ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: To examine the association between psychological tests of executive functioning and functional outcomes among high-IQ adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD: Subjects were high-IQ adults with (n=64) and without ADHD (n=53). Subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing executive functioning. RESULTS: High-IQ adults with ADHD performed less well than those without ADHD on several psychological tests of executive functioning, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color and Word Test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and an auditory continuous performance test (CPT). Test performance in the high-IQ adult ADHD group, however, was average. In the entire sample, performance on several tests of executive functioning including the ROCF and the CVLT were significant predictors of real-world functioning. CONCLUSIONS: High-IQ adults with ADHD perform less well on tests of executive functioning relative to high-IQ control participants. Performance on several tests of executive functioning was a significant predictor of functioning.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Executive Function , Intelligence , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Analysis of Variance , Case-Control Studies , Chi-Square Distribution , Female , Humans , Linear Models , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological Tests , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Sex Factors , Wechsler Scales , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Because the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in higher education settings is rapidly becoming a contentious issue, particularly among patients with high IQs, we sought to assess the validity of diagnosing ADHD in high-IQ adults and to further characterize the clinical features associated with their ADHD. METHOD: We operationalized high IQ as having a full-scale IQ120. We identified 53 adults with a high IQ who did not have ADHD and 64 adults with a high IQ who met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Groups did not differ on IQ, socio-economic status or gender. RESULTS: High-IQ adults with ADHD reported a lower quality of life, had poorer familial and occupational functioning, and had more functional impairments, including more speeding tickets, accidents and arrests. Major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses were higher in high-IQ adults with ADHD. All other psychiatric co-morbidities, including antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse, did not differ between the two high-IQ groups. ADHD was more prevalent in first-degree relatives of adults with ADHD relative to controls. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that adults with ADHD and a high IQ display patterns of functional impairments, familiality and psychiatric co-morbidities that parallel those found in the average-IQ adult ADHD population.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Intelligence , Achievement , Adolescent , Adult , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology , Anxiety Disorders/genetics , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Comorbidity , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder, Major/genetics , Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/psychology , Humans , Interview, Psychological , Learning Disabilities/diagnosis , Learning Disabilities/epidemiology , Learning Disabilities/genetics , Learning Disabilities/psychology , Male , Middle Aged , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/epidemiology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/genetics , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/psychology , Quality of Life/psychology , Reproducibility of Results , Social Adjustment , Young AdultABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study examines the safety and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization using doxorubicin-loaded 30-60 µm QuadraSphere microspheres (DEM-TACE) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Over 10 weeks, patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. (Child-Pugh A/B: 65%/35%) were embolized with 30-60 µm QuadraSphere microspheres. Excluded patients had previous locoregional therapy, macrovascular invasion, extrahepatic disease, Child-Pugh score >B7, ECOG performance status >0, and total bilirubin >3 mg/dL. Technical success, minor and major complications, 30-day hospital readmission rate, and 30-day mortality were assessed. α-Fetoprotein levels before and after treatment were compared. Local response was evaluated by radiologic tumor response per modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1 month after treatment. RESULTS: Thirty tumors (mean size, 2.3 cm; range, 1.0-4.9 cm) were treated in 20 patients (16 male and 4 female; mean age, 64.7 years). There were no major complications. Thirty-day mortality was 0%. Minor complications included postembolization syndrome in 16.7% of cases and transient rise in liver enzymes requiring no therapy. Mean α-fetoprotein levels trended down following treatment (71.8±201.9 ng/mL vs 53.4±116.7 ng/mL), but were not statistically significant. Complete response was achieved in 30% of patients, partial response in 35%, stable disease in 30%, and progression of disease in 5%. Overall objective response was 65%. Mean follow-up was 10.4 months (range, 2-16.4 months). CONCLUSION: DEM-TACE with doxorubicin-loaded 30-60 µm QuadraSpheres is feasible, well tolerated, and associated with promising tumor response in early and intermediate stage disease.