On the road to universal health care in Indonesia, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

BACKGROUND: As Indonesia moves to provide health coverage for all citizens, understanding patterns of morbidity and mortality is important to allocate resources and address inequality. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 study (GBD 2016) estimates sources of early death and disability, which can inform policies to improve health care. METHODS: We used GBD 2016 results for cause-specific deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), life expectancy at birth, healthy life expectancy, and risk factors for 333 causes in Indonesia and in seven comparator countries. Estimates were produced by location, year, age, and sex using methods outlined in GBD 2016. Using the Socio-demographic Index, we generated expected values for each metric and compared these against observed results. FINDINGS: In Indonesia between 1990 and 2016, life expectancy increased by 8·0 years (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 7·3-8·8) to 71·7 years (71·0-72·3): the increase was 7·4 years (6·4-8·6) for males and 8·7 years (7·8-9·5) for females. Total DALYs due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes decreased by 58·6% (95% UI 55·6-61·6), from 43·8 million (95% UI 41·4-46·5) to 18·1 million (16·8-19·6), whereas total DALYs from non-communicable diseases rose. DALYs due to injuries decreased, both in crude rates and in age-standardised rates. The three leading causes of DALYs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary risks were a leading contributor to the DALY burden, accounting for 13·6% (11·8-15·4) of DALYs in 2016. INTERPRETATION: Over the past 27 years, health across many indicators has improved in Indonesia. Improvements are partly offset by rising deaths and a growing burden of non-communicable diseases. To maintain and increase health gains, further work is needed to identify successful interventions and improve health equity. FUNDING: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Indonesia: On the Way to Universal Health Care.

Abstract-Indonesia has been building a National Social Security System since 2004. Formal action to build the health component in the system (National Social Health Insurance Scheme, or JKN) started in 2005. In line with the JKN roadmap, full achievement of Universal Health Care is not expected until 2019. Preparations before the launch of JKN on 1 January 2014 involved multi-level and multi-sector efforts related to issues of equity of access, coverage, finance, quality of care (infrastructure, pharmaceuticals and medical devices, medical education), management information, and fees and tariffs. This commentary by Indonesia's Minister of Health examines the preparations and first eight months of JKN, and briefly discusses these various issues as well as the policy and practices in place at the time of launch. The article includes information on the early implementation of JKN and four lessons learned from the Indonesian experience of developing and launching national social health insurance: the importance of strong political commitment; the role of comprehensive analysis of the national health system; the use of multiparty participation in developing and implementing the plans; and the importance of systematic, continuous monitoring and evaluation from technical and administrative perspectives as well as patient satisfaction, to assure progress toward Universal Health Care.

AIDS in Asia amid competing priorities: a review of national responses to HIV.

INTRODUCTION: The paper reviews progress in addressing the HIV epidemic and questions whether at the midway mark to the conclusion of the Millennium Development Goal set for 2015, the goal number 6 of halting and reversing the HIV epidemic will be reached. METHODS: Fourteen 2008 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS country progress reports and 18 country reports on Universal Access 2009 were analyzed. Data on national HIV strategic plans was also provided by 18 countries that participated in the regional training on costed national strategic plans 15-16 September, in Bangkok in 2008. RESULTS: Four countries with substantial populations in Asia are on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 6. Elsewhere, elements of a potentially effective response are being introduced, but the degree of urgency and scale needed to curb the epidemics are not yet evident. Most national programmes still lack key planning components for the operation and financing of the response. Only 13 national strategic plans explicitly address the three key populations at higher risk for HIV. One third of the countries that have designed plans for effective interventions have not costed them. DISCUSSION: Early successes in controlling HIV epidemics in Asia may not be sustainable in the future. There is an urgent need to make prevention scale-up as robust as treatment scale-up and to focus programmes on high impact prevention, which directly contributes to reduction of new HIV infection. A necessary objective is to convince policy makers that the emergency posed by HIV continues.