , Pest Control, Biological , Biological Control Agents/metabolism , Trichoderma/genetics , Trichoderma/physiology , Trichoderma/metabolismABSTRACT
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pharmacologic intervention do not always achieve benefits in the treatment of acute/subacute non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). We assessed efficacy and safety of acupuncture for acute/subacute NSLBP as alternative treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Epistemonikos, CNKI, Wan Fang Database, VIP database, CBMLD, CSTJ, clinical trials, EUCTR, World WHO ICTRP, and ChiCTR for randomized controlled trials, cross-over studies, and cohort studies of NSLBP treated by acupuncture versus oral medication from inception to 23th April 2022. A total of 6 784 records were identified, and 14 studies were included 1 263 participants in this review. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that acupuncture therapy was slightly more effective than oral medication in improving pain (P < 0.00001, I2 = 92%, MD = -1.17, 95% CI [-1.61, -0.72]). According to the results of the meta-analysis, acupuncture therapy exhibited a significant advantage over oral medication with a substantial effect (P < 0.00001, I2 = 90%, SMD = -1.42, 95% CI [-2.22, -0.62]). Based on the results of the meta-analysis, acupuncture therapy was associated with a 12% improvement rate compared to oral medication in patients with acute/subacute NSLBP (P < 0.0001, I2 = 54%, RR = 1.11, 95% CI [1.05, 1.18]). Acupuncture is more effective and safer than oral medication in treating acute/subacute NSLBP. This systematic review is poised to offer valuable guidance to clinicians treating acute/subacute NSLBP and potentially benefit the afflicted patients. REGISTRATION: This review was registered in PROSPERO ( http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero ) with registration number CRD42021278346.
Subject(s)
Acupuncture Therapy , Low Back Pain , Humans , Low Back Pain/drug therapy , Low Back Pain/therapy , Acupuncture Therapy/methods , Administration, Oral , Acute Pain/drug therapy , Acute Pain/therapy , Treatment Outcome , Analgesics/therapeutic use , Analgesics/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Calreticulin (CALR) is a multifunctional protein that participates in various cellular processes, which include calcium homeostasis, cell adhesion, protein folding, and cancer progression. However, the role of CALR in breast cancer (BC) is unclear. Here, we report that CALR is overexpressed in BC compared with normal tissue, and its expression is correlated with patient mortality and stemness indices. CALR expression was increased in mammosphere cultures, CD24-CD44+ cells, and aldehyde dehydrogenase-expressing cells, which are enriched for breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Additionally, CALR knockdown led to BCSC depletion, which impaired tumor initiation and metastasis and enhanced chemosensitivity in vivo. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays revealed that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) directly activated CALR transcription in hypoxic BC cells. CALR expression was correlated with Wnt/ß-catenin pathway activation, and an activator of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling abrogated the inhibitory effect of CALR knockdown on mammosphere formation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CALR facilitates BC progression by promoting the BCSC phenotype through Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in an HIF-1-dependent manner and suggest that CALR may represent a target for BC therapy.
Subject(s)
Calreticulin/metabolism , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism , Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism , Aldehyde Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Breast/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/physiopathology , Carcinogenesis/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics , Disease Progression , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects , Female , Gene Expression/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics , Humans , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1/genetics , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1/metabolism , Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics , Neoplastic Stem Cells/physiology , Wnt Signaling Pathway/physiology , beta Catenin/metabolismABSTRACT
Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease with an enigmatic pathogenesis. This work explored the function of hsa_circ_0005991 in ovarian endometriosis. High-throughput RNA-Seq was conducted in five matched ectopic (EC) and eutopic (EU) samples. Further, several types of cell function experiments were conducted. According to bioinformatics analysis, a competing endogenous RNA network was established. It included 5 circRNAs, 13 miRNAs, and 551 mRNAs. The expression levels of hsa_circ_0005991 and Cdc42EP1 were significantly elevated, while miR-30b-3p was reduced in the EC group. Upregulation of hsa_circ_0005991 raised Cdc42EP1 levels, induced EMT, and boosted Ishikawa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. hsa_circ_0005991 knockdown indicated the opposite effects. When co-transfected with miR-30b-3p mimics or inhibitors, these effects could be reversed, respectively. Western blot assays showed alterations of EMT markers in EC samples. hsa_circ_0005991/miR-30b-3p/Cdc42EP1 axis promotes the EMT process in endometriosis, which may offer a theoretical foundation for the mechanism exploration and therapy of this disease.
Subject(s)
Endometriosis , MicroRNAs , Female , Humans , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/genetics , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Endometriosis/genetics , Endometriosis/metabolism , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , MicroRNAs/genetics , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Ovary/metabolism , RNA, Circular/geneticsABSTRACT
Multiple time-series graphs are commonly used for data visualisation, but few scholars have investigated the impact of graphical attributes on decision-making efficiency. This study explores the effects of graphical attributes of varying redundancy conditions on decision-making efficiency. Two experimental conditions were developed for the experiment: non-redundant (independent graphical attributes: colour, linear and marker) and redundant (combinations of two and more graphical attributes: colour and linear, colour and marker, etc.). A total of 60 people took part in both experiments and performed two tasks: maximisation and discrimination. The experiments revealed that the addition of attributes, such as colour, marker or linear, decreased response time (RT), but the combination of colour & linear & marker increased RT. This is more significant in discrimination tasks. We provide empirical evidence for the design of time-series data visualisations and encourage the combination of two of these graphical attributes, such as colour & linear, colour & marker or linear & marker, when conditions allow, to improve decision-making efficiency.
Few scholars have studied the impact of graphical attributes on decision-making efficiency in data visualisation. This study explores the effect of graphical attributes with different redundancy levels on decision-making efficiency through behavioural experiments. It has been found that moderately redundant graphical attributes in difficult tasks can significantly improve decision-making efficiency.
ABSTRACT
Zinc metal-based aqueous batteries (ZABs) offer a sustainable, affordable, and safe energy storage alternative to lithium, yet inevitable dendrite formation impedes their wide use, especially under long-term and high-rate cycles. How the battery can survive after dendrite formation remains an open question. Here, we pivot from conventional Zn dendrite growth suppression strategies, introducing proactive dendrite-digesting chemistry via a mesoporous Ti3C2 MXene (MesoTi3C2)-wrapped polypropylene separator. Spectroscopic characterizations and electrochemical evaluation demonstrate that MesoTi3C2, acting as an oxidant, can revive the formed dead Zn0 dendrites into electroactive Zn2+ ions through a spontaneous redox process. Density functional theory reveals that the abundant edge-Ti-O sites in our MesoTi3C2 facilitate high oxidizability and electron transfer from Zn0 dendrites compared to their in-plane counterparts. The resultant asymmetrical cell demonstrates remarkable ultralong cycle life of 2200 h at a practical current of 5 mA cm-2 with a low overpotential (<50 mV). The study reveals the unexpected edge effect of mesoporous MXenes and uncovers a new proactive dendrite-digesting chemistry to survive ZABs, albeit with inevitable dendrite formation.
ABSTRACT
Mild hypothermia is proven neuroprotective in clinical practice. While hypothermia leads to the decrease of global protein synthesis rate, it upregulates a small subset of protein including RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3). In this study, we treated mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a) with mild hypothermia before oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and discovered the decrease of apoptosis rate, down-regulation of apoptosis-associated protein and enhancement of cell viability. Overexpression of RBM3 via plasmid exerted similar effect while silencing RBM3 by siRNAs partially reversed the protective effect exerted by mild hypothermia pretreatment. The protein level of Reticulon 3(RTN3), a downstream gene of RBM3, also increased after mild hypothermia pretreatment. Silencing RTN3 weakened the protective effect of mild hypothermia pretreatment or RBM3 overexpression. Also, the protein level of autophagy gene LC3B increased after OGD/R or RBM3 overexpression while silencing RTN3 decreased this trend. Furthermore, immunofluorescence observed enhanced fluorescence signal of LC3B and RTN3 as well as a large number of overlaps after RBM3 overexpressing. In conclusion, RBM3 plays a cellular protective role by regulating apoptosis and viability via its downstream gene RTN3 in the hypothermia OGD/R cell model and autophagy may participate in it.
Subject(s)
Hypothermia , Animals , Mice , Apoptosis , Cryopreservation/methods , Glucose , Hypothermia/genetics , Hypothermia/metabolism , Oxygen/metabolism , RNA-Binding Motifs , RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Tinnitus is a hearing disorder that is characterized by the perception of sounds in the absence of an external source. Currently, there is no pharmaceutical cure for tinnitus, however, multiple therapies and interventions have been developed that improve or control associated distress and anxiety. We propose a new Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm as a digital prognostic health system that models electroencephalographic (EEG) data in order to predict patients' responses to tinnitus therapies. The EEG data was collected from patients prior to treatment and 3-months following a sound-based therapy. Feature selection techniques were utilised to identify predictive EEG variables with the best accuracy. The patients' EEG features from both the frequency and functional connectivity domains were entered as inputs that carry knowledge extracted from EEG into AI algorithms for training and predicting therapy outcomes. The AI models differentiated the patients' outcomes into either therapy responder or non-responder, as defined by their Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI) scores, with accuracies ranging from 98%-100%. Our findings demonstrate the potential use of AI, including deep learning, for predicting therapy outcomes in tinnitus. The research suggests an optimal configuration of the EEG sensors that are involved in measuring brain functional changes in response to tinnitus treatments. It identified which EEG electrodes are the most informative sensors and how the EEG frequency and functional connectivity can better classify patients into the responder and non-responder groups. This has potential for real-time monitoring of patient therapy outcomes at home.
Subject(s)
Deep Learning , Tinnitus , Humans , Tinnitus/diagnosis , Tinnitus/therapy , Artificial Intelligence , Treatment Outcome , ElectroencephalographyABSTRACT
Upregulation of the neuropeptide neurotensin (NTS) in a subgroup of lung cancers has been linked to poor prognosis. However, the regulatory pathway centered on NTS in lung cancer remains unclear. Here we identified the NTS-specific enhancer in lung adenocarcinoma cells. The AF4/FMR2 (AFF) family protein AFF1 occupies the NTS enhancer and inhibits NTS transcription. Clustering analysis of lung adenocarcinoma gene expression data demonstrated that NTS expression is highly positively correlated with the expression of the oncogenic factor CPS1. Detailed analyses demonstrated that the IL6 pathway antagonizes NTS in regulating CPS1. Thus, our analyses revealed a novel NTS-centered regulatory axis, consisting of AFF1 as a master transcription suppressor and IL6 as an antagonist in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics , Carbamoyl-Phosphate Synthase (Ammonia)/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Interleukin-6/genetics , Neurotensin/genetics , Transcriptional Elongation Factors/genetics , A549 Cells , Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology , Cell Proliferation/genetics , Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics , Female , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics , Humans , Male , Prognosis , Signal Transduction/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Acupuncture has promising effects on chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), but high-quality evidence is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term efficacy of acupuncture for CP/CPPS. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03213938). SETTING: Ten tertiary hospitals in China. PARTICIPANTS: Men with moderate to severe CP/CPPS, regardless of prior exposure to acupuncture. INTERVENTION: Twenty sessions of acupuncture or sham acupuncture over 8 weeks, with 24-week follow-up after treatment. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was the proportion of responders, defined as participants who achieved a clinically important reduction of at least 6 points from baseline on the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index at weeks 8 and 32. Ascertainment of sustained efficacy required the between-group difference to be statistically significant at both time points. RESULTS: A total of 440 men (220 in each group) were recruited. At week 8, the proportions of responders were 60.6% (95% CI, 53.7% to 67.1%) in the acupuncture group and 36.8% (CI, 30.4% to 43.7%) in the sham acupuncture group (adjusted difference, 21.6 percentage points [CI, 12.8 to 30.4 percentage points]; adjusted odds ratio, 2.6 [CI, 1.8 to 4.0]; P < 0.001). At week 32, the proportions were 61.5% (CI, 54.5% to 68.1%) in the acupuncture group and 38.3% (CI, 31.7% to 45.4%) in the sham acupuncture group (adjusted difference, 21.1 percentage points [CI, 12.2 to 30.1 percentage points]; adjusted odds ratio, 2.6 [CI, 1.7 to 3.9]; P < 0.001). Twenty (9.1%) and 14 (6.4%) adverse events were reported in the acupuncture and sham acupuncture groups, respectively. No serious adverse events were reported. LIMITATION: Sham acupuncture might have had certain physiologic effects. CONCLUSION: Compared with sham therapy, 20 sessions of acupuncture over 8 weeks resulted in greater improvement in symptoms of moderate to severe CP/CPPS, with durable effects 24 weeks after treatment. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
Subject(s)
Acupuncture Therapy , Pelvic Pain/therapy , Prostatitis/therapy , Acupuncture Therapy/methods , Adult , Chronic Disease , Humans , Male , Pain Measurement , Pelvic Pain/etiology , Prostatitis/complicationsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare possible changes of individual health risk levels for ammonia exposed positions from ammoniation facilities in 2 nuclear power plants(X and Y) through occupational risk assessment models(OHRA) before and after devices improvement. METHODS: This study tried to understand the improvement of fueling devices in ammoniation facilities, to identify the ammonia exposed positions and their working content, to collect information on protective measures and personal protective equipment situation through on-sites survey and detailed records of work days. Next, detection on C_(STE) of ammonia at different worksites and C_(TWA) of 10 involved positions were conducted, fresh air requirement and ventilation air changing rates were calculated through wind speed detection or collected directly. Finally, a semi-quantitative comprehensive index model and a quantitative non-carcinogenic model from standard GBZ/T 298-2017 were utilized to assess risk levels before and after improvement. RESULTS: After devices improvement, a series of innovations were observed, followed by:(1) ammonia steal tanks in stacking storage were replaced by metal pressure sealing tanks for reduction of exposure frequency and long time storage. (2) manual filling pattern was totally substituted by automatic filling devices with new installed ventilation systems and alarming apparatus. (3) increasing ventilation effect by doors opening when ammonia was filling. In this regard, conentration levels(C_(STE)) referred to positions of chemical analysis engineers, chemical sampling engineers, nuclear maintenance workers at 3# unit from X, and regular island operators at 1#unit, patrolling operators at 2# unit from Y were declined to qualified levels after improvement from unqualified levels before that, and significant difference of C_(STE )detected before and after improvement were found statistically(Z=10.856, P<0.001). C_(TWA )were all within the qualified ranges before and after improvement for relatively short cumulative exposure time. Moreover, the ventilation air changing rates from related indoor sectors were increased to 13.0 to 30.9 times/h after improvement which indicated a statistical difference as compared to quantitative ranges before started(Z=11.670, P<0.001). Further, a relative negative correlation was observed between C_(STE )and ventilation air changing rates(r=-0.39, P<0.05) while no correlation between them was spotted after improvement(r=-0.051, P>0.05). In addition, most positions like chemical analysis engineers and others changed their risk levels to a lower one from that they used to be after improvement with an observed significant difference(Z=1.345, P<0.05), by contrast, risk levels of positions like nuclear maintenance workers at 3#unit or patrolling operators at 4#unit increased a level or remained the same before and after improvement might be result ed from enhancement of cumulative exposure time. No significant difference among position risk levels under the quantitative non-carcinogenic model was observed(Z=0.447, P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The measure of devices improvement indeed decreased the ambient ammonia concentrations at workplaces of ammoniation facilities in X and Y and changed individual risk levels for most involved positions. The semi-quantitative comprehensive index model was more appropriated for self-contrast risk assessment application than quantitative non-carcinogenic model did, especially when improvement occurred.
Subject(s)
Ammonia , Occupational Exposure , Humans , Ammonia/analysis , Risk Assessment , Surveys and Questionnaires , WorkplaceABSTRACT
Patients with advanced breast cancer (BC) showed a higher incidence of regional and distant metastases. Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX-1) has been confirmed to be a key tumorigenic and metastatic regulator in BC progression. Yet, molecular mechanisms behind SIX-1-induced BC metastases remain largely unknown. Here we found that SIX-1 was frequently up-regulated in BC and correlated with poor outcomes when tested in human BC tissue microarray. Then, we manipulated the expression of SIX-1 by via shRNA-mediated knockdown and lentivirus-mediated overexpression. Transwell assay in vitro and lung metastases model of nude mice in vivo showed that SIX-1 promoted BC cell invasion and migration in vitro, and facilitated metastases in vivo. Mechanistically, SIX-1 could promote the transcription of lncATB, which exerts critical pro-metastatic role in BC by directly binding to the miR-200 family, especially for miR-200c, to induce EMT and promote metastases. In conclusion, SIX-1 exerts its pro-metastatic role in BC through lncATB/miR-200s axis of EMT signalling pathway and could act as an important diagnostic marker as well as a significant therapeutic target for clinically advanced BC.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Homeodomain Proteins/genetics , MicroRNAs/metabolism , RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1/metabolism , Animals , Base Sequence , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/genetics , Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics , Female , Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism , Humans , Male , Mice, Nude , MicroRNAs/genetics , Middle Aged , Models, Biological , Neoplasm Invasiveness , Neoplasm Metastasis , RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Treatment Outcome , Zinc Finger E-box-Binding Homeobox 1/geneticsABSTRACT
A series of supramolecular assemblies of types [Ag8 (L)4 ](PF6 )8 and [Ag4 (L)2 ](PF6 )4 , obtained from the tetraphenylethylene (TPE) bridged tetrakis(1,2,4-triazolium) salts H4 -L(PF6 )4 and AgI ions, is described. The assembly type obtained dependends on the N-wingtip substituents of H4 -L(PF6 )4 . Changes in the lengths of the N4-wingtip substituents enables controlled formation of assemblies with either [Ag4 (L)2 ](PF6 )4 or [Ag8 (L)4 ](PF6 )8 stoichiometry. The molecular structures of selected [Ag8 (L)4 ](PF6 )8 and [Ag4 (L)2 ](PF6 )4 assemblies were determined by X-ray diffraction analyses. While H4 -L(PF6 )4 does not exhibit fluorescence in solution, their tetra-NHC (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) assemblies do upon NHC-metal coordination. Upon irradiation, all assemblies undergo a light-induced, supramolecule-to-supramolecule structural transformation by an oxidative photocyclization involving phenyl groups of the TPE core, resulting in a significant change of the luminescence properties.
ABSTRACT
Extending available body space loading active species and controllably tailoring the d-band center to Fermi level of catalysts are of paramount importance but extremely challenging for the enhancement of electrocatalytic performance. Herein, a melamine-bridged self-construction strategy is proposed to in situ embed Co-based bimetallic nanoparticles in the body of N-doped porous carbon spheres (CoM-e-PNC), and achieve the controllable tailoring of the d-band center position by alloying of Co and another transition metal M (M = Ni, Fe, Mn, and Cu). The enrichment and exposure of the active sites in the body interior of porous carbon spheres, and the best balance between the adsorption of OH species and the desorption of O2 induced by optimizing the d-band center position, collectively enhance the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Meanwhile, the relationship of d-band center position and OER activity is found to exhibit the volcano curve rule, where the CoNi-e-PNC catalyst shows optimal OER performance with an overpotential of 0.24 V at 10 mA cm-2 in alkaline media, outperforming those of the ever-reported CoNi-based catalysts. Besides, CoNi-e-PNC catalyst also demonstrates high OER stability with slight current decrease after 100 h.
ABSTRACT
A diode-pumped alkali laser has gained rapid development in recent years. In this study, we take the advantages of high-gain cross section and low upper energy lifetime of an alkali laser to propose, to the best of our knowledge, a novel type of time-domain-modulated alkali vapor amplifier. By using the amplifier, we experimentally demonstrate the power scaling of a modulated seed laser. The study should offer a new methodology to construct a practice high-power and high-modulated laser source for long-distance light detection and ranging systems in the future.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The features and survival of stage IV breast cancer patients with different metastatic sites are poorly understood. This study aims to examine the clinicopathological features and survival of stage IV breast cancer patients according to different metastatic sites. METHODS: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we restricted our study population to stage IV breast cancer patients diagnosed between 2010 to 2015. The clinicopathological features were examined by chi-square tests. Breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) were compared among patients with different metastatic sites by the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test. Univariable and multivariable analyses were also performed using the Cox proportional hazard model to identify statistically significant prognostic factors. RESULTS: A total of 18,322 patients were identified for survival analysis. Bone-only metastasis accounted for 39.80% of patients, followed by multiple metastasis (33.07%), lung metastasis (10.94%), liver metastasis (7.34%), other metastasis (7.34%), and brain metastasis (1.51%). The Kaplan-Meier plots showed that patients with bone metastasis had the best survival, while patients with brain metastasis had the worst survival in both BCSS and OS (p < 0.001, for both). Multivariable analyses showed that age, race, marital status, grade, tumor subtype, tumor size, surgery of primary cancer, and a history of radiotherapy or chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Stage IV breast cancer patients have different clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes according to different metastatic sites. Patients with bone metastasis have the best prognosis, and brain metastasis is the most aggressive subgroup.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/mortality , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Female , Humans , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neoplasm Staging , Patient Outcome Assessment , Prognosis , Proportional Hazards Models , SEER Program , Survival Analysis , Young AdultABSTRACT
Long non-coding RNA refers to an RNA transcript of a non-coding protein with a sequence length greater than 200 bp. More and more reports indicated that lncRNA was involved in the regulation of gene expression as a signalling molecule, an inducing molecule, a leader molecule and a scaffold molecule. Previous studies have sequenced the draft genome and several transcriptome data sets for protein-coding genes of the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), but little is known about the expression and function of lncRNAs in this species. In order to obtain a catalogue of lncRNAs for this croaker, Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection challenge experiment was conducted and long non-coding RNA sequences were obtained. Using high-throughput sequencing of lncRNA, a total of 73,233 high-confidence transcripts were reconstructed in 32,726 loci, recovering most of the expressed reference transcripts, and 6473 novel expressed loci were identified. The tissue expression profile revealed that most lacunas were specifically enriched in distinct tissues. A set of 163 lncRNAs were identified as being specifically expressed in the spleen and may be involved in the immune response. It is the first time to identify specific lncRNAs in the L. crocea systematically in this croaker, aiming to benefit the future genomic study of this species.
Subject(s)
Fish Diseases/immunology , Gene Expression Regulation/immunology , Immunity, Innate/genetics , Perciformes/genetics , Perciformes/immunology , RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics , Animals , Fish Diseases/microbiology , Fish Proteins/genetics , Fish Proteins/immunology , RNA, Long Noncoding/immunology , Random Allocation , Vibrio Infections/immunology , Vibrio Infections/microbiology , Vibrio Infections/veterinary , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/physiologyABSTRACT
Diode-pumped alkali lasers (DPALs) have drawn much attention since they were proposed in 2001. The narrow-linewidth DPAL can be potentially applied in the fields of coherent communication, laser radar, and atomic spectroscopy. In this study, we propose a novel protocol to narrow the width of one kind of DPAL, diode-pumped rubidium vapor laser (DPRVL), by use of an injection locking technique. A kinetic model is first set up for an injection-locked DPRVL with the end-pumped configuration. The laser tunable duration is also analyzed for a continuous wave (CW) injection-locked DPRVL system. Then, the influences of the pump power, power of a master laser, and reflectance of an output coupler on the output performance are theoretically analyzed. The study should be useful for design of a narrow-linewidth DPAL with the relatively high output.
ABSTRACT
Diode-pumped alkali vapor lasers (DPALs) have been rapidly developed because of their excellent performances. However, there have been few reports about DPALs with multiple wavelengths until now. The effects of the output features on the waist size and position of both Rb and Cs pump beams were first theoretically investigated using a kinetic model for an end-pumped dual-wavelength Rb-Cs laser. Then, a continuous-wave (CW) laser was experimentally constructed. Finally, the hybrid CW-modulated output with two wavelengths was also successfully obtained for the first time in development of alkali lasers. The results might be helpful in applications for laser communication and ranging/radar in the future.
ABSTRACT
The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) has low hypoxia tolerance compared with other fish species, and the mRNA levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in its brain do not change markedly under hypoxic conditions. In this study, we investigated noncoding transcription in the hypoxic response mechanism of L. crocea. We generated a catalog of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) from the brain of L. crocea individuals under hypoxic stress, investigated lncRNA expression patterns, and analyzed the HIF signaling pathway by RNA sequencing. Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2) expression significantly increased after 6 and 12 h of hypoxia, and a lncRNA (Linc_06633.1) was found in the upstream, antisense region of PHD2. Linc_06633.1 may be an important regulator that promotes PDH2 expression under hypoxia in L. crocea, and we constructed a regulatory profile of L. crocea under hypoxic conditions. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study that has been conducted on hypoxia signaling pathway regulation by lncRNAs in L. crocea and elucidates the role played by lncRNAs in the regulation of the hypoxia stress response in teleost fish.