Impact of zinc, copper, manganese and chromium supplementation on growth performance and blood metabolic profile of Sahiwal (Bos indicus) male calves.

This study aimed to see the effect of oral supplementation of specific trace minerals mixture on the growth, immunity, and reproductive development of indigenous growing bull calves. Eighteen Sahiwal bull calves, with an average age of 6 months were chosen and divided into three groups. Group 1 was fed with a basal diet, Group 2 was provided with an additional specific trace mineral supplement to achieve a diet containing 70 ppm of Zn, 17.50 ppm of Cu, 65 ppm of Mn, and 1.75 ppm of Cr. Group 3 received a 25% extra supplement to achieve a diet containing 87.50 ppm of Zn, 21.87 ppm of Cu, 81.25 ppm of Mn, and 2.18 ppm of Cr. The experiment was carried out for a total of 180 days. According to the findings, there was no significant impact of specific trace minerals supplementation on the animals' body weight, morphometric parameters, dry matter intake, average daily gain, nutritional value, digestibility and nitrogen retention. However, higher levels of Zn, Cu, and Mn led to increased (p < 0.05) total retention, while Cr retention remained the same. Serum mineral concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mn increased significantly (p < 0.05) in G2 and G3 compared to the G1 group while Ca, P, and Cr had no significant change. Blood plasma glucose, albumin, globulin, and total protein showed no significant differences. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity improved significantly (p < 0.05) in G2 and G3 but alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and IGF-1 remained unchanged. Superoxide dismutase activity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and total immunoglobulin concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) in G2 and G3 groups, however, catalase activity and IgG count did not change among the groups. Mineral-supplemented groups (G2 and G3) showed a significant change (p < 0.05) in testosterone production during the 120th and the 180th day of the trial. Scrotal circumference and temperature gradient of the scrotal surface did not show any significant change. Supplementing growing bull calves with specific trace minerals above the basal level (70, 17.50, 65 and 1.75 ppm of Zn, Cu, Mn and Cr) has no direct beneficial effect on the growth parameters but can have positive effects on their antioxidant status, immunity and reproductive development as the related blood parameters were positively affected.

Comparative effect of zinc supplementation by hydroxy and inorganic sources on nutrient utilisation, mineral balance, growth performance and growth biomarkers in pre-ruminant calves.

Zinc (Zn), an important microelement in ruminant diet, plays a critical role in various enzymes, hormones and functional proteins involved in nutrient metabolism. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of zinc hydroxychloride (Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O [ZnOHCl] and zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) on nutrient utilisation, mineral metabolism and biomarkers pertaining to growth performance in pre-ruminant crossbred calves. Twenty-four crossbred calves [body weight (BW); 31.03 ± 4.30 kg; age 10 d] were randomly allocated to four treatment groups (n = 6), i.e. no supplementation of Zn (0 mg/kg dry matter [DM]), 80 mg/kg DM Zn as ZnSO4(ZnS-80), 40 mg/kg DM Zn as ZnOHCl (ZnH-40) and 80 mg/kg DM Zn as ZnOHCl (ZnH-80) for 90 d experimental period. Results showed that dietary Zn supplementation improved (p < 0.05) feed intake, BW, average daily gain, heart girth, body length, plasma growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and thyroxin concentration; however, nutrient digestibility remained unaffected among the groups. Addition of Zn increased (p < 0.05) Zn retention and plasma Zn concentration without affecting  retention and plasma concentration of other minerals. Retention of Zn was the highest in ZnH-80 group followed by ZnH-40, ZnS-80 and lowest in control group. Overall results of the present study indicate that regardless of sources and levels, Zn supplementation increased growth performance, plasma Zn concentration and hormones levels in pre-ruminant crossbred calves. However, supplementation of hydroxy Zn at 40 mg/kg DM had similar effect as produced by ZnSO4 or ZnOHCl at a supplementation level of 80 mg/kg DM. Therefore, from the present study it can be concluded that ZnOHCl can be used as a Zn source for pre-ruminant calves at a lower dose compared to ZnSO4.

Perspectives for rare earth elements as feed additive in livestock - A review.

There is a need for newer feed additives due to legal prohibition on inclusion of growth promoting antibiotics in livestock diets in several countries due to antimicrobial resistance. In this context, rare earth elements (REE) have gained attention among animal nutritionists as potential growth promoters. Currently, several studies have reported better weight gain, milk production, egg laying capacity and feed conversion efficiency among different breeds of farm animals following supplementation with REE, with however largely inconsistent results. Furthermore, REE supplementation has also shown to improve ruminal fibrolytic and proteolytic activities as well as flavor of meat with negligible residues in edible tissue, however the mechanism behind this action is still unclear. According to existing research, due to their poor absorption and similarity with calcium REE might exert their action locally on gut microbial populations within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Moreover, REE have also shown anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative as well as immune stimulating effects. The present review aims to broaden the knowledge about use of REE as feed additives for livestock and sum up efficacy of REE supplementation on performance and health of animals by comparing the findings. Till date, researches with REE have shown properties that make them a promising, new and safe alternative feed additive but further exploration is recommended to optimize effects and clarify discrepancy of various results before practical proposals can be drafted.

Replacing Inorganic Source of Zinc with Zinc Hydroxy Chloride: Effects on Health Status, Hemato-biochemical Attributes, Antioxidant Status, and Immune Responses in Pre-ruminant Crossbred Calves.

The current research aimed to assess the feasibility of using Zn hydroxy chloride (ZnOHCl) as an alternative to ZnSO4 in pre-ruminant crossbred calves. Twenty-four male crossbred calves (Tharparkar × Holstein Friesian) were categorized into four groups according to body weight and age (body weight 31 kg; age 10 days). Experimental calves were kept on a similar feeding regimen except that different groups were supplemented with either 0 mg Zn/kg DMI (Zn-0), 80 mg Zn/kg DMI as ZnSO4 (ZnS-80), 40 mg Zn/kg DMI as ZnOHCl (ZnH-40), or 80 mg Zn/kg DMI as ZnOHCl (ZnH-80). All the calves were fed for 90 days as per ICAR (2013) feeding standard to fulfill their nutrient requirements for growth rate of 500 g/day. The study observed the influence of different sources and varying levels of Zn supplementation over a 90-day experimental period on health status, hemato-biochemical attributes, antioxidant status, immune responses, and plasma minerals and erythrocyte Zn concentrations. The data was examined using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with fixed effects of treatment, period, and their interaction. The results indicated that irrespective of the sources and levels of Zn, supplementation did not lead to significant changes in health status as assessed by fecal score, nasal score, ear score, and eye score. Hematological parameters remained unchanged following supplementation with different sources and levels of Zn. Zn-supplemented groups showed higher levels of total protein, globulin, and alkaline phosphates (ALP) compared to the non-supplemented group. However, no significant variations were detected within the Zn-supplemented groups. Zinc supplementation significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC), antioxidant enzyme activity, total immunoglobulin (Ig), immunoglobulin G (IgG), cell-mediated immunity (CMI), and humoral immunity (HI); however, no significant variations were detected among Zn-supplemented groups. Zn supplementation enhanced plasma and RBC Zn concentration without affecting the plasma concentration of other minerals. However, among the Zn-supplemented groups, 80 mg Zn/kg DMI as ZnOHCl resulted in the highest RBC Zn concentration. The study results demonstrate that Zn supplementation enhanced biomarkers of zinc status, antioxidant levels, and immune responses in pre-ruminant crossbred calves. Nevertheless, no significant variations were observed between the different Zn sources (ZnSO4 and ZnOHCl) utilized in this study. Research suggests that ZnOHCl could be a feasible alternative to ZnSO4 in the diet of pre-ruminant crossbred calves.

Influence of Silicon Supplementation on Growth, Immunity, Antioxidant, Hormonal Profile and Bone Health Biomarkers in Pre-ruminant Crossbred Calves.

Silicon (Si), a newer trace element, is believed to be important for healthy bone formation and to decrease bone resorption, improving the quality of bone by manipulating several hormones and enzymes. Therefore, the current investigation was conducted to determine the impact of Si supplementation on growth, immunity, antioxidant, hormonal profile and biomarkers of bone health in pre-ruminant crossbred calves. Twenty-four crossbred calves (5-7 days) were selected on the basis of their body weight (BW 31.65 ± 0.46 kg) and divided into 4 groups (n = 6) and fed as per ICAR (2013) feeding standards except that these were additionally supplemented with 0 (Si0), 50 (Si50), 100 (Si100) and 150 (Si150) mg of Si/kg dry matter (DM) in four respective groups for 90 days. Every month, peripheral blood samples were drawn (0, 30, 60 and 90 days post supplementing with Si) and analysed for antioxidant status, hormonal profile and bone health biomarkers. It is reported that dietary Si supplementation improved (P < 0.05) net body weight gain (kg), average daily gain (g) and average dry matter intake (kg), whereas feed intake (kg/100 kg BW), was not altered due to Si supplementation. Structural growth measurements were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Si100 and Si150 groups as compared to Si50 and control groups. However, immune response (humoral as well as cell-mediated immunity), erythrocytic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD, glutathione peroxidase, GPx and catalase), plasma ferric reducing total antioxidant power (FRAP) activity and the plasma concentration of total immunoglobulins (TIg) remained unaffected by Si supplementation. Silicon increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of plasma growth hormone (GH), vitamin D3, bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and osteocalcin (OCN) in Si100 and Si150 groups, but the levels of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and hydroxyproline (HYP) remained similar among all the groups. As a result of the current investigation, it can be inferred that the inclusion of 100 and 150 mg of Si/kg DM was effective in improving the growth performance, growth hormone, vitamin D3 and bone health status in pre-ruminant calves. However, supplementation of 150 mg of Si/kg DM had no additional benefit; therefore 100 mg of Si/kg DM is the optimum level of Si supplementation in pre-ruminant calves.

Effects of nickel supplementation on nutrient utilization, mineral balance, haematology and antioxidant status of crossbred dairy calves.

BACKGROUND: Nickel has been identified as an important newer trace mineral playing essential role in animals however, its precise mechanism of action in the body is yet to be determined. Interaction of Ni with other essential minerals is suggested in reports limited to lab animals and needs to be explored further in large animals. AIM: This study was conducted to study the influence of Ni supplementation at different levels, on minerals and health status of crossbred dairy calves. METHOD: Twenty-four Karan Fries crossbred (Tharparkar × Holstein Friesian) male dairy calves were selected based on body weight (137.09 ± 5.68) and age (10.78 ± 0.61) and were divided into 4 treatment groups (n = 6) given basal diet supplemented with 0 (Ni0), 5 (Ni5), 7.5 (Ni7.5) and 10 (Ni10) ppm Ni/kg of DM. Nickel was supplemented in the form of nickel sulphate hexahydrate (NiSO4.6 H2O) solution. To ensure the intake of the required amount of nickel by each animal, the calculated quantity of solution was mixed with 250 g concentrate mixture and offered individually to the calves. The calves were fed total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of green fodder, wheat straw and concentrate mixture in the ratio of 40:20:40 and the nutritional requirements were met according to NRC (2001) guidelines. Growth performance was recorded at fortnightly interval whereas, plasma minerals, haematology, antioxidant and immunity parameters were studied at monthly interval during the 150-day experimental period. Nutrient utilization and mineral balances were estimated with the help of a metabolism trial conducted at the end of feeding trial. RESULTS: Supplementation of Ni exhibited no influence on dry matter intake (DMI), body weight, average daily gain (ADG) and nutrient digestibility of dairy calves. However, the absorption and balance of minerals such as Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn and their respective plasma concentration increased (P < 0.05) with Ni supplementation and highest values were observed in calves fed 10 mg Ni/kg DM. The red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, haematocrit (HCT) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase antioxidant enzymes showed highest increase (P < 0.05) in calves supplemented with Ni at level of 10 mg/kg DM as compared to other treatment groups. However, white blood cell (WBC) count, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant status (TAS), total immunoglobulins and IgG plasma concentration remained unaltered with addition of different levels of Ni in the diet of calves. CONCLUSIONS: The supplementation of Ni at level of 10 mg/kg DM shows a positive effect on status of trace minerals such as Fe, Cu, Zn and improves the physiological conditions and health status of crossbred dairy calves indicated by improved haematology and antioxidant parameters.

Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on Hematological and Plasma Biochemical Parameters during Long Term Exposure of Arsenic in Goats.

The present investigation was designed to determine whether supplementation of different level of vitamin E for 12 months to arsenic exposed goats (50 ppm as sodium arsenite) affords protection against the blood hemato-biochemical parameters caused by the metalloid. A total of 24 crossbred (Alpine×Beetal) lactating goats were assigned randomly into 4 equal groups (control, T1, T2 and T3) of 6 in each, on the basis of average body weight (36.10±0.11 kg) and milk yield (1.61±0.04 kg/d). The animals in T1, T2 and T3 were given 50 ppm arsenic, while in T2 and T3, additionally; vitamin E at the rate of 100 IU and 150 IU/kg dry matter (DM) respectively was additionally supplemented for the period of 12 months. Hemoglobin (Hb), total leukocyte (TLC) and blood lymphocyte % were decreased (p<0.05) in arsenic fed groups and vitamin E supplementation in the experimental group showed a protective potential. Significant increases (p<0.05) in aspertate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities among arsenic supplemented groups were recorded, however vitamin E supplementation at higher doses showed a protective effect (p<0.05) against AST but in the case of ALT no ameliorating effect was found in either of the doses. Plasma total protein was decreased (p>0.05) but creatinine level was periodically increased in all As supplemented groups and vitamin E supplementation did not produce any protective effect. It can be concluded that arsenic exposure resulted in varying degree of changes in hemato-biochemical parameters and activities of antioxidant enzymes in goats but concomitant treatment with Vitamin E is partially helpful in reducing the burden of arsenic induced effect.

Iodine Supplementation Improved Antioxidant Status, Hormonal Status, Sexual Behavior, and Semen Production Performance of Bos indicus Bulls Under Tropical Climatic Condition.

Iodine is anessential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in male reproduction (sexual behavior and semen production performance) by modulating thyroid function and the antioxidant status of the animal. Nonetheless, in Bos indicus bulls, a thorough evaluation of the effects of dietary iodine supplementation on antioxidant status, seminal quality parameters, and its interaction with other minerals is not documented. Twelve Bos indicus (Sahiwal) bulls were distributed into three groups (n = 4 in each group) viz. T1 (control), T2, and T3 and fed diets containing 0.250, 0.375, and 0.500 ppm iodine/ kg dry matter intake, corresponding to 0%, 50%, and 100% higher than ICAR (2013) recommendations, respectively. The experimental feeding was carried out for 60 days and the effects on nutrient utilization, hormonal and antioxidant status, and sperm function tests were investigated. Results revealed that body weight, dry matter intake, and nutrient digestibility remained unaffected by dietary supplementation of iodine. Testosterone and thyroxine hormone concentrations were improved (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 groups. Blood and seminal iodine content were also higher (p<0.05) in both the supplemented groups (T2 and T3). Sperm functions viz. viability, physical membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity, motility, and mitochondrial membrane potential were improved (p<0.05) due to iodine supplementation. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation and membrane scrambling in spermatozoa were reduced (p<0.05) in T2 and T3 groups. Blood antioxidant status (total antioxidant activity and GPx levels) was improved (p<0.05) in T2 and T3. Sexual behavior was also improved (p<0.05) in iodine-supplemented groups. Hence, it can be concluded that iodine supplementation at the dose rate of 0.500 ppm in the Bos indicus bull diet is beneficial in improving hormonal status, antioxidant status, and semen quality.

Effect of Boron Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization and Productive Performance of Peripartum Murrah Buffaloes.

Boron (B) has been established as a beneficial micronutrient for some farm animals. However, its impact on coping negative energy balance during transition and subsequent production performance needs critical perusal. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of B supplementation on productive performance, apparent nitrogen (N), and mineral utilization in peripartum Murrah buffaloes. Thirty advanced pregnant buffaloes (60 days prior to expected date of calving) were allocated into three groups, i.e. control, B-200, and B-400, and supplemented with pharmacological concentration of B at 0, 200, and 400 ppm, respectively, from 45 days prior to expected date of calving till 120 days post calving. Two metabolism trials were conducted (with animals having similar expected date of calving), one during prepartum (30 days prior to the expected date of calving) and another during postpartum (90 days post calving) phase to evaluate nutrient utilization and balance of N as well as minerals. Results revealed that B supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) overall plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), whereas plasma level of ß-hydroxybutyric acid, insulin, triglyceride, and glucose did not differ (P > 0.05) among the groups. Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and N balance remained unaffected with B supplementation. Higher (P < 0.05) apparent absorption coefficient for magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) was observed in pregnant animals, while during lactation, absorption coefficient of calcium, Mg, and Zn was increased (P < 0.05) in B-supplemented groups. Hence, it can be concluded that alteration in NEFA concentration and variation in apparent absorption coefficient of minerals with B supplementation suggest its role in energy and mineral metabolism. However, further investigations are required to determine the underlying mechanism of action for the present findings.

Effects of boric acid supplementation on bone health in crossbred calves under tropical condition.

INTRODUCTION: Boron (B) is thought to play key role in proper bone growth and development as well as have some role in regulation of minerals such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) which act synergistically with vitamin D. OBJECTIVE: Present study was planned in two phases to assess the effect of optimum and supranutritional levels of (B) in the form of boric acid (BA) supplementation on bone health of growing cross bred calves. METHOD: During Phase-1, twenty four male crossbred calves were blocked into four groups (n = 6) on the basis of their body weight (154.83 ±â€¯8.5 kg), age (7-9 months) and were supplemented with 0 (C), 2.6 (T-1), 5.4 (T-2) and 10.7 (T-3) g BA for appropriate B (0.175 adjustment factor to calculate B form BA) consumption i.e. 0, 100, 200 and 400 ppm in each group respectively, for 90 days. During phase 2, twenty-one male crossbred calves were divided into 3 groups (n = 7) on the basis of their body weight (103.76 ±â€¯4.34 kg) and age (5-8 months). All the groups were on similar dietary regimen with additional supplementation of boric acid as 0 g (control); 3.6 g (200 ppm B; T-1) and 10.8 g (600 ppm B; T-2), respectively for a period of 120 d. RESULTS: From the first experiment it is reported that plasma levels of bovine alkaline phosphatase (BALP), type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTx) and Ca were significantly (P < 0.05) affected in T-2 and T-3 groups as compared to T-1 and control groups. Whereas, plasma osteocalcin (OCN) concentration was found to be higher in T-2 and T-3 groups as compared to control group. However, plasma concentrations (ng/mL) of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) remained unaltered due to dietary treatments. Based on the results, another experiment was conducted to validate the above findings and further to determine the effect of still higher i.e supranutritional levels of BA supplementation on bone health of calves. Results revealed that supplementation of BA in T-2 group had no beneficial effect on bone health as the plasma concentration of BALP, OCN, NTx, 25 (OH) vitamin D and Ca as compared to T-1 group in phase 2. Other possible attributes of bone health i.e. plasma concentration of Mg, P, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin were not affected by BA supplementation at any levels. CONCLUSION: Overall from present study it can be concluded that supplementation of boric acid 3.6 g/d (equivalent to 200 ppm B) in the diet of growing animals has positive effect on bone health related biomarkers (OCN, NTx and BALP) and supplementation of supranutritional level of BA i.e. 10.8 g (equivalent to 600 ppm B) level had neither additional beneficial nor harmful effect on bone health of calves.

Boron supplementation in peripartum Murrah buffaloes: The effect on calcium homeostasis, bone metabolism, endocrine and antioxidant status.

BACKGROUND: Calcium homeostasis and immuno-endocrine system undergoes drastic changes in peripartum dairy animals and failure to adapt these physiological changes causes major impact on animal health as well as productivity. Boron (B), a newer trace element, influences calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) metabolism as well as immune system by manipulating several hormones or enzyme systems. Present study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary B supplementation on Ca homeostasis, bone metabolism, endocrine and antioxidant status in peripartum Murrah buffaloes. METHODS: Thirty advanced pregnant Murrah buffaloes (8th month pregnant) were allocated into three groups based on their most probable producing ability (MPPA) and parity (n = 10 in each group) viz. B0, B200 and B400 and supplemented with 0, 200 and 400 ppm of B in the form of boric acid. Blood samples were collected at periodic intervals (-45, -30, -21, -15, -7, 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 day relative to expected date of calving) and analysed for minerals concentration, hormonal profile, bone health biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Boron supplementation at 200 and 400 ppm increased (p < 0.05) plasma Ca, Mg and osteocalcin (OCN) concentration during postpartum stage. Higher (p < 0.05) levels of plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 were observed in both B supplemented groups as compared to B unsupplemented group irrespective of physiological stages. Plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) and cortisol levels were lower (p < 0.05) in both B supplemented groups than B unsupplemented group, especially during postpartum stage. Whereas, plasma ferric reducing total antioxidant power (FRAP) activity was found to be higher (p < 0.05) in B supplemented groups as compared to B unsupplemented group. Furthermore, antioxidant enzymes (erythrocytic superoxide dismutase; SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase; GPx), plasma level of total immunoglobulins (TIg), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) remained unaffected by dietary B supplementation. Overall, it can be concluded that supplementation of B at 200 ppm in the diet of peripartum Murrah buffaloes helped to induce metabolic adaptations for improving Ca homeostasis, bone metabolism and antioxidant status without much additional benefits at higher level used in the present study.

Effect of Vanadium Supplementation on Production Performance, Nutrient Utilization, Plasma Mineral Concentration, and Mineral Balance in Lactating Goats.

Vanadium (V) has not been elucidated as an essential mineral in ruminants, though in lower organisms and rat model, its role is well known as insulin-a mimetic agent for catalyzing enzymatic activities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of V supplementation on production performance, milk composition, and mineral profile in lactating goats. Twenty-four crossbred goats (body weight 34.83 ± 0.25 kg) were blocked in four groups and randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 6) on body weight and milk yield basis. All the animals were kept on similar feeding regimen except that different treatment groups were supplemented with 0, 2, 4, and 6 ppm inorganic V/kg DM. Feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, nutrient utilization, minerals in plasma and milk, and their balance studies post vanadium supplementation were observed during the 150-day experimental period. V supplementation did not change dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and composition during the experimental period. Calcium levels in plasma were improved (P < 0.05) on vanadium supplementation. Nutrient digestibility remained similar among goats fed on basal or V-supplemented diets. Blood and milk V concentration showed a positive correlation with supplemental V levels but no difference was observed in levels of other minerals. The results of present findings indicated that up to the supplemented level, dietary inorganic V does not affect the production and mineral profile in milk and plasma.

Vanadium in Biosphere and Its Role in Biological Processes.

Ultra-trace elements or occasionally beneficial elements (OBE) are the new categories of minerals including vanadium (V). The importance of V is attributed due to its multifaceted biological roles, i.e., glucose and lipid metabolism as an insulin-mimetic, antilipemic and a potent stress alleviating agent in diabetes when vanadium is administered at lower doses. It competes with iron for transferrin (binding site for transportation) and with lactoferrin as it is secreted in milk also. The intracellular enzyme protein tyrosine phosphatase, causing the dephosphorylation at beta subunit of the insulin receptor, is inhibited by vanadium, thus facilitating the uptake of glucose inside the cell but only in the presence of insulin. Vanadium could be useful as a potential immune-stimulating agent and also as an antiinflammatory therapeutic metallodrug targeting various diseases. Physiological state and dose of vanadium compounds hold importance in causing toxicity also. Research has been carried out mostly on laboratory animals but evidence for vanadium importance as a therapeutic agent are available in humans and large animals also. This review examines the potential biochemical and molecular role, possible kinetics and distribution, essentiality, immunity, and toxicity-related study of vanadium in a biological system.

Inorganic Vanadium Supplementation in Crossbred Calves: Effects on Antioxidant Status, Immune Response and Haemato-Biochemical Attributes.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of inorganic vanadium (V) supplementation on antioxidant enzymes, immune status, and haemato-biochemical attributes of growing crossbred calves. Twenty-four male Karan Fries calves (Tharparkar × Holstein Friesian) (initial body mass 72.83 ± 2.5 kg; age 3-9 month) were randomly allocated to four groups: the control (received basal diet devoid of supplemental V), the 3 ppm (received basal diet with 3 mg/kg V), the 6 ppm (received basal diet with 6 mg/kg V) and the 9 ppm group (received basal diet with 9 mg/kg V). All the calves were fed for 150 days as per ICAR (2013) feeding standards to meet their nutrient requirements for 500 g growth rate/day. Peripheral blood samples were collected at the start of experiment and subsequently at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days post-V supplementation for determination of antioxidant enzyme activity, immunological parameters and haemato-biochemical attributes. Results indicated that dietary supplementation of V did not affect daily gain, feed intake and haematological parameters. Crossbred calves fed with 9 mg V/kg diet showed reduced (P < 0.05) plasma total cholesterol concentration; however, plasma total protein and glucose concentration remained unaltered. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group supplemented with 9 mg V/kg DM; however, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity and total plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration were similar in all experimental group. Dietary V supplementation showed a negative relation with plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration, whereas non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration remained unaltered among all groups. Plasma V level increased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary V levels without affecting levels of Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Zn. In conclusion, a dietary addition of 9 mg V/kg DM reduced cholesterol content and improved antioxidant and immune response in growing crossbred calves.

Influence of Feeding Inorganic Vanadium on Growth Performance, Endocrine Variables and Biomarkers of Bone Health in Crossbred Calves.

The nutritional essentialities of transition element vanadium (V) as micro-nutrient in farm animals have not yet been established, though in rat model, vanadium as vanadate has been reported to exert insulin-mimetic effect and shown to be needed for proper development of bones. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of V supplementation on growth performance, plasma hormones and bone health status in calves. Twenty-four crossbred calves (body weight 72.83 ± 2.5 kg; age 3-9 months) were blocked in four groups and randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 6) on body weight and age basis. Experimental animals were kept on similar feeding regimen except that different groups were supplemented with either 0, 3, 6 or 9 ppm inorganic V/kg DM. Effect of supplementation during 150-day experimental period was observed on feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency, body measures, endocrine variables, plasma glucose and biomarkers of bone health status. Supplementation of V did not change average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency and body measures during the experimental period. During the post-V supplementation period plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) concentrations were increased and observed highest in 9 mg V/kg DM fed calves; however, levels of insulin, glucose, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin hormones remained similar among calves fed on basal or V-supplemented diets. Bone alkaline phosphatase (Bone-ALP) concentration was increased (P < 0.05); however, plasma protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) level decreased (P < 0.05) in 6 and 9 mg V/kg DM supplemented groups. Plasma hydroxyproline (Hyp) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) concentration were unchanged by V supplementation. Blood V concentration showed positive correlation with supplemental V levels. These results suggest that V may play a role in modulation of the action of certain endocrine variables and biomarkers of bone health status in growing crossbred calves.

Chromium Supplements in the Feed for Lactating Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Influence on Nutrient Utilization, Lactation Performance, and Metabolic Responses.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of inorganic chromium (Cr) on nutrient intake, nutrient utilization, milk mineral contents, and blood biochemical in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Twenty-four multifarious Murrah buffaloes were blocked into four groups having six animals in each group and fed for 150 days post-partum. Feeding regimen was same in all the groups except that treatment groups were supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg inorganic Cr/kg dry matter (DM) in the four respective groups. Group fed on basal diet supplemented with 0.0 mg Cr/kg DM served as a control. Adding inorganic Cr to the diet of lactating buffaloes increased feed intake, milk yield, and nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen (N) and Cr balance were significantly increased (P<0.05) by adding Cr. Milk and plasma Cr concentration could be increased by adding Cr (P<0.001), while no significant differences were found between the four treatments in milk and plasma concentration of calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Feeding of diet supplemented with inorganic Cr decreased plasma insulin concentration (P=0.016). Concentration of blood glucose and the ratio of blood glucose to insulin were increased by adding Cr (P=0.037 and P=0.011, respectively). Adding Cr to the diet of lactating buffaloes did not show any effect on blood hemoglobin (Hb), while plasma concentration of progesterone and antioxidant status was increased (P<0.05). It could be concluded that adding Cr to the diet of lactating buffaloes improved nutrient intake, nutrient utilization, and lactation performance.

Dietary Inorganic Chromium in Summer-Exposed Buffalo Calves (Bubalus bubalis): Effects on Biomarkers of Heat Stress, Immune Status, and Endocrine Variables.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of inorganic chromium (Cr) on heat stress, immune response, and hormonal variation in Murrah buffalo calves during the summer season. Twenty-four growing Murrah buffalo calves were randomly allocated into four treatments for a period of 120 days. Feeding regimen was same in all the groups, except the buffalo calves in treatment groups were additionally supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg of inorganic Cr/kg dry matter. Buffalo calves were monitored daily for physiological variables and dry matter intake (DMI) and fortnightly for body weight change. Blood samples were collected at day 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 and analyzed for heat shock protein 70 (Hsp 70), lymphocyte proliferation, neutrophil phagocytic activity, immunoglobulin, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, insulin, cortisol and thyroid hormones, and Cr levels. Dietary Cr supplementation did not have any effect on DMI, growth performance, and physiological variables. However, lymphocyte proliferation, neutrophil phagocytic activity, plasma immunoglobulin, FRAP value, and plasma Cr concentration increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in levels of Cr. Adding Cr to the diet of summer-exposed buffalo calves did not show any effect on plasma levels of thyroid hormone, while concentration of insulin, cortisol, and Hsp 70 decreased (P < 0.05). Supplementation of inorganic Cr to the diet of buffalo calves reared under high ambient temperature improved heat tolerance, immune status without affecting nutrient intake, and growth performance.

Effect of additional chromium supplementation on health status, metabolic responses, and performance traits in periparturient Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).

This study was conducted to determine the effects of inorganic chromium (Cr) on body condition, metabolic responses, lactation performance, and reproductive parameters in periparturient Murrah buffaloes. Twenty-four multiparous advanced pregnant Murrah buffaloes were randomly assigned to four treatment diets. Feeding regimen was the same in all the groups, except that the animals in the four respective groups were additionally supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg of Cr/kg dry matter (DM) from day 60 prepartum to 150 days postpartum. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production were recorded every day, while body condition score (BCS) and whole blood samples were collected at days -60, -45, -30, -15, -7, -3, 0, 3, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 150 relative to actual calving. As the days to calving advanced, DMI, plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, and Cr levels decreased (P < 0.05), and the levels were minimum on the day of calving. In contrast, the concentration of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) increased (P < 0.05) and was found to be highest at parturition. No change in DMI as well as BCS was observed due to dietary treatments. Supplementation of Cr improved plasma concentration of glucose, leptin, and Cr levels. However, the concentration of insulin decreased (P < 0.05) with the increased level of supplemental Cr. Milk yield (kg/day) was improved significantly (P < 0.05) in groups supplemented with 1.0 or 1.5 mg Cr/DM; however, only a small change was recorded in the group fed 0.5 mg Cr/kg DM. Fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk were 28.78 and 42.32 % and 28.76 and 41.68 % higher in the 1.0 and 1.5 mg Cr/DM groups, respectively. Dietary Cr supplementation during the peripartum period had beneficial effects on the reproductive performance of buffaloes. These results could be interpreted as an improvement in the body condition, metabolic response, milk yield, efficiency of milk production and nutrient utilization, and reproductive performance of peripartum Murrah buffaloes.

Body condition, energy balance and immune status of periparturient Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) supplemented with inorganic chromium.

Periparturient Murrah buffaloes were used to determine whether body condition, energy balance and immune status are affected by inorganic Cr supplementation. Twenty-four Murrah buffaloes were blocked into four groups having six animals in each group and fed for 60 days pre-partum to 150 days post-partum. Feeding regimen was same in all the groups except that these were supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 of Cr per kilogram of dry matter (DM) in the four respective groups. Buffaloes were weighed at fortnightly intervals. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at days -60, -30, -15, -7, 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 of experimental feeding for the estimation of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), Cr level, lymphocyte proliferation, neutrophil phagocytic activity, plasma total immunoglobulin (TIg), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and cortisol levels. Results revealed that with approaching parturition, dry matter intake (DMI), immune response and plasma Cr level decreased (P < 0.05) gradually and minimum values were observed on the day of parturition in all groups. In contrast, body condition score (BCS), plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations showed increasing (P < 0.05) trends towards calving and level decreased after calving. Dietary Cr supplementation did not have any effect on DMI and BCS, but immune response and plasma Cr concentration showed a positive correlation with dietary Cr supplementation. Buffaloes supplemented with 1.5 mg/kg Cr had significantly (P < 0.05) low plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations. The results of present findings indicated that dietary inorganic Cr supplementation reduced lipid mobilization and improved immune response in periparturient buffaloes.

Energy metabolites, lipid variables and lactation performance of periparturient Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) fed on diet supplemented with inorganic chromium.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of chromium (Cr) supplementation as inorganic Cr (CrCl3·6H2O) on energy balance, lipid peroxidation, and lactation performance in periparturient Murrah buffaloes. Twenty-four multiparous Murrah buffaloes according to lactation, parity, body mass, and expected calving date were divided equally. Experimental buffaloes were randomly assigned to four treatment diets: a control diet and three diets with an inorganic Cr supplementation at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg of Cr/kg dry matter (DM), respectively from 60 days before expected calving date until 60 days of lactation. Milk productions of buffaloes were recorded every day until 60 days in milk. Blood samples were collected at days -60, -45, -30,-21, -15, -7, -3, 0, 7, 15, 21, 30, 45, and 60 days relative to actual calving for determination of plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and minerals. Adding inorganic Cr to the diet of Murrah buffaloes increased milk yield. Percentage of fat and total solid yield increased significantly through the experiment in the Cr-supplemented group. At the day of calving, buffaloes showed a decrease in dry matter intake (DMI), plasma glucose, and zinc (Zn) and Cr concentrations. In contrast, plasma NEFA, TBARS, and copper (Cu) levels were found highest at the day of calving among all groups. Cr supplementation increased peripheral blood glucose concentration while decreased level of NEFA and TBARS was recorded in Cr-fed buffaloes. Supplemental Cr had no effect on plasma cholesterol, total protein, albumin, and BUN in periparturient period. Dietary Cr supplementation had positive effect on plasma Cr concentration, but the plasma concentration of Cu, Zn, and iron (Fe) was not affected by different dietary Cr level supplementation. The results suggest that dietary inorganic Cr supplementation improved milk yield by reducing negative energy balance and lipid peroxidation in buffaloes during periparturient period.