[Mental disorders in a dental practice. Psychomood disorders]. / Serie: Psychische stoornissen in de mondzorgpraktijk. Stemmings­stoornissen.

Individuals with a depressive or bipolar mood disorder have a higher prevalence of somatic comorbidities, including dental problems. This is partly due to impaired self-care, smoking, alcohol use, and an unhealthy diet, and partly due to the often long-term use of medication. Depression has a negative impact on concentration and motivation and increases anxiety and avoidant behavior. In addition, there are indications for an interaction between stress, psychopathology, neuro-inflammatory processes and somatic health. These (temporary) factors must be taken into consideration in dental care for persons suffering from depression. Also, one must be alert for interactions between psychiatric medications and medications used in dental care. Especially in chronic psychiatric disorders, a coordinated care between dentist, general practitioner, and psychiatrist is of importance.

Fatty acids and recurrence of major depressive disorder: combined analysis of two Dutch clinical cohorts.

OBJECTIVE: Omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) alterations in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have been shown to persist after remission. Whether these alterations are risk factors for MDD recurrence remains unknown. Here, we examined whether fatty acids predict time until MDD recurrence in remitted MDD patients. METHODS: Data were used from remitted MDD patients of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (n = 356) and the Depression Evaluation Longitudinal Therapy Assessment studies (n = 118). Associations of FAs with time until MDD recurrence up to 8-year follow-up were analyzed using Cox regression analyses. Study-specific estimates were pooled using mega- and meta-analysis techniques. RESULTS: 27.5% (NESDA) and 56.8% (DELTA) participants had an MDD recurrence. Pooled results showed that no FA was significantly associated with time until MDD recurrence (n-3 PUFAs: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.98-1.41, P = 0.082; n-6 PUFAs: HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.84-1.38, P = 0.55). CONCLUSION: In remitted MDD patients, circulating PUFAs were not associated with prospective risk of MDD recurrence. Consequently, circulating PUFAs are unlikely to reflect a vulnerability marker for recurrence, so correcting n-3 PUFA 'deficits' through supplementation does not seem a promising option to prevent MDD recurrence.

[Reaction on 'Persistant underuse of ECT for persistant depressive disorder?'] / Reactie op 'Persisterend ondergebruik van ECT bij persisterende depressieve stoornis?'.

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[Electroconvulsion therapy for persistent depression in the Netherlands; very low application rate]. / Elektroconvulsietherapie bij persisterende depressie in Nederland; zeer lage toepassingsgraad.

BACKGROUND: Of all depressive disorders, 20% has a persistent course. For persistent depressive patients, electroconvulsive therapy (ect) is recommended for this patient population, since it is the most potent treatment for depression. The Dutch depression guideline advises the use of ect for persistent depressive disorder at approximately 12 months after inadequate efficacy of psychotherapy and/or pharmacological treatment.
AIM: To quantify the use of electroconvulsive therapy in persistent depressive patients in the Netherlands.
METHOD: Quantitative research using the Dutch registration system (diagnosis-treatment-combination; dbc) information system (dis) of the Dutch Healthcare Authority (nza).
RESULTS: Of the patients within the dbc system (in 2014) with the main diagnosis of unipolar depression, 23,597 (26%) were registered for more than two years and could be classified as having a persistent depressive episode. Of these latter patients, only 278 (1.2%) received ect.
CONCLUSION: In the Netherlands, only 1.2% of patients with a persistent depression received ect, whereas this treatment could have been considered for 26% of this group. The low application rate might be caused by professionals' inadequate knowledge about ect and the premature use of the handicap model.

[Proper patient education improves hepatitis C patients' disease-related knowledge and antiviral treatment acceptance in rural China].

Objective: To evaluate the affect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) education in chronic hepatitis C patients' disease related knowledge and antiviral treatment acceptance in rural china. Methods: Rural HCV patients of attended CHC project of HCV education. Doctor delivered subsequent interactive lecture, and patients completed pre- and post-education questionnaires before and after taking the lectures. Results: 151 CHC patients were included. Mean age was 57.3 years old, 50.3% were male, 51.0% of the students had primary school education or illiterate, and 76.2% had a monthly income below RMB 3,000. 98.0% of patients defined their baseline HCV knowledge as "nothing" or "a little bit". A multivariate analysis reveled baseline knowledge scores were associated with age and household income. After education, mean knowledge score (range: 0-28) increased from 13.1 to 23.0 (P < 0.001) and average percent of patients with correct answers from the topic rose from 46.8% to 82.1% (P < 0.001), and patients' antiviral treatment acceptance increased from 33.9% to 65.6% (P < 0.001). Conclusion: A rural Chinese patients had less education, HCV education delivered on the preferred format of patients substantially improved hepatitis C patients' disease-related knowledge and antiviral treatment acceptance in rural china.

Prevalence of hepatitis B antiviral drug resistance variants in North American patients with chronic hepatitis B not receiving antiviral treatment.

Antiviral drug resistance hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants (HBV-DR) occur spontaneously in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and after exposure to nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs). We determined the prevalence of HBV-DR variants among participants of the Hepatitis B Research Network (HBRN) Cohort Study conducted at 21 sites in the United States (US) and Canada. Samples obtained from 1342 CHB participants aged ≥18 years, and who were currently not receiving NUCs, were tested for HBV-DR variants by Sanger sequencing. In addition, next generation sequencing (NGS) was used to characterize HBV-DR variants from 66 participants with and 66 participants with no prior NUC exposure matched for HBV genotype and HBV DNA level. Half the participants were men, 75% Asian, 26% HBeAg positive. Primary HBV-DR variants were detected by Sanger sequencing in 16 (1.2%) participants: 2/142 (1.4%) with and 14/1200 (1.2%) without prior NUC exposure; only 1 of these 16 had a secondary variant. In total, 23 (1.7%) participants had secondary variants, including 1 with prior NUC experience. In the subset of 132 participants, NGS detected HBV-DR variants in a higher proportion of participants: primary variants in 18 (13.6%) (8 [12.1%] with, and 10 [15.2%] without prior NUC therapy) and secondary variants in 10 (7.6%) participants. Based on Sanger sequencing, prevalence of primary HBV-DR variants is low (1.2%) among adults with CHB in US/Canada. The similar low prevalence of HBV-DR variants in participants with and without NUC treatment suggests transmission of these variants is uncommon.

Carboplatin instead of cisplatin in combination with dexamethasone, high-dose cytarabine with or without rituximab (DHAC+/-R) is an effective treatment with low toxicity in Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.

The DHAP regimen (high-dose cytarabine in combination with dexamethasone and cisplatin) with or without rituximab (DHAP+/-R) is one of the most common regimens in daily practice. It is considered the standard treatment for relapse or refractory Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Cisplatin nephrotoxicity is a major concern, and other platinum compounds are being tried. We performed a monocentric retrospective analysis to evaluate the use of carboplatin, so-called DHAC+/-R regimen. The purpose was to assess the toxicity of the DHAC+/-R regimen in real-life. The Dexamethasone, Cytarabine, Carboplatin (DHAC) regimen consisted of carboplatin AUC = 5 mg/ml/min (targeted area under the curve with Calvert's formula) on day 1, cytarabine 2 g/m2 twice a day on day 2 and IV dexamethasone 40 mg from days 1 to 4. Rituximab was administrated at 375 mg/m2 on day 1 for CD20+ NHL. The interval between courses was 21 days. During the period considered, 199 patients received DHAC+/-R. For the entire cohort, median follow-up is 24 months (range, 2-82), median OS is not reached (NR), estimated 2-year OS is 75% (95% CI, 69-83) and median progression-free survival (PFS) is 46 months (95% CI, 22-NA). Of 144 patients scheduled for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), 102 (71%, NA = 2) were in response after DHAC+/-R and all except 4 underwent ASCT. Grade ≥ 3 haematological toxicities were mainly thrombocytopenia (n = 101) and anaemia (n = 95). Grade ≥ 3 neutropenia occurred in 10 patients. No grade ≥ 3 renal and one grade 3 neurological toxicity were reported. DHAC+/-R is feasible in daily practice, provides good response rates and jeopardises neither stem cell collection nor ASCT.

Home administration of bortezomib in multiple myeloma is cost-effective and is preferred by patients compared with hospital administration: results of a prospective single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of bortezomib is the most widely used route of administration for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma. No study has as yet prospectively evaluated home versus hospital administration of s.c. bortezomib with respect to patient preference and cost. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective trial, myeloma patients received the first administration of s.c. bortezomib of each cycle in the outpatient unit of the Department of Hematology. When possible, all subsequent doses of bortezomib within each cycle were provided at home. A cost analysis was carried out to compare the average cost of an injection of bortezomib in the outpatient unit and at home. In order to compare hospital and home administration of bortezomib for preference and satisfaction, patients had to complete 2 simple questionnaires analyzing 16 criteria, such as quality of life, well-being, social life, satisfaction, safety, quality of care, the reduction in personal transportation time, and personal anxiety. Each item was analyzed using a Likert scale. RESULTS: Fifty patients were studied. Overall, a total of 1043 s.c. injections of bortezomib were carried out, 655 (62.8%) at home, and 388 (35.2%) in the outpatient unit. The cost analysis showed that the total cost of one s.c. injection of bortezomib in the outpatient unit was €1510.09 versus €1224.57 for the home administration, which represents a reduction of €285.52, i.e. 20% of the cost of the hospital administration. The evaluation of patient preference and satisfaction showed that home administration improved the quality of life in 84% of the patients, increased well-being in 78%, and improved the activities of daily living in 72% of the cases. Overall, 98% of the patients noted their preference for home administration over the hospital administration of bortezomib. CONCLUSION: Home administration of s.c. bortezomib is cost-effective and is preferred by myeloma patients compared with hospital administration.

Hepatitis B: 50 years after the discovery of Australia antigen.

It is an honour to be invited to recount the progress in our understanding and management of hepatitis B 50 years after the discovery of Australia antigen (Au Ag). During this half century, we have gone from identifying the causative agent--hepatitis B virus (HBV), understanding its biology and the disease it causes, to having vaccines that can prevent HBV infection and antiviral therapy that can suppress HBV replication and prevent progression of HBV-related liver disease. As a result of the progress, prevalence of HBV infection and morbidity and mortality from chronic HBV infection has declined.

Dynamic prediction of risk of liver-related outcomes in chronic hepatitis C using routinely collected data.

Accuracy of risk assessments for clinical outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease has been limited given the nonlinear nature of disease progression. Longitudinal prediction models may more accurately capture this dynamic risk. The aim of this study was to construct accurate models of short- and long-term risk of disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C by incorporating longitudinal clinical data. Data from the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-term Treatment Against Cirrhosis trial were analysed (n = 533 training cohort; n = 517 validation cohort). Outcomes included a composite liver outcome (liver-related death, decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver transplant), decompensation, HCC and overall mortality. Longitudinal models were constructed for risk of outcomes at 1, 3 and 5 years and compared with models using data at baseline only or baseline and a single follow-up time point. A total of 25.1% of patients in the training and 20.8% in the validation cohort had an outcome during a median follow-up of 6.5 years (range 0.5-9.2). The most important predictors were as follows: albumin, aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio, bilirubin, alpha-fetoprotein and platelets. Longitudinal models outperformed baseline models with higher true-positive rates and negative predictive values. The areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for the composite longitudinal model were 0.89 (0.80-0.96), 0.83 (0.76-0.88) and 0.81 (0.75-0.87) for 1-, 3-, and 5-year risk prediction, respectively. Model performance was retained for decompensation and overall mortality but not HCC. Longitudinal prediction models provide accurate risk assessments and identify patients in need of intensive monitoring and care.

Changes in characteristics of hepatitis C patients seen in a liver centre in the United States during the last decade.

With the approval of 2 direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in 2011 and anticipation of interferon (IFN)-free regimens, more hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronically infected patients are now seeking treatment. To describe the characteristics of newly referred HCV patients in 2011-2012 (Era-2) and compare them to those seen in 1998-1999 (Era-1). Retrospective data were collected from HCV patients newly referred to our tertiary liver clinics. Advanced liver disease was defined as cirrhosis (based on histology or Aspartate aminotransferase-platelet-ratio index (APRI) >2), hepatic decompensation or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 1348 patients (538 in Era-1, 810 in Era-2) were included. Compared to Era-1, Era-2 patients were older (median age 56 vs 45 years), more likely to be black (17.2% vs 11.6%) and had a longer interval between diagnosis and referral (median 4 vs 2 years). Genotype (GT) 1 predominated in both Eras with a significant increase in GT1a from 39.9% in Era-1 to 53.8% in Era-2. A higher per cent of patients in Era-2 were treatment experienced, but 77% had never received treatment. Era-2 patients were more likely to have advanced disease at referral (61.6% vs 51.5%, P < 0.001), with an eightfold higher prevalence of HCC (21.6% vs 2.6%, P < 0.001). HCV patients newly referred in recent years were older, predominantly infected with GT1a and had more advanced liver disease yet only a quarter had received HCV treatment. Reduction in HCV disease burden will require development of treatment regimens targeted towards patients in the current Era as well as increase in diagnosis and referral of patients for treatment.

Effects of oxidative stress on fatty acid- and one-carbon-metabolism in psychiatric and cardiovascular disease comorbidity.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in severe psychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia). Here, we provide evidence of how the effects of oxidative stress on fatty acid (FA) and one-carbon (1-C) cycle metabolism, which may initially represent adaptive responses, might underlie comorbidity between CVD and psychiatric disorders. METHOD: We conducted a literature search and integrated data in a narrative review. RESULTS: Oxidative stress, mainly generated in mitochondria, is implicated in both psychiatric and cardiovascular pathophysiology. Oxidative stress affects the intrinsically linked FA and 1-C cycle metabolism: FAs decrease in chain length and unsaturation (particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated FAs), and lipid peroxidation products increase; the 1-C cycle shifts from the methylation to transsulfuration pathway (lower folate and higher homocysteine and antioxidant glutathione). Interestingly, corresponding alterations were reported in psychiatric disorders and CVD. Potential mechanisms through which FA and 1-C cycle metabolism may be involved in brain (neurocognition, mood regulation) and cardiovascular system functioning (inflammation, thrombosis) include membrane peroxidizability and fluidity, eicosanoid synthesis, neuroprotection and epigenetics. CONCLUSION: While oxidative-stress-induced alterations in FA and 1-C metabolism may initially enhance oxidative stress resistance, persisting chronically, they may cause damage possibly underlying (co-occurrence of) psychiatric disorders and CVD. This might have implications for research into diagnosis and (preventive) treatment of (CVD in) psychiatric patients.

Exploring the mechanisms underlying increased risk of depressive disorder in ethnic minority populations in Europe: A causal loop diagram.

BACKGROUND: Multiple ethnic minority populations in Europe show high risk of major depressive disorder (MDD), with ethnic discrimination and low socioeconomic position (SEP) as established risk factors. How this risk is shaped by the interactions between these, and other social factors, remains to be elucidated. We aimed to develop a causal-loop diagram (CLD) to gain a better understanding of how factors at the intersection of ethnic discrimination and SEP dynamically interact to drive MDD risk. METHODS: We iteratively mapped the interactions and feedback loops between factors at the intersection of ethnic discrimination and SEP, drawing input from (i) a series of two interviews with a range of MDD domain experts, (ii) an existing CLD mapping the onset of MDD across psychological, biological, and social dimensions at the level of the individual, and (iii) other relevant literature. RESULTS: Through tracing the feedback loops in the resulting CLD, we identified ten driving mechanisms for MDD onset in ethnic minorities (two related to ethnic discrimination, SEP, social network and support, and acculturation, as well as one relating to the living environment and self-stigma towards MDD); and four factors that modulate these mechanisms (recent migration, religious affiliation, neighborhood social environment, and public stigma towards MDD). The intersecting nature of ethnic discrimination and SEP, combined with the reinforcing dynamics of the identified driving mechanisms across time- and spatial scales, underscores the excess exposure to circumstances that increase MDD risk in ethnic minorities. CONCLUSIONS: While this CLD requires validation through future studies, the intersecting and reinforcing nature of the identified driving mechanisms highlights that tackling the high risk of MDD in ethnic minorities may require intervening at multiple targets, from the individual (e.g., psychological interventions targeting negative beliefs or reducing stress) to the societal level (e.g., addressing labor market discrimination).

Self-reported suicidal ideation among individuals with first episode psychosis and healthy controls: Findings from the international multicentre EU-GEI study.

INTRODUCTION: Suicidal ideation is common among individuals with first episode psychosis (FEP), with prevalence estimates up to 56.5 %. Despite its high prevalence, relatively little is known about how sociodemographic, clinical and/or developmental characteristics contribute to the experience of suicidal ideation in individuals with FEP. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study (FEP n = 551 and controls n = 857), univariate logistic regression analyses were performed to study the associations of sociodemographic, clinical, and developmental factors with suicidal ideation in individuals with FEP as well as controls. Suicidal ideation was assessed using the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE). In addition, multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted based on a stepwise approach. RESULTS: In FEP, only depressive symptoms remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation when all correlates were integrated into one model. In the multivariate model in controls, depressive symptoms, positive symptoms, and traumatic childhood experiences were significantly associated with suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that depressive symptoms are an important factor relating to suicidal ideation in individuals with FEP, over and above other clinical, sociodemographic, and developmental factors. This underscores the relevance of screening for suicidal ideation in individuals with FEP, and highlights the need for a better understanding of the diagnostic uncertainty and course of mood symptoms in early psychosis. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional study design, self-reported questionnaires.

Neural effects of deep brain stimulation on reward and loss anticipation and food viewing in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe and life-threatening psychiatric disorder. Initial studies on deep brain stimulation (DBS) in severe, treatment-refractory AN have shown clinical effects. However, the working mechanisms of DBS in AN remain largely unknown. Here, we used a task-based functional MRI approach to understand the pathophysiology of AN. METHODS: We performed functional MRI on four AN patients that participated in a pilot study on the efficacy, safety, and functional effects of DBS targeted at the ventral limb of the capsula interna (vALIC). The patients and six gender-matched healthy controls (HC) were investigated at three different time points. We used an adapted version of the monetary incentive delay task to probe generic reward processing in patients and controls, and a food-specific task in patients only. RESULTS: At baseline, no significant differences for reward anticipation were found between AN and HC. Significant group (AN and HC) by time (pre- and post-DBS) interactions were found in the right precuneus, right putamen, right ventral and medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). No significant interactions were found in the food viewing task, neither between the conditions high-calorie and low-calorie food images nor between the different time points. This could possibly be due to the small sample size and the lack of a control group. CONCLUSION: The results showed a difference in the response of reward-related brain areas post-DBS. This supports the hypotheses that the reward circuitry is involved in the pathogenesis of AN and that DBS affects responsivity of reward-related brain areas. Trial registration Registered in the Netherlands Trial Register ( https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/3322 ): NL3322 (NTR3469).

Anorexia Nervosa (An) is a severe eating disorder with many, sometimes life-threatening, complications. A substantial number of AN patients do not respond to the available treatment options and remain chronically ill or even die as a consequence of the AN. Because part of the causes of AN may reside in the brain, we studied the efficacy and safety of a potential new treatment option for AN, namely deep brain stimulation (DBS). DBS has proven to be an effective treatment option for movements disorders like Parkinson's Disease and other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder. Our previous pilot study and other research have shown that DBS leads to improvements in weight, mood, anxiety, and eating disorder symptoms. In this substudy, we examined the effects of DBS on specific brain circuitries that are implicated in AN. We conducted brain scans (fMRI) to measure brain activity while patients performed tasks. We observed a difference in brain response when we compared scans taken before and after the DBS, which supports our thoughts on the involvement of specific parts of the brain in AN.

Outcomes of living and deceased donor liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma: results of the A2ALL cohort.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents an increasing fraction of liver transplant indications; the role of living donor liver transplant (LDLT) remains unclear. In the Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study, patients with HCC and an LDLT or deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT) for which at least one potential living donor had been evaluated were compared for recurrence and posttransplant mortality rates. Mortality from date of evaluation of each recipient's first potential living donor was also analyzed. Unadjusted 5-year HCC recurrence was significantly higher after LDLT (38%) than DDLT (11%), (p = 0.0004). After adjustment for tumor characteristics, HCC recurrence remained significantly different between LDLT and DDLT recipients (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.35; p = 0.04) for the overall cohort but not for recipients transplanted following the introduction of MELD prioritization. Five-year posttransplant survival was similar in LDLT and DDLT recipients from time of transplant (HR = 1.32; p = 0.27) and from date of LDLT evaluation (HR = 0.73; p = 0.36). We conclude that the higher recurrence observed after LDLT is likely due to differences in tumor characteristics, pretransplant HCC management and waiting time.

Adherence to nucleos(t)ide analogues for chronic hepatitis B in clinical practice and correlation with virological breakthroughs.

Medication adherence is important for the success of nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) treatment for chronic hepatitis B. The aims of this study were to determine adherence to NUCs and factors associated with NUC adherence and to correlate NUC adherence with the occurrence of virological breakthroughs in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving NUC were asked to complete a survey every 3 months. Adherence was also assessed by healthcare providers in the clinic. Adherence rate was defined as the per cent of days the patients took their hepatitis B virus medications during the last 30 days. A total of 111 patients were studied. The mean age was 47.7 years, 73.9% were men, 57.7% were Asian, 42.3% had postgraduate education and 80% had private insurance. Sixty-nine (74.1%) patients reported 100% adherence in the survey, while 78 (83.9%) reported 100% adherence to their healthcare providers. Patients with 100% adherence based on the survey were older (P = 0.02), more likely to be men (P = 0.006), and had higher annual household income (P = 0.04) than those with <100% adherence. In the 80 patients who completed three surveys, viral breakthrough was observed in 1/46 (2.2%) with 100% adherence on all three surveys, 1/18 (5.6%) with <100% adherence on one survey and 3/16 (18.8%) with <100% adherence on ≥2 surveys, (P = 0.06). In conclusion, adherence to NUC therapy in our patients with chronic hepatitis B was high but self-reporting of adherence to healthcare providers may be inflated. Patients with chronic hepatitis B with better adherence to NUC therapy had a trend towards a lower rate of viral breakthroughs.

IL28B genetic variants and gender are associated with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus infection.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the IL28B gene have been shown to be associated with response to treatment for chronic hepatitis C and also with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We analysed the association between IL28B genetic variants and spontaneous clearance of HCV infection in 376 HCV-infected Chinese paid plasma donors. Genotyping of eight SNPs near the IL28B region was performed by the iPLEX system (MassARRAY(®) SNP Genotyping; Sequenom) in all donors, and sequencing was performed on all 80 donors who cleared HCV and on 160 of 296 donors who did not clear HCV to validate the genotypes. Eighty (21.3%) donors spontaneously cleared HCV. Four SNPs were significantly associated with spontaneous HCV clearance: rs8099917 TT (vs GT), rs8105790 TT (vs CT), rs12980275 AA (vs AG) and rs10853728 CC (vs CG or GG) with OR (95% CI) 15.27 (2.07-112.50), 14.88 (2.02-109.72), 7.92 (1.88-33.32) and 2.32 (1.22-4.42) respectively. No association between the other four IL28B SNPs including rs12979860 and spontaneous HCV clearance was found. Women had a higher rate of spontaneous HCV clearance than men [56/213 (26.3%) vs 24/163 (14.6%), P = 0.007], and this was true even after stratification for IL28B genotypes with OR of 1.9-2.2 among those with favourable genotypes. Our results confirmed that IL28B polymorphism is associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV in Chinese subjects, but the SNPs that predict HCV clearance in Chinese subjects were different from those reported in Caucasians. Women were more likely to clear HCV infection regardless of IL28B genotypes.

The association between child maltreatment and problematic alcohol use in adulthood in a large multi-ethnic cohort: the HELIUS study.

AIMS: There is evidence that child maltreatment is associated with problematic alcohol use later in life. However, previous epidemiological studies that have examined the link between child maltreatment and adult problematic alcohol use have not considered ethnic differences. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between child maltreatment and adult problematic alcohol use among six ethnic groups in the Netherlands, in a large, urban sample. METHODS: This study used baseline data from the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study: a large-scale, multi-ethnic prospective cohort study conducted in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Child maltreatment, current problematic alcohol use and several potential confounders (e.g. parental alcohol use) were assessed in participants (N = 23 356) of Dutch, South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish and Moroccan origin. With logistic regression analyses, we examined effect modification by ethnicity on the association between child maltreatment and problematic alcohol use. Furthermore, we explored effect modification by ethnicity for specific types of child maltreatment, namely: physical, sexual and psychological abuse and emotional neglect. RESULTS: Effect modification by ethnicity was present. Stronger associations between child maltreatment and problematic alcohol use were found in all ethnic minority groups compared to the Dutch reference group. Particularly strong associations between all four types of child maltreatment and alcohol use problems were found for the Moroccan origin group. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to a growing body of evidence that child maltreatment is associated with problematic alcohol use in adulthood. In addition, our findings indicate that ethnicity impacts this relationship. Although problematic alcohol use was more prevalent in the Dutch origin group, associations with child maltreatment were stronger in ethnic minority groups. Future studies on child maltreatment and alcohol use problems should also examine ethnic disparities and should further unravel how these disparities can be explained.

'Rapid speed of response to ECT in bipolar depression: A chart review.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a faster speed of response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for bipolar depression (BPD) compared to major depressive disorder (MDD) METHOD: Retrospective chart review on an ECT cohort in an academic hospital setting. Speed of response was defined by the number of ECT treatments needed for response or remission. RESULTS: Sixty-four depressed patients were included, of whom 53 (MDD: 40, BPD: 13) could be analyzed. The bipolar group responded faster with a mean difference of 3.3 fewer ECT treatments to meet response criteria (MDD 10.4 vs. BPD 7.1, p = 0.054). When using mixed effects regression models for the response/remitter group (n = 35), a faster response for the bipolar group (AIC 252.83 vs 258.55, χ2 = 11.72, p = 0.008) was shown. Other factors, such as psychotic features or comorbidity, did not influence the speed of response. CONCLUSION: This chart review of an ECT cohort in an naturalistic academic hospital setting shows an evident and clinically relevant faster speed of response in bipolar depression.